List of Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes explained

Within the North Atlantic Ocean, a Category 3 hurricane is a tropical cyclone, that has 1-minute sustained wind speeds of between NaNkn.[1] Since the beginning of the Atlantic hurricane database in 1851, 162 tropical cyclones peaked at Category 3 strength on the Saffir–Simpson scale in the Atlantic basin, which covers the waters of the Atlantic Ocean north of the equator, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. This list does not include hurricanes that intensified further to a Category 4 or 5, the latter being the highest ranking on the scale.

Collectively, Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes caused nearly $100 billion in damage. Most of the damage total was caused by Hurricane Sandy in 2012, which left $68.7 billion in damage when it struck New Jersey as a post-tropical cyclone, and which was briefly a major hurricane near Cuba.

The known Category 3 hurricanes cumulatively killed 18,361 people, including 7,469 in the 2nd half of the 19th century, 7,541 in the 20th century, and 3,351 so far in the 21st century. Four hurricanes accounted for more than half of the recorded deaths. In 1870, a hurricane killed 1,200 people in Cuba. The 1893 Sea Islands hurricane left over 1,000 casualties when it struck the U.S. state of Georgia. In 1909, a hurricane killed about 4,000 people when it moved ashore northeast Mexico. More recently, Hurricane Jeanne in 2004 killed more than 3,000 people when it moved near Haiti.

Background

In 1972, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began ranking hurricanes according to wind speed with the Saffir–Simpson scale. A Category 3 has maximum sustained winds between 96kn and 112kn. The NHC considers these winds to be sustained for a one-minute period at 10m (30feet) above the ground. These winds are estimated using a blend of data from different sources, including observations from nearby ships, reconnaissance aircraft, automatic weather stations, and images from various satellites.

Landfalling storms of Category 3 intensity can cause significant structural damage. The winds are strong enough to knock down trees, blow out windows, destroy roofs, and cause lengthy power outages. Such storms pose a risk of injury or death to humans and animals in the storm path.[2]

Systems

1850s through 1890s

|-| San Agapito || || 100kn || || The Caribbean, Florida || || ||[3] [4] |-| One || || 100kn || 961hPa || Southeastern United States || || ||[5] [6] |-| Four || || 100kn || || None || || ||[7] |-| Three || || 110kn || 938hPa || Southeastern United States || || ||[8] |-| Five || || 110kn || 950hPa || Louisiana, Mississippi || || |||-| Five || || 100kn || 969hPa || Bahamas, Cuba, Florida || || ||[9] |-| Six || || 110kn || 938hPa || Cuba, Bahamas || || ||[10] |-| || || 110kn || 952hPa || Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico || || ||[11] |-| || || 100kn || 950hPa || New England || || ||[12] [13] [14] |-| || || 110kn || 948hPa || Bermuda || || |||-| || || 100kn || 959hPa || Cuba, Florida Keys || || ||[11] |-| || || 100kn || 952hPa || Bahamas, Florida || || |||-| || || 100kn || 962hPa || Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Bahamas, Florida || || ||[15] |-| || || 100kn || 962hPa || Atlantic Canada || || ||[16] |-| || || 100kn || 959hPa || Haiti, Cuba, Florida || || ||[12] |-| || || 100kn || 955hPa || Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Texas || || ||[12] [17] [18] |-| || || 100kn || <980hPa || Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, East Coast of the United States || || ||[15] [19] |-| || || 100kn || 958hPa || Cuba, Florida || || |||-| || || 100kn || 960hPa || Curacao, East Coast of the United States || || [12] |-| || || 100kn || 951hPa || No land areas || || || |-| || || 100kn || 971hPa || East Coast of the United States || || || [12] |-| || || 110kn || 950hPa || Louisiana || || ||[20] |-| || || 110kn || 949hPa || Bahamas, Cuba, Florida || ||.[21] |-| || || 110kn || 948hPa || Bermuda, Atlantic Canada || || |||-| || || 110kn || 955hPa || Caribbean, Bahamas, North Carolina || || || [12] |-| || || 110kn || 957hPa || No land areas || || |||-| || || 105kn || 977hPa || Caribbean, Bahamas || || || [22] |-| || || 100kn || 962hPa || Atlantic Canada || || || |-| || || 105kn || 955hPa || Cuba, Louisiana, Texas || || || [12] |-| || || 105kn || 967hPa || Florida || || || [23] |-| || || 105kn || 967hPa || Cuba, Bahamas || || || [23] |-| || || 110kn || 967hPa || Southeastern United States|| || [24] |-| || || 110kn || 972hPa || Turks and Caicos, Cuba, Mexico || || || [12] |-| || || 105kn || 965hPa || Newfoundland || || || [25] |-| || || 110kn || 961hPa || Martinique, Puerto Rico, Turks and Caicos, Florida || || || [12] [26] |-| || || 105kn || 986hPa || Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Atlantic Canada || || || [15] |-| || || 100kn || 952hPa || New York, New England || || || [27] |-| || || 105kn || 954hPa || Bahamas, Southeastern United States || || || [12] |-| || || 105kn || 955hPa || Bahamas, Southeastern United States || || || [12] |-| || || 100kn || 948hPa || No land areas || || || [28] |-| || || 105kn || 985hPa || Lesser Antilles, Hispaniola, Cuba, southeastern United States || || || [12] [28] |-| || || 105kn || 955hPa || Southeastern United States, northeastern United States || || [28] [29] |-| || || 100kn || 956hPa || Caribbean, New England || || || [30] |-| || || 110kn || 960hPa || Southeastern United States || || || [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]
[41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] |-| || || 100kn || 956hPa || Caribbean, Bermuda, Atlantic Canada || || || [50] |}

