Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) explained

Number:	Central Committee
of the 14th Congress
Start:	31 December 1925
End:	19 December 1927
Gs:	Joseph Stalin
Ss:	Vyacheslav Molotov
Ig:	Politburo 10 full & 11 candidates Secretariat: 6 full & 3 candidates Orgburo: 15 full & 5 candidates
Departments:	11
Full:	63 full
Candidates:	43 candidates
Previous:	13th
Next:	15th

The Central Committee (CC) composition was elected by the 14th Congress, and sat from 31 December 1925 until 19 December 1927. The CC 1st Plenary Session renewed the composition of the Politburo, Secretariat and the Organizational Bureau (OB) of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

Plenums

The CC was not a permanent institution. It convened plenary sessions, one emergency session, four CC plenary sessions and six joint CC–Central Control Commission (CCC) plenary sessions were held between the 14th Congress and the 15th Congress. When the CC was not in session, decision-making powers were transferred to inner bodies of the CC itself; the Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo (none of these bodies were permanent either, but convened several times a months).

Plenum! scope="col"

Date	Length
Emergency Plenary Session	data-sort-value="1"	28 December 1925	1 day
1st Plenary Session	data-sort-value="2"	1 January 1926	1 day
2nd Plenary Session	data-sort-value="3"	6–9 April 1926	4 days
1st Joint Plenary Session	data-sort-value="4"	14–23 July 1926	11 days
2nd Joint Plenary Session	data-sort-value="5"	23, 26 October 1926	2 days
3rd Joint Plenary Session	data-sort-value="6"	3 November 1926	1 day
3rd Plenary Session	data-sort-value="7"	7–12 February 1927	6 days
4th Plenary Session	data-sort-value="8"	13–16 April 1927	4 days
4th Joint Plenary Session	data-sort-value="9"	29 June – 9 August 1927	12 days
5th Joint Plenary Session	data-sort-value="10"	21–23 October 1927	3 days
6th Joint Plenary Session	data-sort-value="11"	12–14 November 1927	3 days

Apparatus

Individuals employed by Central Committee's bureaus, departments and newspapers made up the apparatus between the 14th Congress and the 15th Congress. The bureaus and departments were supervised by the Secretariat, and each secretary (member of the Secretariat) supervised a specific department. The leaders of departments were officially referred to as Heads, while the titles of bureau leaders varied between chairman, first secretary and secretary.

Institution! scope="col"

Leader	Cyrillic	Took office	Left office	Length of tenure	Nationality	Gender
Administrator of Affairs		Яков Брезановский	31 December 1925	19 December 1927			Jewish^[1]	Male
		Пётр Гузаков	31 December 1925	19 December 1927			Russian	Male
Agitation and Propaganda Department		Сергей Сырцов	31 December 1925	27 January 1926			Russian	Male
		Вильгельм Кнорин	27 January 1926	May 1927			Latvian	Male
		Александр Криницкий	May 1927	19 December 1927			Russian	Male
Bolshevik		Никола́й Буха́рин	31 December 1925	19 December 1927			Russian	Male
Bureau of the Secretariat		Лев Мехлис	31 December 1925	22 January 1926			Jewish^[2] ^[3]	Male
		Иван Товстуха	22 January 1926	19 March 1926		Ukrainian	Male
Central Asian Bureau		Исаак Зеленский	31 December 1925	19 December 1927			Jewish^[4] ^[5]	Male
Department for Work Among Women (until July 1926)Department for Worker Women and Peasant Women (from July 1926)		Клавдия Николаева	31 December 1925	27 January 1926			Russian	Female
		Александра Артюхина	27 January 1926	19 December 1927			Russian	Female
Department of Party History		Семён Канатчиков	31 December 1925	September 1926			Russian	Male
Finance Department		П. Н. Иванов	31 December 1925	19 December 1927			Russian	Male
Information Department		Лев Рошаль	31 December 1925	19 December 1927			Jewish^[6] ^[7] ^[8]	Male
Lenin Institute		Лев Ка́менев	31 December 1925	1926			Jewish-Russian^[9] ^[10]	Male
		Ива́н Скворцо́в-Степа́нов	1926	19 December 1927			Russian	Male
North–West Bureau		Николай Колотилов	31 December 1925	19 December 1927			Russian	Male
Organizational and Distribution Department		Константин Гей	31 December 1925	25 March 1926			Russian	Male
		Иван Москвин	25 March 1926	19 December 1927			Russian	Male
Press Department	Juozas Vareikis	Иосиф Варейкис	31 December 1925	January 1926			Lithuanian	Male
		Владимир Васильевский	28 January 1926	4 March 1926		Russian	Male
	Sergei Gusev	Сергей Гусев	March 1926	19 December 1927			Jewish^[11]	Male
Pravda		Никола́й Буха́рин	31 December 1925	19 December 1927			Russian	Male
Secret Department		Иван Товстуха	19 March 1926	19 December 1927			Ukrainian	Male
Statistical Department		Елена Смиттен	31 December 1925	19 December 1927			Belarusian	Female

