The Chagatai Khans were the monarchs of the Chagatai Khanate from Chagatai Khan's inheritance of the state in 1227 to their removal from power by the Dzungars and their vassals in 1687. The power of the Chagatai Khans varied; from its beginning, the khanate was one of the weakest of the Mongol states and often its rulers were merely figureheads for ambitious conquerors (see Kaidu and Timur).
| Border: | imperial |
| Royal Title: | Khan |
| Realm: | Khanate |
| First Monarch: | Chagatai Khan |
| Last Monarch: | Maqsud Khan |
| Style: | His Imperial Majesty |
| Appointer: | Genghisid |
| Began: | 18th August 1227 |
| Ended: | 6th June 1930 |
Note: The following list is incomplete. It excludes several collateral lines that ruled over minor territories and were relatively unimportant.
| Personal Name | Reign | Religion | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chagatai Khan | 1226–1242 CE | Tengrism | |
| Qara Hülëgü | 1242–1246 CE 1st Reign | Tengrism | |
| Yesü Möngke | 1246–1252 CE | Tengrism | |
| Qara Hülëgü | 1252 CE 2nd Reign | Tengrism | |
| Mubarak Shah His mother Orqina Khatun was regent during this time | 1252–1260 CE 1st Reign | Islam | |
| Alghu bin Baidar | 1260–1266 CE | Tengrism | |
| Mubarak Shah | 1266 CE 2nd Reign | Islam | |
| Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq | 1266–1270 CE | Islam | |
| Kaidu bin Kashin and his son Chapar bin Kaidu ruled as de facto Khans from 1270 until 1304. The Chagatai Khans during this period were appointed by them but still rebelled when they tried to exert their authority. | |||
| Negübei Under Kaidu bin Kashin | 1270–1272 CE | Islam | |
| Buqa Temür Under Kaidu bin Kashin | 127?–1282 CE | Islam | |
| Duwa Under Kaidu bin Kashin & Chapar bin Kaidu | 1282–1306 CE | Islam | |
| Restoration of Chagatai Khanate independence. | |||
| Duwa | 1306–1307 CE | Islam | |
| Könchek | 1307–1308 CE | Islam | |
| Taliqu | 1308–1309 CE | Islam | |
| Kebek | 1309–1310 CE 1st Reign | Tengrism | |
| Esen Buqa I | 1310–1318 CE | Tengrism | |
| Kebek | 1318–1325 CE 2nd Reign | Tengrism | |
| Eljigidey | 1325–1329 CE | Tengrism | |
| Duwa Temür | 1329–1330 CE | Islam | |
| Ala-ad-din Tarmashirin | 1331–1334 CE | Islam | |
| Buzan | 1334–1335 CE | Tengrism | |
| Changshi | 1335–1338 CE | Tengrism | |
| Yesun Temur | 1338–1342 CE | Tengrism | |
| Ali Sultan | 1342 CE | Islam | |
| Muhammad I ibn Pulad | 1342–1343 CE | Islam | |
| Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur | 1343–1346 CE | Islam | |
| Qazan's death signified the end of the effective power of the Chagatai khans within the ulus; subsequent khans were rulers in name only. Qazaghan took the title of Amir and to legitimize himself conferred the title of khan on descendants of Genghis Khan of his own choosing. | |||
| Danishmendji Under Amir Qazaghan | 1346–1348 CE | Islam | |
| During Amir Qazaghan's reign the Chagatai Khanate devolved into a loose confederation of tribes. This resulted in the Division of the Empire in 1347 CE into the Western Chagatai Khanate and Eastern part known as Moghulistan under Tughlugh Timur. | |||
| Western Chagatai Khanate | Moghulistan |
|---|---|
| Bayan Qulï Under Amir Qazaghan & Abdullah bin Qazaghan 1348–1358 CE | Tughlugh Timur 1347–1360 CE |
| Shah Temur Under Abdullah bin Qazaghan 1358 CE | |
