CentOS explained

CentOS
Logo Size:300px
Developer:The CentOS Project
(affiliated with Red Hat)
Family:Linux (Unix-like)
Working State:Discontinued
Source Model:Open source
Discontinued:Yes
Marketing Target:Servers, desktop computers, workstations, supercomputers
Update Model:Release Candidate
Package Manager:dnf (command line); PackageKit (graphical); .rpm (binaries format)
Supported Platforms:x86-64, ARM64, and ppc64le
Kernel Type:Monolithic (Linux kernel)
Succeeded By:CentOS Stream, AlmaLinux, Rocky Linux
Ui:Bash, GNOME Shell[1]
License:GNU GPL and other licenses

CentOS (from Community Enterprise Operating System; also known as CentOS Linux)[2] [3] is a discontinued Linux distribution that provided a free and open-source community-supported computing platform, functionally compatible with its upstream source, Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL).[4] [5] In January 2014, CentOS announced the official joining with Red Hat while staying independent from RHEL,[6] under a new CentOS governing board.[7] [8]

The first CentOS release in May 2004, numbered as CentOS version 2, was forked from RHEL version 2.1AS. Since version 8, CentOS officially supports the x86-64, ARM64, and POWER8 architectures, and releases up to version 6 also supported the IA-32 architecture., AltArch releases of CentOS 7 are available for the IA-32 architecture, Power ISA, and for the ARMv7hl and AArch64 variants of the ARM architecture.[9] [10] CentOS 8 was released on 24 September 2019.

In December 2020, Red Hat unilaterally terminated CentOS development[11] [12] [13] [14] in favor of CentOS Stream, a distribution positioned upstream of RHEL.[15] In March 2021, CloudLinux (makers of CloudLinux OS) released a RHEL derivative called AlmaLinux.[16] Later in May 2021, one of the CentOS founders (Gregory Kurtzer) created the competing Rocky Linux project as a successor to the original mission of CentOS.[17]

History

CentOS originated as a build of CAOS Linux, an RPM-based Linux distribution started by Gregory Kurtzer in 2002.[18] [19] [20] Infiscale described its GravityOS as "[including] the small footprint of Caos",[21] indicating a certain level of influence from the discontinued distribution.

In June 2006, David Parsley, the primary developer of Tao Linux (another RHEL clone), announced the retirement of Tao Linux and its rolling into CentOS development. Tao users migrated to the CentOS release via .[22]

In July 2009, it was reported in an open letter on the CentOS Project web site that one of CentOS's founders, Lance Davis, had disappeared in 2008. Davis had ceased contribution to the project, but continued to hold the registration for the CentOS domain and PayPal account. In August 2009, the CentOS team reportedly made contact with Davis and obtained the centos.info and centos.org domains.[23]

In July 2010, CentOS overtook Debian to become the most popular Linux distribution for web servers, with almost 30% of all Linux web servers using it.[24] Debian retook the lead in January 2012.[25]

In January 2014, Red Hat announced that it would sponsor the CentOS Project, "helping to establish a platform well-suited to the needs of open source developers that integrate technologies in and around the operating system".[26] As a result of these changes, ownership of CentOS trademarks was transferred to Red Hat,[27] which now employs most of the CentOS head developers; however, they work as part of Red Hat's Open Source and Standards team, which operates separately from the Red Hat Enterprise Linux team. A new CentOS governing board was also established.

On 8 December 2020, the CentOS Project announced that the distribution would be discontinued at the end of 2021 in order to focus on CentOS Stream.[28] The community's response to this announcement was overwhelmingly negative. Soon thereafter, Gregory Kurtzer (one of CentOS's founders) announced a new project to continue the original CentOS focus, which became known as Rocky Linux. CloudLinux created AlmaLinux to provide a community-supported successor to CentOS Linux, aiming for binary-compatibility with the current version of RHEL.[29] A beta version of AlmaLinux was first released on February 1, 2021,[30] and the first stable release of AlmaLinux was published on March 30, 2021.[31] A beta version of Rocky Linux was released on April 30, 2021,[32] and subsequently on June 21, 2021, the stable release of Rocky Linux 8.4 was released.[33]

Design

CentOS developers use Red Hat's source code to create a final product very similar to RHEL. Red Hat's branding and logos are changed because Red Hat does not allow them to be redistributed.[34] CentOS is available free of charge. Technical support is primarily provided by the community via official mailing lists, web forums, and chat rooms.