Composition

Members

Name! scope="col" class="unsortable"

Cyrillic	13th CC	15th CC				Nationality	Gender	Portrait
	Андрей Андреев	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1895	1971	1914	Russian	Male
	Николай Антипов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1894	1938	1912	Russian	Male
	Александра Артюхина	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1889	1969	1910	Russian	Female
	Алексей Бадаев	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1883	1951	1904	Russian	Male
	Карл Бауман	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1892	1937	1907	Latvian	Male
	Андрей Бубнов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1884	1938	1903	Russian	Male
	Никола́й Буха́рин	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1888	1938	1906	Russian	Male
	Георгий Чичерин	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1872	1936	1918	Russian	Male
	Влас Чубар	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1891	1939	1907	Ukrainian	Male
	Михаил Чудов	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1893	1937	1913	Russian	Male
	Александр Догадов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1888	1937	1905	Russian	Male
	Фе́ликс Дзержи́нский	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightYellow		1877	1926	1906	Polish	Male
	Иван Кабаков	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1891	1937	1914	Russian	Male
	Лазарь Каганович	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1893	1991	1911	Jewish^[12] ^[13] ^[14]	Male
	Михаил Калинин	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1875	1946	1898	Russian	Male
	Лев Ка́менев	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1883	1936	1901	Jewish-Russian^[15] ^[16]	Male
	Куприян Киркиж	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1886	1932	1910	Belarusian	Male
	Серге́й Ки́ров	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1886	1934	1904	Russian	Male
	Николай Колотилов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1885	1937	1903	Russian	Male
	Николай Колотилов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1886	1937	1909	Russian	Male
	Станислав Косиор	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1889	1939	1907	Polish	Male
	Василий Котов	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1885	1937	1915	Russian	Male
	Леонид Красин	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightYellow		1870	1926	1898	Russian	Male
	Глеб Кржижано́вский	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1872	1959	1898	Polish-German^[17]	Male
	Николай Кубяк	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1881	1937	1898	Russian	Male
	Егор Куликов	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1891	1943	1910	Russian	Male
	Эммануил Квиринг	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1888	1937	1912	Volga German	Male
	Иван Лепсе	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1889	1929	1906	Latvian	Male
	Семён Лобов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1888	1937	1913	Russian	Male
	Дмитро Мануїльський	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1883	1959	1903	Ukrainian	Male
	Алексей Медведев	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1884	1937	1904	Russian	Male
	Василий Михайлов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1894	1937	1915	Russian	Male
	Анастас Микоян	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1895	1978	1915	Armenian	Male
	Вячеслав Молотов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1890	1986	1906	Russian	Male
	Мамия Орахелашвили	bgcolor = MistyRose		bgcolor = LightGreen		1888	1937	1903	Georgian	Male
	Григо́рий Орджоники́дзе	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1886	1937	1903	Georgian	Male
	Григо́рій Петро́вський	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1878	1958	1898	Ukrainian	Male
	Юрій П'ятаков	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1890	1937	1910	Russian	Male
	Андрей Радченко	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1887	1938	1912	Ukrainian	Male
	Христиан Раковский	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1873	1941	1917	Bulgarian	Male
	Ян Рудзутак	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1887	1938	1906	Latvian	Male
	Моисей Рухимович	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1889	1937	1913	Jewish^[18]	Male
	Иван Румянцев	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1886	1937	1905	Russian	Male
	Алексей Рыков	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1881	1938	1899	Russian	Male
	Сергей Чуцкаев	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1886	1938	1905	German^[19]	Male
	Исаак Шварц	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1879	1951	1899	Jewish^[20]	Male
	Николай Шверник	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1888	1970	1905	Russian	Male
	Ива́н Скворцо́в-Степа́нов	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1878	1928	1898	Russian	Male
	Ивар Смилга	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1892	1938	1907	Latvian	Male
	Александр Смирнов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1878	1938	1898	Russian	Male
	Григорий Сокольников	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1888	1938	1905	Jewish^[21] ^[22]	Male
	Ио́сиф Ста́лин	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1878	1953	1898	Georgian	Male
	Даниил Сулимов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1890	1937	1905	Russian	Male
	Александр Толоконцев	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1889	1937	1914	Russian	Male
	Михаил Томский	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1880	1936	1904	Russian	Male
	Лев Тро́цкий	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = Thistle		1879	1940	1917	Jewish^[23] ^[24]	Male
	Алекса́ндр Цюру́па	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1870	1928	1898	Ukrainian	Male
	Николай Угланов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1886	1937	1907	Russian	Male
	Константин Уханов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1891	1937	1907	Russian	Male
	Климент Ворошилов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1881	1969	1903	Russian	Male
	Григорий Евдокимов			1884	1936	1903	Russian	Male
	Исаак Зеленский	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1890	1937	1906	Jewish^[25] ^[26]	Male
	Иван Жуков	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1889	1937	1909	Russian	Male
	Григо́рий Зино́вьев	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1883	1936	1901	Jewish^[27] ^[28]	Male

