Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) explained

Number:	Central Committee
of the 16th Congress
Start:	13 July 1930
End:	10 February 1934
Gs:	Joseph Stalin
Ss:	Vyacheslav Molotov (Jul.– Dec. 1930) Lazar Kaganovich (1930–1934)
Ig:	Politburo 10 full & 5 candidates Secretariat: 5 full & 2 candidates Orgburo: 11 full & 4 candidates
Departments:	7
Full:	71 full
Candidates:	67 candidates
Previous:	15th
Next:	17th

The Central Committee (CC) composition was elected by the 16th Congress, and sat from 13 July 1930 until 10 February 1934. Its 1st Plenary Session elected the Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo. The 16th Congress was the first party convention since the 13th Congress which saw no organized opposition, and the first congress in party history in which there was no opposition to the party leadership. Ukrainian historian Oleg Khlevniuk considers the period 1930–1934 to be a "transitional period" between collective leadership (referred to interchangeably by him as oligarchy) and Joseph Stalin's personal dictatorship (autocracy). The removal of Alexei Rykov, the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK, the Soviet government), from the Politburo at the 1st Joint Plenary Session of the CC and the Central Control Commission (CCC) has been marked in historic literature as "the definitive Stalinization of that body [Politburo]" according to Khlevniuk.

The Central Committee elected Stalin General Secretary of the Central Committee at its 1st Plenary Session. Vyacheslav Molotov served as Stalin's deputy, an informal post referred to by Sovietologists as Second Secretary, and was empowered to manage party business and sign Politburo resolutions when Stalin was away from Moscow. Upon Molotov's appointment as SNK Chairman in December 1930, Lazar Kaganovich took his place as Second Secretary.

This Central Committee composition led the party and the country through the first five-year plan, Syrtsov–Lominadze affair, dekulakization, collectivization of agriculture, Ryutin Affair, Soviet famine of 1932–33 (which has led to accusation of "extermination by hunger" by the Ukrainian state), the beginning of the second five-year plan, purges of the last oppositional elements within the party and heightened repression.

Plenums

The Central Committee was not a permanent institution. It convened plenary sessions. Seven CC plenary sessions and two plenary sessions held in conjunction with the convening of the Central Control Commission were held between the 16th Congress and the 17th Congress. When the CC was not in session, decision-making power was vested in the internal bodies of the CC itself; that is, the Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo. None of these bodies were permanent either; typically they convened several times a month.

Plenum! scope="col"

Date	Length
1st Plenary Session	data-sort-value="1"	13 July 1930	1 day
2nd Plenary Session	data-sort-value="2"	1 December 1930	1 day
1st Joint Plenary Session	data-sort-value="3"	17–21 December 1930	5 days
3rd Plenary Session	data-sort-value="4"	11–15 June 1931	5 days
4th Plenary Session	data-sort-value="5"	28–31 October 1931	4 days
5th Plenary Session	data-sort-value="6"	4 February 1932	1 day
6th Plenary Session	data-sort-value="7"	28 September – 2 October 1932	5 days
2nd Joint Plenary Session	data-sort-value="8"	7–12 January 1933	6 days
7th Plenary Session	data-sort-value="9"	25 January 1934	1 day

Apparatus

Individuals employed by the Central Committee's bureaus, departments and newspapers made up the apparatus between the 16th Congress and the 17th Congress. The bureaus and departments were supervised by the Secretariat, and each secretary (member of the Secretariat) supervised a specific department. The leaders of departments were officially referred to as Heads, while the titles of bureau leaders varied between chairman, first secretary and secretary.

Institution! scope="col"

