| Caturrita Formation | |
| Type: | Geological formation |
| Period: | Norian |
| Age: | Late Triassic ~ |
| Prilithology: | Sandstone, siltstone |
| Otherlithology: | Mudstone, conglomerate |
| Namedfor: | Caturrita, barrio of Santa Maria |
| Region: | Paleorrota |
| Coordinates: | -29.695°N -53.7954°W |
| Paleocoordinates: | -37.3°N -16°W |
| Unitof: | Rosário do Sul Group |
| Underlies: | Mata Sandstone |
| Overlies: | Alemoa Member Santa Maria Formation |
| Thickness: | 30- |
| Extent: | Paraná Basin |
| Area: | 250km (160miles) |
| Map: | Paleorrota3.PNG |
The Caturrita Formation is a rock formation found in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Its sediments were deposited in the Paraná Basin. The formation is from the Upper Triassic and forms part of the Santa Maria Supersequence in the upper section of the Rosário do Sul Group.
The formation received this name, because Caturrita is a neighbourhood (barrio) of Santa Maria.[1] [2] In Portuguese caturrita also refers to the monk parakeet.
The sediments of the Caturrita Formation belong to the second unit of the Santa Maria Supersequence and overlie the Alemoa Member of the Santa Maria Formation. The clayey sediments of the Alemoa Member gradually give way to the more sandy, rarely conglomeratic, Caturrita Formation, which finishes with an unconformity. After this erosional event follow the Rhaetian sediments of the Mata Sandstone, the third unit of the Santa Maria Supersequence.
The Caturrita Formation was once regarded as a member of the stratigraphically higher Botucatu Formation[3] or was expanded to include the Mata Sandstone.[4]
The Caturrita Formation reaches a maximum thickness of 60 meters, but generally oscillates around values of 30 meters.
Until 2018 no absolute ages had been determined, but the formation was most commonly assigned to a late Carnian to early Norian age on paleontological grounds. However, Rhaetian or even Early Jurassic age of this unit was also advocated in the literature.[5] A U-Pb (Uranium decay) dating found that the Caturrita Formation dated around 225.42 million years ago, putting it less than 10 million years younger than the Santa Maria and Ischigualasto Formations, from where the earliest dinosaurs are known.[6]
Outcrops of the Caturrita Formation are found in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. From the town of Taquari they follow for 250 kilometers a thin band in the central part of the state in an east-westerly fashion right up to Mata.
The sediments of the Caturrita Formation belong to the upper section of the Santa Maria Supersequence. In terms of sequence stratigraphy they are equivalent to a highstand systems tract. The scarlet, ephemeral, mainly clayey fluvio-lacustrine deposits of the Alemoa Member gradually cede to more sandy,[7] occasionally gravelly deposits of a braided river-system that was operational all-year-round. These deposits of the Caturrita Formation settled out in an alluvial flood-plain. The changeover in sedimentary facies was accompanied by a climatic change to more humid conditions.[8]
The sediments are of continental nature (red beds) and form massive sandstone and siltstone bodies.[9]
The Caturrita Formation contains a biozone for tetrapods, the so-called "Ictidosauria Assemblage Zone″ Ca-1.[10] Ictidosaurs are tritheledontid cynodonts, a sister group of the mammals. This is the reason, why this biozone recently has been renamed as "Mammaliamorpha Cenozone" to underline the importance of the cynodont fossils.[11] The Caturrita Formation also hosts the stratigraphic marker level "Jachaleria"[12] named after the dicynodont Jachaleria candelariensis. Dinosaurs and other vertebrates have been discovered as well.
In 1998 tracks of prosauropods have been found near Faxinal do Soturno that were most likely caused by Unaysaurus tolentinoi.[13]
The fossil finds are concentrated around three major areas:Santa Maria and northern surroundings (Água Negra)Faxinal do SoturnoCandelária and surroundings (Linha São Luis)
The following taxa have been discovered so far in the Caturrita Formation:
| Synapsids of the Caturrita Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Botucaraitherium[14] | B. belarminoi | Sesmaria do Pinhal | A mammaliamorph cynodont | |||
| Brasilitherium | B. riograndensis | Synonym of Brasilodon quadrangularis[15] | ||||
| Brasilodon | B. quadrangularis | Linha São Luiz, Sesmaria do Pinhal | A mammaliamorph cynodont | |||
| Irajatherium | I. hernandezi | Linha São Luiz, Sesmaria do Pinhal | A tritheledontid cynodont | |||
| Jachaleria | J. candelariensis | Sesmaria do Pinhal | A stahleckeriid dicynodont | |||
| cf. Jachaleria | cf. J. candelariensis | Alto Guarda Mor site | A stahleckeriid dicynodont | |||
| Minicynodon | M. maieri | Synonym of Brasilodon quadrangularis | ||||
| Riograndia | R. guaibensis | Linha São Luiz, Sesmaria do Pinhal | A tritheledontid cynodont | |||
| Traversodontidae indet. | Indeterminate | Sesmaria do Pinhal, Sacisaurus site | ||||
Unnamed prosauropod genus present in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| Dinosaurs of the Caturrita Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Eubrontes | Indeterminate | Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. | Two isolated footprints | An ichnotaxon; footprints of large theropod dinosaurs. | ||
| Guaibasaurus[16] | G. candelariensis | Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. | Linha São Luiz | "Partial postcranial skeleton and a fragmentary hindlimb."[17] | Sauropodomorph | |
| Sauropodomorpha indet.[18] | Indeterminate | Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | "An incomplete right ilium, uninformative vertebral remains and other indeterminate fragments, plus four isolated and incomplete bones including a possible pubis, an ischium, a possible tibia and a metatarsal IV." | An indeterminate sauropodomorph of uncertain phylogenetic placement, probably "closer to Plateosauria (...) than to Saturnalia-like basal–most sauropodomorphs". | ||
| Sauropodomorpha indet.[19] | Indeterminate | Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | "Three incomplete dinosaur specimens, an isolated sacral vertebra, an articulated left pubis–ischium and an isolated right ischium." | An indeterminate sauropodomorph of uncertain phylogenetic placement, "probably more primitive than typical 'prosauropods' from the Norian-Early Jurassic". | ||
| Unaysaurus | U. tolentinoi | Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | Sauropodomorph | |||
Undetermined phytosaur genus.
| Misc tetrapods of the Caturrita Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Cargninia | C. enigmatica | Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | Lepidosaur | |||
| Clevosaurus | C. brasiliensis | Sphenodont | ||||
| Faxinalipterus | F. minimus | Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | A lagerpetid | |||
| Maehary | M. bonapartei | Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | The earliest diverging member of Pterosauromorpha | |||
| Proterochampsa | Proterochampsid | |||||
| Soturnia | S. caliodon | Procolophonian | ||||
| Sacisaurus | S. agudoensis | Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | Silesaurid | |||
| Stereospondyli indet.[20] | Indeterminate | Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | An incomplete interclavicle | An indeterminate stereospondyl temnospondyl. | ||
| Teyumbaita[21] | T. sulcognathus | Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | "Two nearly complete skulls and a partial skull." | Rhynchosaur | ||