Candidates

Name! scope="col" class="unsortable"

Cyrillic	13th CC	15th CC				Nationality	Gender	Portrait
	Иван Авдеев	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = Thistle		1877	1936	1901	Russian	Male
	Николай Чаплин	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1902	1938	1919	Russian	Male
	Роберт Эйхе	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1890	1940	1906	Latvian	Male
	Ян Гамарник	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1894	1937	1916	Jewish^[29]	Male
	Константин Гей	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1896	1939	1916	Russian	Male
	Филипп Голощёкин	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1876	1941	1903	Jewish^[30]	Male
	Акмаль Икрамов	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1898	1938	1918	Uzbek	Male
	Владимир Иванов	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1893	1938	1915	Russian	Male
	Анна Калыгина	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1895	1937	1915	Russian	Female
	Григорий Каминский	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1895	1938	1913	Jewish^[31] ^[32]	Male
	Алексей Киселёв	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1879	1937	1898	Russian	Male
	Иван Клименко	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1891	1937	1912	Russian	Male
	Иван Кодацкий	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1893	1937	1914	Russian	Male
	Тарас Кондратьев	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1892	1937	1913	Russian	Male
	Иосиф Косиор	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1889	1937	1908	Polish	Male
	Александр Криницкий	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1894	1937	1915	Russian	Male
	Александр Криницкий	bgcolor = PeachPuff		bgcolor = Thistle		1884	1937	1901	Jewish^[33] ^[34]	Male
	Виссарион Ломинадзе	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1897	1935	1917	Georgian	Male
	Сергей Лукашин	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1883	1937	1905	Armenian	Male
	Исидор Любимов	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1882	1937	1902	Russian	Male
	Александр Марков	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1877	1935	1898	Russian	Male
	Дмитрий Матвеев	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1900	1937	1920	Russian	Male
	Григорий Мельничанский	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1886	1937	1902	Jewish^[35]	Male
	Иван Москвин	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1890	1937	1911	Russian	Male
	Газанфар Мусабеков	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1888	1938	1918	Azerbaijani	Male
	Клавдия Николаева	bgcolor = PeachPuff		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1893	1944	1909	Russian	Female
	Иван Носов	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1888	1937	1905	Russian	Male
	Георгий Оппоков	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1888	1938	1903	Russian	Male
	Мамия Орахелашвили	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = MistyRose		1888	1937	1903	Georgian	Male
	Валериан Оболенский	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1882	1938	1907	Russian	Male
	Григо́рій Петро́вський	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1887	1939	1904	Russian	Male
	Константин Румянцев	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1889	1939	1916	Russian	Male
	Кузьма Рындин	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1893	1938	1915	Russian	Male
	Борис Семёнов	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1890	1937	1907	Russian	Male
	Александр Серебровский	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1884	1938	1903	Russian	Male
	Микола Скрипник	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1872	1933	1898	Ukrainian	Male
	Константин Стриевский	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1885	1938	1902	Belarusian	Male
	Сергей Сырцов	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1893	1937	1913	Russian	Male
	Фёдор Угаров	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1885	1932	1905	Russian	Male
	Ио́сиф У́ншлихт	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1879	1938	1907	Jewish^[36]	Male
	Михаил Урываев	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1887	1937	1917	Russian	Male
	Иосиф Варейкис	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1894	1938	1913	Lithuanian	Male
	Андрей Жданов	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1896	1948	1915	Russian	Male