The project is affiliated with Red Hat but aspires to be more public, open, and inclusive. While Red Hat employs most of the CentOS head developers, the CentOS Project itself relies on donations from users and organizational sponsors.

Versioning and releases

CentOS releases

CentOS version numbers for releases older than 7.0 have two parts, a major version and a minor version, which correspond to the major version and update set of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) used to build a particular CentOS release. For example, CentOS 6.5 is built from the source packages of RHEL 6 update 5 (also known as RHEL version 6.5), which is a so-called "point release" of RHEL 6.[35]

Starting with version 7.0, CentOS version numbers also include a third part that indicates the monthstamp of the source code the release is based on. For example, version number 7.0-1406 still maps this CentOS release to the zeroth update set of RHEL 7, while "1406" indicates that the source code this release is based on dates from June 2014. Using the monthstamp allows installation images to be reissued for oncoming container and cloud releases, while maintaining a connection to the related base release version.

Since mid-2006 and starting with RHEL version 4.4, which is formally known as Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.0 update 4, Red Hat has adopted a version-naming convention identical to that used by CentOS (for example, RHEL 4.5 or RHEL 6.5).[36]

On 10 September 2019 CentOS deferred CentOS 8.1 work for CentOS 7.7 since CentOS 7.x was in production and CentOS 8.x was not in production. Once CentOS 7.7 was released resources moved back to CentOS 8.0.

On 24 September 2019 CentOS officially released CentOS version 8.0.

End-of-support schedule

According to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) life cycle,[37] CentOS 5, 6 and 7 will be "maintained for up to 10 years" as it is based on RHEL.[38] Previously, CentOS 4 had been supported for seven years.[39]

CentOS
version		Release
date		Full
updates[40] [41] 		Maintenance
updates
2004-03-192006-07-202010-10-31 [42]
2005-03-092009-03-312012-02-29
2007-04-122014-01-312017-03-31
2011-11-272017-05-102020-11-30
2014-07-072020-08-062024-06-30
2019-09-242021-12-31[43]

Older version information

CentOS version 7

Latest version information

CentOS version 8

AltArch releases

AltArch releases are released by the Alternative Architecture Special Interest Group (AltArch SIG) to support architectures that are not supported by the base CentOS releases.

Add-ons releases

Software Collections (SCL) is a CentOS repository that provides a set of programming languages, database servers, and various related packages. Provided software versions are either more recent than their equivalent versions included in the base CentOS distribution, or are made available as official CentOS packages for the first time.[162] (See also the list of CentOS repositories below.)

Packages available from the SCL do not replace the default system tools provided with CentOS. Instead, a parallel set of tools is installed in the directory, and can be optionally enabled per application by using supplied utility. For example, the default versions of Perl or MySQL remain those provided by the base CentOS installation.

Add-on nameArchitecturesBase CentOS versionCentOS release dateRHEL release dateDelay (days)
Software Collections (SCL) 1.0[163] x86-646.4, 6.52014-02-19[164] 2013-09-12160
Developer Toolset 2.0[165] IA-32, x86-646.4[166] 2013-09-12

Releases without upstream equivalents

Some of the ISO images released by the CentOS Project have no direct upstream equivalents. They are created for specific purposes, such as for providing a live bootable image, or for providing a reduced-size installation medium. In addition to those listed below, there are also AltArch releases, which also have no direct upstream equivalents.

LiveCD and LiveDVD images contain a bootable compressed file system, created by a set of custom scripts[167] using a kickstart configuration file.[168] These live images can be also installed to hard disk, thus obtaining a fully functional CentOS installation. The set of packages installed that way on a hard disk can not be adjusted during the installation, as that is a simple transfer of the image existing on CD/DVD, to a hard disk. After booting from hard disk, yum can be used for adding or removing packages.[169]

MinimalCD images contain a minimum of packages required for a functional installation, with no compromises in security or network usability. These minimal images use the standard CentOS installer with all of its regular features minus the selection of packages. Yum can be used after the installation is completed to add or remove packages.[170] [171]

Special interest groups

Special interest groups (SIGs) are organized portions of the CentOS community that open paths for building specialized variants of CentOS, which fulfill specific sets of requirements. SIGs have the freedom to modify and enhance CentOS in various ways, including adding more cutting-edge software, rebuilding existing packages depending on the requirements, providing alternative desktop environments, or making CentOS available on otherwise unsupported architectures.[193]

Architectures

As of version 8, CentOS fully supports x86-64, POWER8 and 64-bit ARM architectures,[194] while the following architectures are not supported:

, AltArch releases of CentOS 7 are available for the ARMv7hl and AArch64 variants of the ARM architecture, and plans exist for supporting other variants of the ARM architecture. ARM support is a community effort coordinated through the AltArch SIG.[195] AltArch releases of CentOS 7 are also available for the IA-32 architecture and Power ISA (POWER7 and POWER8 chips).