Leader	Cyrillic	Took office	Left office	Length of tenure	Nationality	Gender
Accounting Department		Тимофей Самсонов	data-sort-value="9"	1932	data-sort-value="20"	10 February 1934		Russian	Male
Administrator of Affairs		Тимофей Самсонов	data-sort-value="1"	13 July 1930	data-sort-value="20"	10 February 1934		Russian	Male
Administrative, Enterprise and Trade Union Cadres Department		Иван Москвин	data-sort-value="1"	13 July 1930	data-sort-value="3"	14 November 1930		Russian	Male
		Николай Ежов	data-sort-value="4"	14 November 1930	data-sort-value="20"	10 February 1934		Russian	Male
Agitation and Mass Campaign Department		Григорий Каминский	data-sort-value="1"	13 July 1930	data-sort-value="2"	August 1930		Russian	Male
		Клавдия Николаева	data-sort-value="3"	August 1930	data-sort-value="9"	1933		Russian	Female
Agriculture Department		Лазарь Каганович	data-sort-value="8"	15 December 1932	data-sort-value="20"	10 February 1934		Russian	Male
Bolshevik		Вильгельм Кнорин	data-sort-value="1"	13 July 1930	data-sort-value="20"	10 February 1934		Latvian	Male
Central Asian Bureau		Исаак Зеленский	data-sort-value="1"	13 July 1930	data-sort-value="4"	January 1931		Russian	Male
		Карл Бауман	data-sort-value="5"	January 1931	data-sort-value="5"	10 February 1931		Latvian	Male
Culture and Propaganda Department		Алексей Стецкий	data-sort-value="1"	13 July 1930	data-sort-value="20"	10 February 1934		Russian	Male
Institute of Marx–Engels–Lenin		Владимир Адоратский	data-sort-value="7"	November 1931	data-sort-value="20"	10 February 1934		Russian	Male
Organizational-Instruction Department		Дмитрий Булатов	data-sort-value="1"	13 July 1930	data-sort-value="6"	July 1931		Russian	Male
	Joseph Meerzon	Жозеф Меерзон	data-sort-value="6"	July 1931	data-sort-value="6"	1932		Russian	Male
		Па́вел По́стышев	data-sort-value="9"	1932	data-sort-value="7"	January 1933		Russian	Male
		Владимир Полонский	data-sort-value="10"	January 1933	data-sort-value="8"	August 1933		Russian	Male
Pravda		Лев Мехлис	data-sort-value="1"	13 July 1930	data-sort-value="20"	10 February 1934		Ukrainian	Male
Secret Department		Иван Товстуха	data-sort-value="1"	13 July 1930	data-sort-value="1"	22 July 1930		Ukrainian	Male
		Александр Поскрёбышев	data-sort-value="2"	22 July 1930	data-sort-value="20"	10 February 1934		Russian	Male

Composition

Members

Name! scope="col" class="unsortable"

