The Caves of Meghalaya comprise a large number of caves in the Jaintia, Khasi Hills, and Garo Hills districts in the Indian state of Meghalaya, and are amongst the longest caves in the world. Of the ten longest and deepest caves in India, the first nine are in Meghalaya, while the tenth is in Mizoram. The longest is Krem Liat Prah in the Jaintia Hills, which is 30957abbr=onNaNabbr=on long.[1] [2] The word "Krem" means cave in the local Khasi language.[3]
The exploration of the Caves of Meghalaya is currently undertaken for both scientific and recreational pursuits,[4]) and there are still many unexplored and partially explored caves in the state.[5] The annual caving expeditions organized by Meghalaya Adventurers Association (MAA) are known as the "Caving in the Abode of the Clouds Project".[5] [6] Because they are located primarily in limestone formations, the caves continue to come under threat from the limestone mining industry.[3]
According to the Bengal gazette, Krem Mawmluh was the first cave to be explored by a British subject, Lt. Yule, in 1844.[7] Siju Cave in Garo Hills was studied in 1922 when was explored and four species of cave life forms were identified. After the British Raj period extensive interest has been generated in caving as an adventure sport in the state. Since the 1990s, an exclusive organization known as the Meghalaya Adventurers Association (MAA) (located in Shillong) has been carrying out annual explorations in association with European speleologists, cavers from India, experts from other regions of the world, the Indian Army and the Indian Navy,[2] [5] [8] bringing to light a large number and length of caves in Meghalaya, relative to other known karst regions of the country.[8]
As of March 2015, 1,580 caves and cave locations have been identified in Meghalaya, of which 980 caves have been fully or partially explored, for a total length of caves explored.[9] With an explored length of, Krem Liat Prah in Jaintia Hills is the longest cave in Meghalaya, as well as India, and is listed among the longest caves in the world. Krem Liat Prah contains a huge passage called the "Aircraft Hangar."[1] Since the MAA was established in 1994, the explored caves account for only about 5% of the total underground passages in the state of Meghalaya.[10]
Limestone mining for the cement industry is a major threat to the Caves of Meghalaya,[3] causing a major collapse of the Krem Mawmluh cave, the seventh longest cave in the state of Meghalaya. The "cave-in" stimulated public awareness of the potential threat mining places to the rich scientific, tourism and ecological heritage. Ecologists and speleologists pressured the Government of Meghalaya to take effective steps to stop limestone mining in the vicinity of the limestone caves in the state.[3] During the mid-1990s, a cement plant was planned close to the Siju Cave (called the Bat Cave), near Balphakram National Park in the Garo Hills. This project generated strong opposition from the local community, supported by international scientists, as the cave hosts many rare species of bats. After considerable public pressure was applied, the Ministry of Environment and Forests finally withheld clearance for the project.[11]
| System | Length | Location | Formation | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Krem Liat Prah | 30957abbr=onNaNabbr=on[12] | Jaintia Hills | Limestone | In the Shnongrim Ridge. Huge trunk passage called the Aircraft Hangar. Longest cave in the Indian Subcontinent. | |
| 21530abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Lumshnong village, Jaintia Hills | Limestone | 24 entrances, both horizontal and vertical. Needs to swim to enter the caves | |
| 21250abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Jaintia Hills | Limestone | Near Sammasi village. many side passages and very impressive. | |
| 18181abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Chiehruphi village, on NH 44, Jaintia Hills | Limestone | Dendritic pattern of stream cave passage. Many entrances. "Titanic Hall" chamber with coloured formations in orange, red, black, grey, blue, green and white. | |
| 12434abbr=onNaNabbr=on | From village Khaddum to Sielkan, Jaintia Hills | Limestone | A river cave. 50 natural dams or gours, 6- high. Large colony of bats. | |
| 8862abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Tangnub village, Jaintia Hills | Limestone | Also known as Very large vertical entrance shaft of depth leads to fine stream passage and plethora of high fossil passages. | |
| Krem Tyngheng | 8671abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Jaintia Hills | Limestone | ||
| 7194abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Khasi Hills | Limestone | Filled with water needs wading, ceiling is, formations of stalactite, stalagmite, and rock fossils. Also large number of bats.[13] A speleothem in Mawmluh Cave indicates a dramatic worldwide climate event around 2250 BC, and has been selected by the International Commission on Stratigraphy as the boundary stratotype of the Meghalayan stage/age of the late Holocene.[14] | |
| 6641abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Nongjri village, Khasi Hills | Limestone | Attraction is from a small entrance leads to passage called "Way to Heaven," and further to a Mughal Room (more than wide, high, and long). | |
| 5831abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Jaintia Hills | Limestone | |||
| 5715abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Jaintia Hills | Limestone | ||
| Tetengkil Balwakol | 5681abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Nengkhong village, Garo Hills | Limestone | two circular entrances of dia expanding to walking height passages with dendric river flow. | |
| Krem Umsynrang | 5612abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Jaintia Hills | Limestone | ||
| 4772abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Siju village, Garo Hills | Limestone | It is in the vertical side of the Simsang River.[15] Also known as "bat cave". Has attractive stalagmites and stalactites. It has a Di's chamber. The cave has been extensively researched and is well known.[16] | |
| Krem Risang | 4565abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Jaintia Hills | Limestone | ||
| Krem Synrang Ngap | 4172abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Jaintia Hills | Limestone | Initial reaches consist of calcite bosses to reach a major junction leading to an inlet tunnel converging to a smaller section of passage beyond which are potholed galleries with cave pearl-like sandstone pebbles in the floor[17] | |
| Krem Synrang Labbit | 3933abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Jaintia Hills | Limestone | ||
| Krem Wah Ryngo – Khongrang | 3416abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Jaintia Hills | Limestone | ||
| Krem Iawe | 3398abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Shnongrim-Tangnub Ridge, Jaintia Hills | Limestone | Daylight lit very wide pothole entrance. A number of attractive fossil passages. | |
| Krem Mawshun | 3339abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Near church Lelad, Khasi Hills | Limestone | Dendritic master river cave. Has many decorated high level passages. |
In respect of the Krem Mawmluh Cave site being the 'GSSP of the youngest unit of the geologic time scale associated with dramatic climate changes with implications on human civilisation' the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)' included the 'GSSP of the Meghalayan Stage in the Mawmluh Cave' in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022. The organisation defines an 'IUGS Geological Heritage Site' as 'a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history.'[18]