A Live CD version of CentOS is available at mirror.centos.org. A bootable Live USB image of CentOS can be created manually or with UNetbootin.

CentOS images are also available on Amazon's EC2 cloud, in form of prebuilt and already published Amazon Machine Images (AMIs).[196] [197]

Repositories

There are three primary CentOS repositories (also known as channels), containing software packages that make up the main CentOS distribution:[198]

The CentOS Project provides several additional repositories that contain software packages not provided by the default base and updates repositories. Those repositories include the following:[201]

CentOS Stream

See main article: CentOS Stream. CentOS Stream is a "continuously delivered distro that tracks just ahead of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) development, positioned as a midstream between Fedora Linux and RHEL."[204] which is designed for "anyone interested in participating and collaborating in the RHEL ecosystem".[204]

Because prior CentOS releases were derived directly from RHEL (RHEL was essentially upstream of CentOS), Stream thus represents a change from prior CentOS releases, being situated between the upstream development in Fedora and the downstream development for RHEL. That said, CentOS Stream 9 and RHEL 9 started from the same codebase[205] and thus CentOS Stream could reasonably be seen as "closer" to RHEL than Fedora.

The initial release, CentOS Stream 8, was released on 24 September 2019, at the same time as CentOS 8.[206] As CentOS 8 became unsupported, The CentOS Project provided a simple means of converting from CentOS Linux 8 to CentOS Stream 8.[207]

