| Cezar Lăzărescu | |
| Birth Name: | Cezar Lăzărescu |
| Nationality: | Romanian |
| Birth Date: | October 3, 1923 |
| Birth Place: | Bucharest, Kingdom of Romania |
| Death Place: | Bucharest, Socialist Republic of Romania |
| Alma Mater: | Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urban Planning |
| Spouse: | Ileana Lăzărescu |
| Parents: | Alexandre Lăzărescu Sophia Lăzărescu Georgescu |
| Children: | 1 |
| Significant Buildings: | Bucharest Henri Coandă International Airport National Theatre Bucharest |
Cezar Lăzărescu (October 3, 1923 – November 27, 1986) was a Romanian architect and urban planner. Starting in the years after his graduation in 1952 and until after the 1977 Vrancea earthquake, he conceived a significant number of buildings and city plans in Romania and abroad.
His father, Alexandru Lăzărescu, was an Army colonel, often on duty far from Bucharest; he was killed in action in December 1942 at the Battle of Stalingrad. His mother, Sophia Lăzărescu Georgescu, was a housewife. Having attended an art school herself, she also taught him how to draw and paint.
After attending a small public school, where the short illustrated fairy tale books he wrote brought him the admiration of his teachers and classmates, he was admitted to the Gheorghe Lazăr National College, one of the best high schools in Bucharest. Inspired by the exciting environment and the many extracurricular activities, he performed very well in school. He contributed to several art exhibitions organised by his high school and in 1942 opened his own exhibition at the Athenaeum, a prestigious venue.
Lăzărescu studied at the University of Architecture in Bucharest, graduating in 1948. His college years were over the background of World War II and the post-war era, during which he and his mother Sophia had to struggle to make ends meet. Nevertheless, he had remarkable academic achievements and was also involved in numerous extracurricular professional and social activities.
In the early 1950s he was drafted to the Danube–Black Sea Canal works, where he was put in charge of a team of young architects who were commissioned to design workers' lodgings close to Cernavodă, near the seaside. He worked next on healthcare facilities and holiday camps in North and South Eforie, on the shores of Lake Techirghiol, and in Mangalia.
Socialist realism, the mandatory architectural style for any public building of this period, led to the production of cheap-looking housing projects, decorated in a pompous faux-classical way that was meant to put on display the "luxurious life" of the working class. This architectural style (of which the Moscow State University and its clones such as the "Casa Scînteii" in Bucharest were prime examples) were mandated by law in all countries within the Eastern Bloc. Any public building or dwelling was required to be done in this style.
The paid vacation time introduced by the "workers' union"[1] gave rise to a pressing need to create, in just a few months' time, an impressive number of beds in tourist residences on the Black Sea coast. A local Party leader asked the team led by Lăzărescu to build a hotel complex for the "worker's union" in North Eforie by the beginning of the summer.
Faced with an apparently unsolvable problem (building over one thousand beds on an insufficient budget and within an unreasonably short time), with little "political oversight" (since the actual political battles are fought far away in Bucharest), Lăzărescu created, with his team, a vast building complex in a style reminiscent of American architecture, very far from the socialist realism required by law. An investigation followed, with the looming threat of a prison sentence. Along with the local Party leader, Lăzărescu was summoned to the office of the First Secretary of the Romanian Workers' Party, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. To Lăzărescu's surprise, Gheorghiu-Dej congratulated him, telling him how pleased he was with the result. Subsequently, Gheorghiu-Dej appointed Lăzărescu to lead the development of the Romanian Black Sea coast. This was to become the main building effort that would put an end to socialist realism.
In the following period, Lăzărescu developed the Southern coast in the areas of Eforie, Lake Techirghiol, and Mangalia (tourist residences and health facilities including balneotherapy), and the Northern seaside in the area of Mamaia (only tourist residences and entertainment). Sewage facilities, roads, and energy distribution networks in these areas were rudimentary at best, so the team needed to rebuild everything from scratch.
The team led by Lăzărescu comprised many talented architects who would later become well known, such as A. Borgovan, V. Ghiorghiu, G. Cristea, D. Ghiorghiu, A. Coveianu, L. Popovici, T. Adam, V. Petrea, Stopler, and many others. Held together by the magnitude of the challenge and the largely shared vision of a modern architecture, the team created a number of remarkable buildings. Many of these have maintained their modern, almost minimalistic character even today, due to the purity of their shapes and the fluidity of the architectural expression. Examples include the "Perla Mării" restaurant,[2] the vacation camps located between North and South Eforie, the "Melody" bar and casino, the Villa Marina, and others). The technical approach is as daring as the aesthetic one: Mamaia was built on a very low stretch of sand between the lake and the sea, which required building an innovative sewage system.
