Palpana Explained

Palpana
Parent Peak:Aucanquilcha
Prominence M:1947
Listing:Ultra
Map:Chile
Map Size:150
Location:Chile
Range:Andes
Coordinates:-21.5467°N -68.5225°W
First Ascent:13 October 1977 - José Ambrus and Jaime Sepúlveda (Chile)[1] [2]

Palpana (from, ram[3]) is a volcano in the Andes of Chile. It has a summit elevation of .

It is part of the dividing range between Upper Loa River basin and Salar de Ascotán basin. Together with Inacaliri and Azufre, it forms a long volcanic chain constructed along the Inacaliri lineament.[4] The volcano rises above an ignimbrite plain that in the area reaches an altitude of [5] and forms a chain of volcanoes with Inacaliri.[6]

A 1.3x wide crater surmounts the volcano and features late lava domes.[7] A lava dome cluster is recognizable in the central sector of the volcano, forming a flat area with a surface of . The volcano contains basaltic rocks with an extrusion formed from more silicic rock. Layers of mafic andesite, scoria and some pumice extend outwards away from the central sector. The volcano rises above its terrain and its average summit slope is 26°. The western flank underwent a collapse, leaving a wide and long scar and a deposit at the volcano's foot. Olivine and plagioclase phenocrysts are found in the andesites, the overall SiO2 content is 57.6-58.9% in samples from the southern ridge.[8] [9] [10] The volcano probably formed in a short timespan, given the mountainous composition and form.[11] Normal faults have affected the area.

The volcano is no more than 1-2 mya old, but there is no evidence of postglacial material and erosion has carved radial ridges into the volcano. Precise dating methods performed on the southeastern flank have found ages of 3.65±0.15 mya and 3.81±0.30 for lavas and scoria. The snowline altitude in the area is 5900-[12] Four moraine stages are found on the mountain, with the lowest moraines on the southern flank at altitude. Nowadays, block glaciers have been identified in the area,[13] one of which is found at . The mountain is also one of the headwaters of the Loa River,[14] and water was transferred from Palpana to Antofagasta by pipeline.[15] A minor vegetation cover of 20-25% of the surface is present.

The mountain is worshipped by pastoralist people who inhabit the surrounding land, and remnants of a sanctuary have been found on its summit.[16]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Echevarria . Chile Andinista.
  2. 1978. AAJ. AAJ. 580.
  3. Latorre. Guillermo. Tendencias generales en la toponimia del Norte Grande de Chile. Revista Onomázein. 1997. 2. 181–196. 10.7764/onomazein.2.08 . 165281433 . 1 December 2015. es.
  4. Book: de Silva. Shanaka L.. Francis. Peter William. Volcanoes of the Central Andes. 1 January 1991. Springer Science+Business Media. 9783540537069. 71. 1 December 2015.
  5. Schröder. Hilmar. Vergleichende Periglazialmorphologie im Sommerregengebiet der Atacama. Erdkunde. June 1999. 53. 2. 119–135. 25647145. de. 10.3112/erdkunde.1999.02.03.
  6. Godoy . Benigno . Rodríguez . Inés . Pizarro . Marcela . Rivera . Germain . Geomorphology, lithofacies, and block characteristics to determine the origin, and mobility, of a debris avalanche deposit at Apacheta-Aguilucho Volcanic Complex (AAVC), northern Chile . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 2017 . 347 . 136–148 . 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.09.008 . 2017JVGR..347..136G . en . 0377-0273.
  7. González-Maurel . Osvaldo . Deegan . Frances M. . le Roux . Petrus . Harris . Chris . Troll . Valentin R. . Godoy . Benigno . Constraining the sub-arc, parental magma composition for the giant Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex, northern Chile . Scientific Reports . 22 April 2020 . 10 . 1 . 6864 . 10.1038/s41598-020-63454-1 . 32321945 . 7176692 . 2020NatSR..10.6864G . en . 2045-2322. free .
  8. Book: Huxley. Michael. The Geographical Magazine. 1969. Geographical Press, University of Michigan. 802. 42. 1 December 2015.
  9. Francis. P. W.. Wells. G. L.. Landsat Thematic Mapper observations of debris avalanche deposits in the Central Andes. Bulletin of Volcanology. July 1988. 50. 4. 258–278. 10.1007/BF01047488. 1988BVol...50..258F. 128824938.
  10. Book: Wigger. Klaus-Joachim Reutter, Ekkehard Scheuber, Peter J.. Tectonics of the Southern Central Andes Structure and Evolution of an Active Continental Margin. 1994. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Berlin, Heidelberg. 978-3-642-77353-2. 83–84. 10.1007/978-3-642-77353-2_5. Large- and Fine-Scale Geochemical Variations Along the Andean Arc of Northern Chile (17.5°– 22°S).
  11. Wörner. Gerhard. Hammerschmidt. Konrad. Henjes-Kunst. Friedhelm. Lezaun. Judith. Wilke. Hans. Geochronology (40Ar/39Ar, K-Ar and He-exposure ages) of Cenozoic magmatic rocks from Northern Chile (18-22°S): implications for magmatism and tectonic evolution of the central Andes. Revista Geológica de Chile. December 2000. 27. 2. 1 December 2015.
  12. Book: Singh. Ram Bali. Dynamics of mountain geosystems. 1 January 1992. Ashish Pub. House. New Delhi. 9788170244721. 165. 1 December 2015.
  13. Schröder. Hilmar. Kommentar Zu Den Anmerkungen Von Bettina Jenny, Klaus Kammer Und Bruno Messerli (erdkunde 55, 2001, 288–289). Erdkunde. 2001. 55. 3. 289–291. 25647397. de. 10.3112/erdkunde.2001.03.07.
  14. Book: Billinghurst, Guillermo Eduardo. La irrigación en Tarapacá. 1 January 1893. Imprenta y Librería Ercilla.. 65. es.
  15. Rudolph. William E.. 1 January 1951. Chuquicamata Twenty Years Later. 211310. Geographical Review. 41. 1. 88–113. 10.2307/211310.
  16. Ibacache D. Sebastián. Cantarutti R. Gabriel. Berenguer R. José. Salazar S. Diego. 1 August 2016. Adoratorios de altura y dominación incaica en el Alto Loa, norte de Chile. Intersecciones en Antropología. 17. 2. 173–186. 1850-373X.

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