| Cervical polyp | |
| Field: | Gynecology |
A cervical polyp is a common benign polyp or tumour on the surface of the cervical canal.[1] They can cause irregular menstrual bleeding but often show no symptoms. Treatment consists of simple removal of the polyp and prognosis is generally good. About 1% of cervical polyps will show neoplastic change which may lead to cancer. They are most common in post-menarche, pre-menopausal women who have been pregnant.
Cervical polyps often show no symptoms.[2] Where there are symptoms, they include intermenstrual bleeding, abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), vaginal bleeding in post-menopausal women, bleeding after sex and thick white vaginal or yellowish discharge (leukorrhoea).[3] [4]
The cause of cervical polyps is uncertain, but they are often associated with inflammation of the cervix.[5] They may also occur as a result of raised levels of estrogen or clogged cervical blood vessels.[6]
Cervical polyps can be seen during a pelvic examination as red or purple projections from the cervical canal. Diagnosis can be confirmed by a cervical biopsy which will reveal the nature of the cells present.
Cervical polyps are finger-like growths, generally less than 1 cm in diameter. They are generally bright red in colour, with a spongy texture. They may be attached to the cervix by a stalk (pedunculated) and occasionally prolapse into the vagina where they can be mistaken for endometrial polyps or submucosal fibroids.
Cervical polyps can be removed using ring forceps.[7] They can also be removed by tying surgical string around the polyp and cutting it off. The remaining base of the polyp can then be removed using a laser or by cauterisation. If the polyp is infected, an antibiotic may be prescribed.
99% of cervical polyps will remain benign and 1% will at some point show neoplastic change.[8] Cervical polyps are unlikely to regrow.
Cervical polyps are most common in women who have had children and perimenopausal women. They are rare in pre-menstrual girls and uncommon in post-menopausal women.[9]