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: CentOS 8 rolls out - Here are CentOS 8 New features . Kibet . John . 25 September 2019 . Computing for Geeks . 6 October 2019.
  2. Web site: Community Profile–CentOS Project Open Source Community . community.redhat.com . 10 September 2019.
  3. Web site: CentOS Forums - Index page . centos.org . 10 September 2019.
  4. Web site: Frequently Asked Questions about CentOS in general: 1. What is CentOS Linux? . 12 October 2014 . centos.org . 2 November 2014 . 12 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190912091748/https://wiki.centos.org/FAQ/General#head-4b2dd1ea6dcc1243d6e3886dc3e5d1ebb252c194 . dead .
  5. Web site: Red hat + CentOS . . 15 April 2014.
  6. Web site: CentOS Project joins forces with Red Hat . Karanbir Singh . 7 January 2014 . centos.org . 8 January 2014.
  7. Web site: CentOS Governance . 2014 . centos.org . 8 January 2014.
  8. Web site: Karanbir Singh: CentOS Linux: A Continuously integrating platform . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/jhHtpdQQEPY. 2021-11-07 . live. Karanbir Singh . 9 December 2014 . YouTube . 4 June 2016.
  9. Web site: [CentOS-announce] Release for CentOS AltArch 7 (1511) ]. Singh . Karanbir . 19 December 2015 . 24 December 2015.
  10. Web site: [CentOS-announce] Release for CentOS 7 on AArch64 ]. Perrin . Jim . 4 August 2015 . 1 November 2015.
  11. Web site: The killing of CentOS Linux: 'The CentOS board doesn't get to decide what Red Hat engineering teams do' . 26 Jan 2021 . . 8 Mar 2021.
  12. Web site: CentOS Linux is dead—and Red Hat says Stream is "not a replacement". 10 December 2020.
  13. Web site: Where do I go now that CentOS Linux is gone? Check our list. 11 December 2020.
  14. Web site: Why Red Hat killed CentOS—a CentOS board member speaks. 26 January 2021.
  15. Web site: Vaughan-Nichols . Steven J. . CentOS Linux 8 is about to die. What do you do next? . 2021-12-22 . ZDNet . en.
  16. Web site: Vinogradov . Alexander . Announcing Open-sourced & Community-Driven RHEL Fork by CloudLinux . cloudlinux.com . 28 January 2021.
  17. Web site: Anderson, Tim . 10 December 2020 . Rocky Linux is go: CentOS founder's new project aims to be 100% compatible with Red Hat Enterprise Linux . 12 December 2020 . The Register.
  18. Web site: Caos NSA and Perceus: All-in-one Cluster Software Stack . Jeffrey B. Layton . 5 February 2009 . . 7 August 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150210040738/http://www.linux-mag.com/id/7239/ . 10 February 2015 . usurped.
  19. Web site: Gregory M. Kurtzer. gmkurtzer.github.io.
  20. Web site: Greg Kurtzer: Founder of the CentOS Project . https://web.archive.org/web/20210201071217/https://readyspace.com.hk/greg-kurtzer-founder-of-the-centos-project/ . 1 February 2021 . dead . ReadySpace . 4 March 2019 . Alex . Yau.
  21. https://web.archive.org/web/20131006005709/http://infiscale.com/html/products.html Infiscale Product page in November 2013
  22. Web site: Retirement of TaoLinux . centos.org . https://web.archive.org/web/20130512195648/http://www.centos.org/modules/news/article.php?storyid=135 . 12 May 2013 . 21 May 2014.
  23. Web site: CentOS: Getting Their S#!t Together is a Top Priority. Jason. Perlow. ZDNet.
  24. Web site: The most popular Linux for Web servers is ... . Computerworld . 26 July 2010 . blog.
  25. Web site: Debian is now the most popular Linux distribution on web servers . w3techs.com.
  26. Web site: Red Hat and the CentOS Project Join Forces to Speed Open Source Innovation . 7 January 2015 . . 8 January 2014 . Red Hat is once again extending its leadership in open source innovation by helping to establish a platform well-suited to the needs of open source developers that integrate technologies in and around the operating system..
  27. Web site: Red Hat + CentOS - CentOS Trademark . . 9 January 2014.
  28. Web site: CentOS Project ending support for CentOS 8 at the end of 2021.. live. blog.centos.org. https://web.archive.org/web/20201208140309/https://blog.centos.org/2020/12/future-is-centos-stream/ . 8 December 2020 .
  29. Web site: AlmaLinux. January 26, 2021. Frequently asked questions. April 22, 2021.
  30. February 1, 2021 . CloudLinux Releases AlmaLinux Beta . April 22, 2021.
  31. Web site: Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. . March 30, 2021 . CloudLinux Launches AlmaLinux, CentOS Linux clone . April 22, 2021 . ZDNet.
  32. Web site: 2021-04-30. Rocky Linux 8.3 RC1 Available Now. 2021-05-01. Rocky Linux. en.
  33. Web site: 2021-06-21. Rocky Linux 8.4 Available Now. 2021-06-21. Rocky Linux. en.
  34. Web site: Red Hat License Agreements . . 1 June 2008.
  35. Web site: What is the versioning/release scheme of CentOS and how does it compare to the upstream vendor? . centos.org . 21 May 2014 . 12 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190912091748/https://wiki.centos.org/FAQ/General#head-6e2c3746ec45ac3142917466760321e868f43c0e . dead .
  36. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux > AS/ES/WS Basics . . https://web.archive.org/web/20081014193548/http://kbase.redhat.com/faq/FAQ_80_10667.shtm . 14 October 2008 . 26 May 2014.
  37. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Life Cycle . . 9 November 2013.