| Tughlugh Timur (Tribes of Chagatai Khanate rebelled against Abdullah bin Qazaghan who was of the Qara'unas forcing him to retreat but the coalition of Suldus under Buyan Suldus and Barlas under Hajji Beg collapsed; anarchy reigned in Chagatai Khanate. This power vacuum allowed Tughlugh Timur to move in without much resistance only Hajji Beg who was defiant had to make his escape. Tughlugh Timur then appointed Timur Gurkani as Chief of Barlas tribe and returned to his capital. However he was back in the region next year with the view of removing most Amirs and to consolidate his grip on his new conquered territory. He executed several amirs, including Amir Bayazid and Buyan Suldus. The son of Abdullah bin Qazaghan named Amir Husayn was the new Chief of the Qara'unas and resisted the powerful King of Moghulistan but was also defeated, however he would return after the king's death.Tughlugh Timur before leaving for his capital left his son Ilyas Khoja as viceroy of Chagatai Khanate region. The ruthlessness with which the Moghuls ruled the region caused many to oppose them, including Amir Husayn of the Qara'unas and Timur of the Barlas. Together they faced an army of Moghuls and local tribes loyal to Ilyas Khoja, and defeated them. Shortly afterwards, Tughlugh Timur died and Ilyas Khoja left for Moghulistan to take power. The tribes nominated and placed Adil-Sultan as nominal Khan of Chagatai Khanate. 1361–1363 CE | |
| Adil-Sultan Under Tribal Confederation of Amir Husayn and Amir Timur 1363 CE | Ilyas Khoja 1363–1368 CE |
| Khabul Shah Under Amir Husayn 1364–1370 CE | Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat Usurper 1368–1392 CE |
| Soyurghatmïsh Khan Under Amir Timur 1370–1388 CE | |
| Sultan Mahmud Khan Under Amir Timur. Sultan Mahmud's death in 1402 marked the effective end of the line of Chagatai Khans in Transoxiana, who had long been mere figureheads and the rise of Timurid dynasty. 1388–1402 CE | Khizr Khoja 1389–1399 |
| Titular Name(s) | Personal Name | Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khan | Tughlugh Timur | 1348–1363 CE | ||
| Khan | Ilyas Khoja | 1363–1368 CE | ||
| Khan | Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat | 1368–1392 CE | ||
| Khan | Khizr Khoja | 1389–1399 CE | ||
| Khan | Shams-i-Jahan | 1399–1408 CE | ||
| Khan | Muhammad Khan | 1408–1415 CE | ||
| Khan | Naqsh-i-Jahan | 1415–1418 CE | ||
| Khan | Awais Khan | 1418–1421 CE 1st reign | ||
| Khan | Sher Muhammad | 1421–1425 CE | ||
| Khan | Awais Khan | 1425–1429 CE 2nd reign | ||
| Khan | Satuq Khan | 1429–1434 CE | ||
| Khan | Esen Buqa II | 1429–1462 CE | ||
| Division of Moghulistan into Western Moghulistan (Yarkent) and Eastern Moghulistan (Turpan) | ||||
| Western Moghulistan (Yarkent Khanate) | Eastern Moghulistan (Turpan Khanate) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yunus Khan 1462–1469 CE | Dost Muhammad Khan 1462–1468 CE | |||
| Kebek Sultan Oghlan 1469 CE | ||||
| Yunus Khan 1469–1487 CE | ||||
| Mahmud Khan 1487–1508 CE | Ahmad Alaq 1487–1503 CE | |||
| Mansur Khan 1503–1508 CE | ||||
| Mansur Khan 1508–1514 CE | ||||
| Sultan Sa'id Khan 1514–1533 CE | Mansur Khan 1514–1548 CE | |||
| Abdur-Rashid Khan 1533–1560 CE | Shah Khan 1543–1560 CE | |||
| Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand) 1560–1591 CE Muhammad Sultan (Yarkand) 1592-1609 CE Shudja ad Din Ahmad Khan (Yarkand) 1609-1618 CE | Abul Muhammad Khan (Turpan) 1570 CE Sufi Khan (Turpan) 1570 CE | |||