References

General

Plenary sessions, apparatus heads, ethnicity (by clicking on the individual names on "The Central Committee elected by the XIV th Congress of the CPSU (b) 12.31.1925 members" reference), the Central Committee full- and candidate membership, Politburo membership, Secretariat membership and Orgburo membership were taken from these sources:

• Web site: Staff writer . Staff writer . Съезды, конференции, пленумы и заседания РСДРП – РСДРП(б) – РКП(б) – ВКП(б) – КПСС. knowbysight.info . Congresses, conferences, plenary meetings and meetings of the RSDLP – RSDLP (b) – RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU . ru. 22 August 2015.
• Web site: Staff writer . Staff writer . Персональный состав Центрального комитета РСДРП – РСДРП(б) – РКП(б) – ВКП(б) – КПСС . knowbysight.info . Membership of the Central Committee of the RSDLP – RSDLP (b) – RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU . ru. 22 August 2015.
• Web site: Staff writer . Staff writer . Центральный Комитет, избранный XIV-м съездом ВКП(б) 31.12.1925, члены . knowbysight.info . The Central Committee elected by the XIV th Congress of the CPSU (b) 12.31.1925 members . ru. 22 August 2015.
• Web site: Staff writer . Staff writer . ЕВРЕИ И ВЛАСТЬ В РОССИИ (1917-1924 гг.) . LDN - приватное собрание книг . Jews and Power in Russia (1917–1924 biennum) . ru. 22 August 2015 . 19 June 2008 .
• Web site: Staff writer . Staff writer . Узкий состав ЦК РСДРП(б) – Политическое бюро ЦК РСДРП(б)—Бюро ЦК РСДРП(б) – РКП(б)—Политическое бюро ЦК РКП(б) – ВКП(б)—Президиум – Политическое бюро ЦК КПСС . The narrow composition of the RSDLP (b)—Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (B)—The Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) – RCP (B)—Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) – AUCP (b)—the Presidium – Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU . ru. 21 June 2015.
• Web site: Staff writer . Staff writer . Секретариат ЦК РСДРП - РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС . Secretariat of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) – RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU . ru. 21 June 2015.
• Web site: Staff writer . Staff writer . Организационное бюро РКП(б) - ВКП(б) . Organizational Bureau of the RCP (b) – AUCP (b) . ru. 21 June 2015.