Cyrillic	15th CC	17th CC				Nationality	Gender	Portrait
	Пётр Алексеев	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1893	1937	1914	Russian	Male
	Андрей Андреев	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1895	1971	1914	Russian	Male
	Николай Антипов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1894	1938	1912	Russian	Male
	Алексей Бадаев	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1883	1951	1904	Russian	Male
	Карл Бауман	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1892	1937	1907	Latvian	Male
	Андрей Бубнов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1884	1938	1903	Russian	Male
	Никола́й Буха́рин	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1888	1938	1906	Russian	Male
	Влас Чубар	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1891	1939	1907	Ukrainian	Male
	Михаил Чудов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1893	1937	1913	Russian	Male
	Михаил Чувырин	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1883	1947	1903	Russian	Male
	Роберт Эйхе	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1890	1940	1905	Latvian	Male
	Ян Гамарник	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1894	1937	1916	Ukrainian	Male
	Филипп Голощёкин	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1876	1941	1903	Russian	Male
	Иван Кабаков	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1891	1937	1914	Russian	Male
	Лазарь Каганович	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1893	1991	1911	Russian	Male
	Михаил Калинин	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1875	1946	1898	Russian	Male
	Мендель Хатаевич	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1893	1937	1913	Russian	Male
	Серге́й Ки́ров	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1886	1934	1904	Russian	Male
	Вильгельм Кнорин	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1890	1938	1910	Latvian	Male
	Иван Кодацкий	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1893	1937	1914	Ukrainian	Male
	Николай Колотилов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1885	1937	1903	Russian	Male
	Николай Комаров	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1886	1937	1909	Russian	Male
	Иосиф Косиор	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1889	1937	1908	Polish	Male
	Станислав Косиор	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1889	1939	1907	Polish	Male
	Наде́жда Кру́пская	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1869	1939	1898	Russian	Female
	Глеб Кржижано́вский	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1872	1959	1898	Russian	Male
	Николай Кубяк	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1881	1937	1898	Russian	Male
	Валериан Куйбышев	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1888	1935	1904	Russian	Male
	Эммануил Квиринг	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1888	1937	1912	Volga German	Male
	Дмитрий Лебедь	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1893	1937	1909	Russian	Male
	Фёдор Леонов	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1892	1938	1914	Russian	Male
	Семён Лобов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1888	1937	1913	Russian	Male
	Виссарион Ломинадзе	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = Thistle		1897	1935	1917	Georgian	Male
	Исидор Любимов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1882	1937	1902	Russian	Male
	Дмитро Мануїльський	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1883	1959	1903	Ukrainian	Male
	Анаста́с Микоя́н	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1895	1978	1915	Armenian	Male
	Вячеслав Молотов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1890	1986	1906	Russian	Male
	Иван Москвин	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1890	1937	1911	Russian	Male
	Иван Носов	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1888	1937	1905	Russian	Male
	Георгий Оппоков	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1888	1938	1903	Russian	Male
	Мамия Орахелашвили	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1888	1937	1903	Georgian	Male
	Григо́рий Орджоники́дзе	bgcolor = LavenderBlush		bgcolor = LightGreen		1886	1937	1903	Georgian	Male
	Григо́рій Петро́вський	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1878	1958	1898	Ukrainian	Male
	Осип Пятницкий	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1882	1938	1898	Russian	Male
	Григо́рій Петро́вський	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1887	1939	1904	Russian	Male
	Георгий Пятаков	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1890	1939	1910	Russian	Male
	Ян Рудзутак	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1887	1938	1905	Latvian	Male
	Моисей Рухимович	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1889	1938	1913	Russian	Male
	Иван Румянцев	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1886	1937	1905	Russian	Male
	Алексей Рыков	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1881	1938	1898	Russian	Male
	Кузьма Рындин	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1893	1938	1915	Russian	Male
	Исаак Шварц	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1879	1951	1899	Ukrainian	Male
	Борис Шеболдаев	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1895	1937	1914	Russian	Male
	Николай Шверник	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1888	1970	1905	Russian	Male
	Микола Скрипник	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightYellow		1872	1933	1898	Ukrainian	Male
	Александр Смирно	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = Thistle		1878	1938	1898	Russian	Male
	Ио́сиф Ста́лин	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1878	1953	1898	Georgian	Male
	Алексей Стецкий	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1896	1938	1915	Russian	Male
	Константин Стриевский	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1885	1938	1902	Belarusian	Male
	Даниил Сулимов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1890	1937	1905	Russian	Male
	Сергей Сырцов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = Thistle		1893	1937	1913	Russian	Male
	Александр Толоконцев	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1889	1937	1914	Russian	Male
	Михаил Томский	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1880	1936	1904	Russian	Male
	Антон Цихон	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1887	1939	1906	Russian	Male
	Константин Уханов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1891	1937	1907	Russian	Male
	Иосиф Варейкис	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1894	1938	1913	Lithuanian	Male
	Климент Ворошилов	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1881	1969	1903	Russian	Male
	Я́ков Я́ковлев	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1896	1938	1913	Ukrainian	Male
	Исаак Зеленский	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1890	1937	1906	Russian	Male
	Андрей Жданов	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1896	1948	1915	Russian	Male
	Иван Жуков	bgcolor = Salmon		bgcolor = LightGreen		1889	1937	1909	Russian	Male

Candidates

Name! scope="col" class="unsortable"