  38. Web site: CentOS Wiki Frontpage . CentOS team . 22 September 2012 . 31 August 2016 . Each CentOS version is maintained perhaps for up to 10 years (by means of security updates -- the duration of the support interval by Red Hat has varied over time with respect to Sources released). A new CentOS version is released approximately every 2 years and each CentOS version is periodically updated (roughly every 6 months) to support newer hardware..
  39. Web site: CentOS-4 i386 and x86_64 End of Life (EOL) . CentOS team.
  40. Web site: CentOS Product Specifications: End of Lifetime (EOL) Dates . centos.org . 15 July 2014 . 24 September 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160924101625/https://wiki.centos.org/About/Product . dead .
  41. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Life Cycle: Life Cycle Dates . . 9 November 2013.
  42. Web site: FAQ/General. 2020-06-02. CentOS Project. 1 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230601012111/https://wiki.centos.org/FAQ/General#What_is_the_support_.27.27end_of_life.27.27_for_each_CentOS_release.3F. dead.
  43. Web site: CentOS Project shifts focus to CentOS Stream. centos.org.
  44. Web site: CentOS-2 Final finally released . John Newbigin . 14 May 2004 . centos.org . 1 June 2008.
  45. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Errata Support Policy . . 1 June 2008.
  46. Web site: CentOS 3.1 has now been released . Lance Davis . 19 March 2004 . centos.org . 1 June 2008.
  47. Web site: [CentOS-announce] CentOS 3.5 i386 is released ]. Lance Davis . 10 June 2005 . centos.org.
  48. Web site: [CentOS-announce] CentOS 3.6 is released. ]. Lance Davis . 1 November 2005 . centos.org.
  49. Web site: [CentOS-announce] CentOS 3.7 is released ]. Lance Davis . 10 April 2006 . centos.org.
  50. Web site: [CentOS-announce] Subject: CentOS 3.8 is released for i386 and x86_64 ]. Johnny Hughes . 25 August 2006 . centos.org.
  51. Web site: CentOS 3.9 is released for i386 and x86_64 . 26 July 2007 . centos.org . 21 October 2008.
  52. Web site: Distribution Release: CentOS 4 . 9 March 2005 . DistroWatch.com.
  53. Web site: Distribution Release: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 . 14 February 2005 . DistroWatch.com.
  54. Web site: [CentOS-announce] CentOS 4 i386 - CentOS 4.1 i386 is available ]. Johnny Hughes . 12 June 2005 . centos.org.
  55. Web site: [CentOS-announce] CentOS-4.2 is Released for i386, x86_64, IA-64, s390, s390x and alpha architectures ]. Johnny Hughes . 13 October 2005 . centos.org.
  56. Web site: [CentOS-announce] CentOS 4.3 is Released for i386, x86_64, and IA-64 ]. Johnny Hughes . 21 March 2006 . centos.org.
  57. Web site: [CentOS-announce] CentOS 4.4 is released for i386 and x86_64 ]. Johnny Hughes . 30 August 2006 . centos.org.
  58. Web site: [CentOS-announce] CentOS 4.5 is released for i386, x86_64, and IA-64 ]. Johnny Hughes . 17 May 2007 . centos.org.
  59. Web site: Distribution Release: CentOS 4.6 . 16 December 2007 . DistroWatch.com . 10 November 2008.
  60. Web site: Distribution Release: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.6 . 16 November 2007 . DistroWatch.com . 10 November 2008.
  61. Web site: CentOS 4.7 is released for i386 and x86_64 . Johnny Hughes . 13 September 2008 . centos.org . 14 September 2008.
  62. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.7 GA Announcement . 24 July 2008 . . 14 September 2008 . 2 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120302180149/http://www.redhat.com/archives/rhelv4-announce/2008-July/msg00002.html . dead .
  63. Web site: CentOS 4 i386 and x86_64 release of CentOS-4.8 . Johnny Hughes . 21 August 2009 . centos.org.
  64. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.8 GA Announcement . 18 May 2009 . . 12 March 2010 . 7 June 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110607145851/https://www.redhat.com/archives/rhelv4-announce/2009-May/msg00000.html . dead .
  65. Web site: CentOS 4 i386 and x86_64 release of CentOS-4.9 . Johnny Hughes . 2 March 2011 . centos.org.
  66. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.9 GA Announcement . 16 February 2011 . . 3 March 2011 . 15 July 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110715165248/https://www.redhat.com/archives/rhelv4-announce/2011-February/msg00000.html . dead .
  67. Web site: Release for CentOS-5 i386 and x86_64 . Karanbir Singh . 12 April 2007 . centos.org . 1 June 2008.
  68. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 Now Available . 15 March 2007 . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120119191611/http://www.redhat.com/archives/rhelv5-announce/2007-March/msg00001.html . 19 January 2012 . 1 June 2008 . dmy-all.
  69. Web site: Release for CentOS-5.1 i386 and x86_64 . Karanbir Singh . 2 December 2007 . centos.org . 1 June 2008.
  70. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.1 General Availability Announcement . 7 November 2007 . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120119185051/http://www.redhat.com/archives/rhelv5-announce/2007-November/msg00000.html . 19 January 2012 . 1 June 2008 . dmy-all.
  71. Web site: Release for CentOS-5.2 i386 and x86_64 . Karanbir Singh . 24 June 2008 . centos.org . 3 February 2009.