Bibliography

• Book: Fainsod, Merle . Merle Fainsod . Hough, Jerry F. . Jerry F. Hough . CITEREFFainsodHough1979 . How the Soviet Union is Governed . . 1979 . 9780674410305 .
• Book: Simons, Williams . White, Stephens . Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Communist Party of the Soviet Union . The Party Statutes of the Communist World . Law in Eastern Europe . . 1984 . CITEREFSimonsWhite1984 . Chapter 3: Statute of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . 413–435 . 9024729750 .

Sources

Notes and References

1. Web site: Брезановский Яков Еремеевич (1888) . Brezanovsky Yakov Eremeevich (1888) . 18 November 2023 . Open List.
2. Book: Parrish, Michael . Soviet Security and Intelligence Organizations 1917-1990: A Biographical Dictionary and Review of Literature in English . Greenwood Press . 1992 . 272.
3. Web site: 1995 . Jewish Encyclopedia of Russia . JewishGen Belarus SIG.
4. Book: Riga, Liliana . The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire . Cambridge University Press . 2012 . 60 and 305.
5. Web site: 1995 . Jewish Encyclopedia of Russia . JewishGen Belarus SIG.
6. Web site: Рошаль, Лев Борисович . Roshal, Lev Borisovich . 9 November 2023 . Кадровый состав органов государственной безопасности СССР. 1935−1939.
7. Web site: Рошаль Лев Борисович (1896) . Roshal Lev Borisovich (1896) . 9 November 2023 . Открытый список.
8. Web site: Рошаль Лев Борисович + 28.01.1940 . Roshal Lev Borisovich + 28.01.1940 . 9 November 2023 . Расстрелянное поколение.
9. Book: Service, Robert . Stalin: A Biography . Harvard University Press . 2005 . 103.
10. Book: Lindemann, Albert S. . Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews . Cambridge University Press . 1997 . 430.
11. Book: Riga, Liliana . The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire . Cambridge University Press . 2012 . 60, 80 and 303.
12. Book: Lindemann, Albert S. . Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews . Cambridge University Press . 1997 . 453.
13. Book: Riga, Liliana . The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire . Cambridge University Press . 2012 . 60, 70 and 303.
14. Web site: Kaganovich, Lazar Moiseyevich . 8 November 2023 . Jewish Virtual Library . The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise.
15. Book: Service, Robert . Stalin: A Biography . Harvard University Press . 2005 . 103.
16. Book: Lindemann, Albert S. . Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews . Cambridge University Press . 1997 . 430.
17. Web site: Глеб Максимилианович Кржижановский . Gleb Maksimilianovich Krzhizhanovsky . ХРОНОС.
18. Web site: 1995 . Jewish Encyclopedia of Russia . 9 November 2023 . JewishGen Belarus SIG.
19. Book: Ivkin, V.I. . Государственная власть СССР. Высшие органы власти и управления и их руководители. 1923—1991 гг. Историко-биографический справочни . Moscow . 605 . Russian.
20. Web site: 1995 . Jewish Encyclopedia of Russia . 9 November 2023 . JewishGen Belarus SIG.
21. Book: Riga, Liliana . The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire . Cambridge University Press . 2012 . 60 and 305.
22. Web site: Сокольников Григорий Яковлевич . www.hrono.ru.
23. Book: Riga, Liliana . The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire . Cambridge University Press . 2012 . 60 and 304.
24. Book: Rubenstein, Joshua . Leon Trotsky: A Revolutionary's Life . Yale University Press . 2011 . 1.
25. Book: Riga, Liliana . The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire . Cambridge University Press . 2012 . 60 and 305.
26. Web site: 1995 . Jewish Encyclopedia of Russia . JewishGen Belarus SIG.
27. Book: Lindemann, Albert S. . Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews . Cambridge University Press . 1997 . 430.
28. Book: Service, Robert . Stalin: A Biography . Harvard University Press . 2005 . 103.
29. Web site: Charny . Vitaly . 1995 . Jewish Encyclopedia of Russia .
30. Web site: Jewish Encyclopedia of Russia . 9 November 2023 . JewishGen Belarus SIG . 1995.
31. Web site: Lists.memo.ru . November 10, 2023.
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