Cyrillic	15th CC	17th CC				Nationality	Gender	Portrait
	Степан Афанасьев	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1894	1965	1912	Russian	Male
	Алексей Амосов	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1896	1937	1914	Russian	Male
	Наум Анцелович	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1895	1971	1905	Russian	Male
	Пётр Баранов	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightYellow		1892	1933	1912	Russian	Male
	Сергей Бергавинов	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1889	1937	1917	Russian	Male
	Николай Брюханов	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1878	1938	1902	Russian	Male
	Иван Булат	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1896	1938	1912	Ukrainian	Male
	Дмитрий Булатов	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1889	1941	1912	Russian	Male
	Антон Булин	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1894	1938	1914	Russian	Male
	Николай Чаплин	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1902	1938	1919	Russian	Male
	Сергей Чуцкаев	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1876	1944	1903	Russian	Male
	Александр Догадов	bgcolor = PeachPuff		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1888	1937	1905	Russian	Male
	Шалва Элиава	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1883	1937	1904	Georgian	Male
	Константин Гей	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1896	1939	1916	Russian	Male
	Николай Голодед	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1894	1937	1918	Belarusian	Male
	Фёдор Грядинский	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1893	1938	1912	Russian	Male
	Акмаль Икрамов	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1898	1938	1918	Uzbek	Male
	Ураз Исаев	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1899	1938	1920	Kazakh	Male
	Владимир Иванов	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1893	1938	1915	Russian	Male
	Михаил Кахиани	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1896	1937	1917	Georgian	Male
	Анна Калыгина	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1895	1937	1915	Russian	Female
	Моисей Калманович	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1888	1937	1917	Russian	Male
	Григорий Каминский	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1895	1938	1913	Ukrainian	Male
	Лаврентий Картвелишвили	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1890	1938	1910	Georgian	Male
	Михаил Хлоплянкин	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1892	1938	1914	Russian	Male
	Алексей Киселёв	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1879	1937	1898	Russian	Male
	Иван Клименко	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1891	1937	1912	Russian	Male
	Александр Косарев	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1903	1939	1919	Russian	Male
	Иван Козлов	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1883	1970	1918	Russian	Male
	Александр Криницкий	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1894	1937	1915	Russian	Male
	Василий Курицын	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1892	1937	1917	Russian	Male
	Соломон Лозовский	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1892	1952	1901	Russian	Male
	Валерий Межлаук	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1893	1938	1917	Latvian	Male
	Василий Михайлов	bgcolor = PeachPuff		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1894	1937	1915	Russian	Male
	Михаил Михайлов-Иванов	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightYellow		1894	1931	1913	Russian	Male
	Левон Мирзоян	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1887	1939	1917	Armenian	Male
	Газанфар Мусабеков	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1888	1938	1918	Azerbaijani	Male
	Клавдия Николаева	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightGreen		1893	1944	1909	Russian	Female
	Валериан Оболенский	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1887	1938	1907	Russian	Male
	Михаил Ошвинцев	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1889	1939	1917	Russian	Male
	Николай Пахомов	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1890	1938	1917	Russian	Male
	Иван Перепечко	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1897	1943	1914	Ukrainian	Male
	Владимир Полонский	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1893	1937	1912	Russian	Male
	Николай Попов	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1890	1938	1919	Russian	Male
	Борис Позерн	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1882	1939	1902	Russian	Male
	Владимир Птуха	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1894	1938	1917	Ukrainian	Male
	Константин Румянцев	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = LightYellow		1891	1932	1916	Russian	Male
	Максимилиа́н Саве́льев	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1898	1939	1903	Russian	Male
	Василий Шмидт	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1886	1938	1905	Russian	Male
	Алексей Седельников	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1894	1938	1914	Russian	Male
	Борис Семёнов	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1890	1937	1907	Russian	Male
	Александр Серебровский	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1884	1938	1903	Russian	Male
	Пётр Смородин	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1897	1939	1917	Russian	Male
	Григорий Сокольников	bgcolor = PeachPuff		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1888	1939	1905	Ukrainian	Male
	Василий Строганов	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1888	1938	1905	Russian	Male
	Кирилл Сухомлин	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1886	1938	1905	Russian	Male
	Роман Терехов	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1889	1979	1912	Russian	Male
	Фёдор Царьков	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1888	1938	1906	Russian	Male
	Иероним Уборевич	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1896	1937	1917	Lithuanian	Male
	Ио́сиф У́ншлихт	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1879	1938	1900	Polish	Male
	Михаил Урываев	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1887	1937	1917	Russian	Male
	Гавриил Вейнберг	bgcolor = #B2FFFF		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1891	1946	1906	Polish	Male
	Пётр Волков	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1896	1937	1917	Russian	Male
	Генрих Ягода	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = LightGreen		1891	1938	1907	Russian	Male
	Иона Якир	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1896	1937	1917	Moldovan	Male
	Пелагея Воронова	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = PeachPuff		1892	1990	1917	Russian	Female
	Тихон Юркин	bgcolor = LightGreen		bgcolor = #B2FFFF		1898	1986	1915	Russian	Male

References

Bibliography

Articles and journals

• Szamuely . T. . 1966 . The Elimination of Opposition between the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Congresses of the CPSU . . . 17 . 3 . 318–338 . 10.1080/09668136608410474 . 0038-5859 .

Books

• Book: . . CITEREFFainsodHough1979 . How the Soviet Union is Governed . . 1979 . 9780674410305 .
• Book: . Master of the House: Stalin and His Inner Circle . The Yale-Hoover Series on Stalin, Stalinism, and the Cold War . . 2009 . CITEREFKhlevniuk2009 . 978-0300110661 .
• Book: Simons, Williams . White, Stephens . . The Party Statutes of the Communist World . Law in Eastern Europe . . 1984 . CITEREFSimonsWhite1984 . Chapter 3: Statute of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . 413–435 . 9024729750 .