| Sultan Sa'id Khan after defeating Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat established the Altishaher or union of 6 cities, a much reduced western half of Moghulistan. By this time the western half was referred to as Kashgaria and eastern half was referred to as Uyghurstan. During the reign of Abdur-Rashid Khan a certain Naqshbandi Sufi teacher Ahmad Kasani (1462–1542), known as Makhdum-i-Azam (the Great Master) came to Kashgar from Samarkand. His descendants, known as Makhdum Zadas and bearing title "Khoja", would play an important role in the history of the region from the 16th to 19th centuries. Makhdum's eldest son Muhammad Amin, known also as Khoja Kalon (d.1598) became the founder of Sufi order (tariqa) Ishkiyya of Nakshbandi Khojagan, his son Muhammad Yūsuf (d.1653) settled himself in Kashgar and was granted village of Bashkerim near Kashgar by Abdullah Khan in 1638. His son Khoja Hidayatullah better known as Afaq Khoja and his followers became known as the Aq Taghliks, those of the "White Mountains", because of their close approximation to Tangri Tagh (Tian Shan). Makhdum's second son, Muhammad Ishaq Wali (d.1599 in the age of 94), founder of Ishaqiya Sufi order of Nakshbandi Khojagan, with his followers established themselves in Yarkand and became known as the Qara Taghliks, those of the "Black Mountains", because of their close approximation to the Pamir, Karakoram and Kunlun. The Kashgaria region gradually devolved into small city states with the Khojas as rivals post 1570 CE | ||||
The remnants of the state fell to two different rival branches of Khojas- Ak Taghliks and Kara Taghliks. Aqtaghlyq branch of Khojas, a confederation under the influence of the Dzungars, took power in Kashgar where Ahmad Khoja, son of Yahiya Khoja, was declared a Khan. In Yarkand Kara Taghliks took power with Khoja Daniyal being declared a Khan, that caused civil war between Kashgar and Yarkand.
In 1713 remnant of Yarkant Khanate - Altishar (union of 6 cities)-became dependency of Dzungar Khanate under Tsewang Rabtan, paying annual tribute from all 6 cities in amount of one silver tanga from soul, for Yarkand it was established in amount of 100,000 silver tangas, for Kashgar-67,000 silver tangas, this time Kara Taghliks were established by Dzungars to be responsible for collecting tribute. In 1752 Altishar restored its independence after revolt against Dzungar Khanate under leadership of Kara Taghlik leader Khoja Yusup, son of Khoja Daniyal. In 1755 sons of Ahmad Khoja and great grandsons of Appak Khoja, Ak Taghliks Burhan ad-Din Khoja and Jahan Khoja were rescued by Qings troops in Ili River Valley from Dzungar's captivity and sent to Altishar to claim mandate of Qing China for the country. In ensuing bloody war with Kara Taghliks brothers emerged victorious and established total control of Altishar in 1756 but refused to submit to Qings after that. In 1759 Altishar was conquered by Qing China, that created province Nanlu (Southern Road) on its territory in 1760, while province Beilu (Northern Road) was created on the territory of former Dzungar Khanate, that was exterminated by Qing China in 1756.
The following successors to Mansur Khan possessed the titles of Little Khans sitting in Turpan, contrary to the Great Khans sitting in Yarkand.
Annexed by the Dzungars. After exterminating of Dzungar Khanate by Qing China in 1756, remnants of Dynasty survived in semi-autonomous Kumul Khanate till the 20th century, last ruler of which Maqsud Shah died in 1930.
| Mongol Empire Chaqatay Khanate Eastern Chaqatay Khanate Turpan Khanate Yarkent Khanate |