At the same time as the development of the Black Sea coast, Lăzărescu was put in charge of building luxury villas for the government, initially on the seaside, in North Eforie and Mamaia, later in Bucharest and in other parts of the country. These luxury villas were built with materials supplied by French and Italian companies such as Perrier-Rolin, Zilli, and Barovier & Toso in Murano. Along with the design of the Bucharest Henri Coandă International Airport, these were some of the few occasions on which Lăzărescu worked with his wife, Ileana Lăzărescu (who was also an architect), on interior decoration.
On the opposite end of the spectrum from the Socialist realism that represented Soviet domination, the influence of American architects Richard Neutra and Mies Van der Rohe can be felt in a number of buildings Lăzărescu designed in Bucharest, such as in the "Lake 1" and "Lake 2" villas. Additional style elements of these buildings stem from the commissioned requirements, the environment of the buildings, the influence of Romanian monastic architecture, Nordic Classicism, and Swiss architecture.
Several high-ranking Party officials commissioned Lăzărescu to build villas, and he fulfilled all of these requests enthusiastically except for one: the villa of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu, a request he turned down due to a feeling of aesthetic incompatibility with his patrons.
Gheorghiu-Dej treated him as a family member. When other Party officials objected that Lăzărescu's responsibilities were incompatible with the fact that he was not a member of the Communist Party (something plainly illegal in his position at that time), he answered: "Let him do his work. If he wants to, he'll do politics later." However, Lăzărescu never wanted to do politics.
Felled by aggressive lung cancer, Gheorghiu-Dej died in March 1965. At the time, Lăzărescu was traveling in France to place orders for building materials. He learned of the ascent to power of Nicolae Ceaușescu and, despite warnings from friends in France, returned to Bucharest. Arriving home, he was viewed as an enemy of the people for having wasted the country's money on luxury dwellings and was threatened with legal action. Like others who had been close to Gheorghiu-Dej, he was blacklisted by Ceaușescu, who had not yet digested Lăzărescu's refusal to build his villa.
In 1968 he was asked to submit a proposal to a contest for the Otopeni Airport, after Ceaușescu dismissed the initial submissions from the other competitors. Lăzărescu won the contest and built the airport.
Following this, he built numerous other significant buildings in Romania, including the Palace of Sports in Bucharest, the "Omnia" conference venue next to the Communist Party headquarters in Bucharest, a reception hall for the French embassy in Bucharest, and abroad, the Romanian embassy in Beijing and the Parliament building in Khartoum.
He was appointed rector of the Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urban Planning in 1970 (for two consecutive terms) and a year later President of the Romanian Architects' Union.
The works he completed are significant, but his refusal was heard: other architects designed the private lodgings of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu. Lăzărescu kept an official tone in his relationship with the Ceaușescus. They respected his professionalism and he paid them the respect due patrons.
In 1971 he was awarded the Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic, 2rd class.[3]
The relationship with Ceaușescu started deteriorating after the 1977 Vrancea earthquake. Ceaușescu dug up some city restructuring plans that had been ordered by King Carol II of Romania around 1940. He made them his own, and envisioned a restructuring program in the style of Baron Haussmann, with a new downtown comprising housing, ministries, an opera, a museum, a hotel, and a Palace of the Parliament. Studies were drafted by several architectural teams. Ceaușescu asked Lăzărescu to build the new headquarters of the Romanian Communist Party and of the Romanian government, to match the function of the current buildings.
Ceaușescu relentlessly, repeatedly asked for changes to the plans, and wanted to reduce the number of social and cultural buildings—in the end, only wanting the policial center, a ministry, and some housing. All the submissions to the contest stuck to these requirements, save for the one by the "youth team" led by the architect Anca Petrescu, who proposed a pyramid-shaped building reminiscent of the Mont Saint-Michel, without a clearly defined program. After Lăzărescu refused for a second time to create a similar proposal (he argued that he was unable to design a building just for the sake of its image, but without a program), he was removed from the contest.
Lăzărescu was appointed to lead the remodelling of the National Theatre, a building that had been erected during the period 1964–1973 by the architects, Romeo Belea, and Nicolae Cucu. Lăzărescu's appointment to this project was a punishment for him having refused to overbid on the Palace of the Parliament, Ceaușescu being well-aware of the tensions he was causing between fellow architects.[4] Towards the second half of the work, Lăzărescu was no longer invited to join Ceaușescu's visits to the building site, the latter's requests for changes being passed on by his counsellors. This was the period during which Ceaușescu's circle of counselors surrounded the presidential family, in order to distort information according to its interests, and eventually to suppress them entirely.
The last project that Lăzărescu was appointed to was the construction of the National Library,[5] a building that was left unfinished at the time he died on November 27, 1986, after lying in a coma for a month.