Zapaleri Explained

Zapaleri
Elevation M:	5643
Elevation Ref:	^[1]
Range:	Andes
Country Type:	Countries
Coordinates:	-22.8158°N -67.18°W
Fetchwikidata:	ALL

Zapaleri is a volcano whose summit is the tripoint of the borders of Argentina, Bolivia and Chile. A number of railways are in the area.^[2] It is part of Potosí Department (Bolivia), Jujuy Province (Argentina), and Antofagasta Region (Chile). The volcano formed on top of the 2.89 mya Tara Ignimbrite from the Guacha caldera^[3] and the basement beneath the volcano is formed from Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks affected by tectonic deformation. Volcanic rocks are andesite, basalt, dacite and rhyolite. Late Cretaceous rocks are also found in the area,^[4] as are Pleistocene shoshonite volcanic rocks.^[5]

The Bolivian portion of the mountain is protected within Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve. Moreover, it is close to the sector Salar de Tara-Salar de Aguas Calientes of Los Flamencos National Reserve, Chile.

Zapaleri is associated with a major source of obsidian,^[6] with a distribution sphere found in archeological sites over wide.^[7] The obsidian is found on the Bolivian side of the border next to Laguna Blanca. Another source is found on Solterio Mountain.^[8] Inca and earlier archeological remains are associated with the obsidian sites.^[9]

Notes and References

1. Cerro Zapaleri. 355843. 2021-06-29.
2. Benedetti. Alejandro. El ferrocarril Huaytiquina, entre el progreso y el fracaso. Aproximaciones desde la geografía histórica del territorio de los Andes. Revista Escuela de Historia. December 2005. 4. 123–165. 17 January 2016. es. 1669-9041.
3. Ort. Michael H.. de Silva. Shanaka L.. Jiménez C.. Néstor. Jicha. Brian R.. Singer. Bradley S.. Correlation of ignimbrites using characteristic remanent magnetization and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, Central Andes, Bolivia. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. January 2013. 14. 1. 141–157. 10.1029/2012GC004276. free.
4. Book: Cretaceous Tectonics of the Andes. 1994. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. Wiesbaden. 978-3-322-85472-8. 229. 10.1007/978-3-322-85472-8_5. Tectono-Sedimentary Evolution of the Cretaceous-Early Tertiary and Metallogenic Scheme of Northern Chile, Between 20° S and 26° S. Bogdanic. T. C.. Espinoza. S. R..
5. Coira. Beatríz. Davidson. John. Mpodozis. Constantino. Ramos. Victor. Constantino Mpodozis. Víctor Alberto Ramos. Tectonic and magmatic evolution of the Andes of northern Argentina and Chile. Earth-Science Reviews. November 1982. 18. 3–4. 303–332. 10.1016/0012-8252(82)90042-3.
6. Latorre. Claudio. Santoro. Calogero M.. Ugalde. Paula C.. Gayo. Eugenia M.. Osorio. Daniela. Salas-Egaña. Carolina. De Pol-Holz. Ricardo. Joly. Delphine. Rech. Jason A.. Late Pleistocene human occupation of the hyperarid core in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile. Quaternary Science Reviews. October 2013. 77. 19–30. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.008. free.
7. Book: Malainey. Mary E.. A consumer's guide to archaeological science analytical techniques. 2011. Springer. New York. 978-1-4419-5704-7. 275–289. 1st. 10.1007/978-1-4419-5704-7_18. Flaked and Ground Stone Tools. Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique.
8. Yacobaccio. Hugo D. Escola. Patricia S. Pereyra. Fernando X. Lazzari. Marisa. Glascock. Michael D. Quest for ancient routes: obsidian sourcing research in Northwestern Argentina. Journal of Archaeological Science. February 2004. 31. 2. 193–204. 10.1016/j.jas.2003.08.001.
9. Seelenfreund. Andrea. Pino. Mario. Glascock. Michael D.. Sinclaire. Carole. Miranda. Pedro. Pasten. Denisse. Cancino. Simón. Dinator. María Inés. Morales. José Roberto. Morphological and geochemical analysis of the Laguna Blanca/Zapaleri obsidian source in the Atacama Puna. Geoarchaeology. March 2010. 25. 2. 245–263. 10.1002/gea.20306.