  72. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.2 General Availability Announcement . 21 May 2008 . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120316133934/http://www.redhat.com/archives/rhelv5-announce/2008-May/msg00002.html . 16 March 2012 . 22 January 2009 . dmy-all.
  73. Web site: Release for CentOS-5.3 i386 and x86_64 . Karanbir Singh . 1 April 2009 . centos.org . 1 April 2009.
  74. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.3 General Availability Announcement . 20 January 2009 . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120108125756/https://www.redhat.com/archives/rhelv5-announce/2009-January/msg00000.html . 8 January 2012 . 22 January 2009 . dmy-all.
  75. Web site: [CentOS-announce] Release for CentOS-5.4 i386 and x86_64 ]. Singh . Karanbir . 21 October 2009 . centos.org . 24 October 2009.
  76. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4 GA Announcement . 2 September 2009 . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120331074735/http://www.redhat.com/archives/rhelv5-announce/2009-September/msg00000.html . 31 March 2012 . 22 September 2009 . dmy-all.
  77. Web site: [CentOS-announce] Release for CentOS-5.5 i386 and x86_64 ]. Singh . Karanbir . 14 May 2010 . centos.org . 15 May 2010.
  78. Web site: [rhelv5-announce] Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.5 GA Announcement ]. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 (Tikanga) announcement mailing-list . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110924042714/https://www.redhat.com/archives/rhelv5-announce/2010-March/msg00000.html . 24 September 2011 . 15 May 2010 . dmy-all.
  79. Web site: Release for CentOS-5.6 i386 and x86_64 . centos.org . 8 April 2011 . 8 April 2011.
  80. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5: 5.6 Release Notes . 21 May 2014.
  81. Web site: Release for CentOS-5.7 i386 and x86_64 . 13 September 2011 . centos.org . 13 September 2011.
  82. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.7 Release Notes . 21 July 2011 . 21 July 2011.
  83. Web site: Release for CentOS-5.8 i386 and x86_64 . 7 March 2012 . centos.org . 8 March 2012.
  84. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.8 Release Notes . 21 February 2012 . 21 February 2012.
  85. Web site: Release for CentOS-5.9 i386 and x86_64 . 17 January 2013 . centos.org . 17 January 2013.
  86. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.9 Release Notes . 7 January 2013 . 7 January 2013.
  87. Web site: Release for CentOS-5.10 i386 and x86_64 . 19 October 2013 . centos.org . 19 October 2013.
  88. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.10 Release Notes . 30 September 2013 . 1 October 2013.
  89. Web site: Release for CentOS-5.11 i386 and x86_64 . 30 September 2014 . centos.org . 30 September 2014.
  90. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.11 Release Notes . 16 September 2014 . 16 September 2014.
  91. Web site: CentOS 6 review | LinuxBSDos.com. linuxbsdos.com. 11 August 2011 .
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  93. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Now Available . 10 November 2010 . . 10 November 2010.
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  95. Web site: Red Hat Delivers Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.1 . 19 May 2011 . . 21 May 2014.
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  98. https://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20120806#feature First look at CentOS 6.3
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  101. Web site: Release for CentOS-6.4 i386 and x86_64 . 8 March 2013 . centos.org . 8 March 2013.
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  108. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.7 Release Notes . 22 July 2015 . . 22 July 2015.
  109. Web site: Release for CentOS Linux 6.8 i386 and x86_64 . 25 May 2016 . centos.org . 25 May 2016.
  110. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.8 Release Notes . 10 May 2016 . . 14 May 2016.
  111. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Release Dates . Red Hat.
  112. Web site: Release for CentOS Linux 6.9 i386 and x86_64 . 5 April 2017 . centos.org . 5 April 2017.
  113. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.9 Release Notes . 21 March 2017 . . 21 March 2017.
  114. Web site: DistroWatch.com: Put the fun back into computing. Use Linux, BSD.. distrowatch.com.
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  116. Web site: Release for CentOS Linux 6.10 i386 and x86_64 . 3 July 2018 . centos.org . 3 July 2018.
  117. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.10 Release Notes . 19 June 2018 . . 19 June 2018.
  118. Web site: Looking in on CentOS 7. lwn.net.
  119. Web site: Are 32-bit applications supported in RHEL 7? - Red Hat Customer Portal . 17 December 2013 . . 20 June 2014.
  120. Web site: [CentOS-announce] Release for CentOS-7 on x86_64 ]. Karanbir Singh . 7 July 2014 . centos.org . 7 July 2014.
  121. Web site: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Release Notes . 10 June 2014 . . 10 June 2014.
  122. Web site: [CentOS-announce] Release for CentOS Linux 7 (1503) on x86_64 ]. Karanbir Singh . 31 March 2015 . centos.org . 31 March 2015.
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  204. Web site: The CentOS Project. centos.org.
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