1900s through 1940s

|-| Two || || 105kn || || None || || ||[51] |-| Two || || 105kn || 958hPa || Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, Mexico || || ||[12] [52] |-| Unnamed || || 105kn || 945hPa || Greater Antilles, Bermuda, Atlantic Canada || || ||[53] |-| Unnamed || || 105kn || 953hPa || Gulf Coast of the United States || || || [12] [54] [55] |-| Unnamed || || 105kn || 953hPa || Central America, Cuba, Florida || || || [54] [56] |-| Unnamed || || 105kn || || Caribbean, Turks and Caicos, Bahamas || || || [12] |-| Unnamed || || 100kn || 959hPa || Cuba, Texas || || ||[57] [58] |-| Six || || 105kn || || The Caribbean, Mexico || || ||[59] |-| Nine || || 105kn || 952hPa || Greater Antiles, Louisiana, Arkansas || || ||[60] |-| Eleven || || 105kn || 957hPa || Cuba, Florida, The Bahamas || || ||[12] [61] |-| Seven || || 100kn || 965hPa || Jamaica || || ||[62] |-| Three || || 105kn || || Bermuda || || ||[63] |-| Two || || 105kn || 950hPa || United States Gulf Coast || || ||[12] [64] |-| Four || || 100kn || 960hPa || Carolinas || || ||[65] |-| Eleven || || 105kn || || Bermuda || || ||[66] |-| Thirteen || || 105kn || 963hPa || Lesser Antiles || || ||[67] |-| Three || || 105kn || || Bermuda || || ||[68] [69] |-| One || || 105kn || 955hPa || Louisiana || || || [70] [71] |-| || || 110kn || 961hPa || Windward Islands, Greater Antilles || || || [12] |-| || || 105kn || 960hPa || Leeward Islands, Bermuda || || |||-| || || 105kn || 960hPa || Bahamas, Newfoundland || || |||-| || || 105kn || 960hPa || Puerto Rico, East Coast of the United States || || ||[72] |-| || || 105kn || 968hPa || Bermuda, Atlantic Canada || || || [73] [74] |-| || || 100kn || 955hPa || Louisiana || || || [75] [76] |-| || || 110kn || 950hPa || East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada || || || [77] |-| || || 110kn || 960hPa || Bermuda || || || [78] |-| || || 110kn || 958hPa || Jamaica, Cuba, Florida, Bahamas, Atlantic Canada || || || [79] [80] |-| || || 100kn || 955hPa || Bermuda || || || [81] |-| || || 105kn || 962hPa || East Coast of the United States || || || [82] |-| || || 110kn || 951hPa || No land areas || || || |-| || || 105kn || 964hPa || Mexico || || || [83] |-| || || 110kn || 942hPa || Central United States, Canada || || || [84] [85] |-| || || 105kn || 962hPa || Bahamas, Southeastern United States || || || [84] [86] |-| || || 100kn || 950hPa || Mexico, Texas || || || [87] |-| || || 105kn || || Bermuda, Atlantic Canada || || || [88] |-| || || 105kn || 963hPa || Windward Islands, Jamaica, Mexico || || ||[89] |-| || || 100kn || 963hPa || Texas || || ||[90] |-| || || 105kn || 961hPa || Bermuda || || ||[91] |-| || || 105kn || 983hPa || East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada || || ||[92] [93] |-| || || 110kn|| 971hPa || Cuba, Florida, Bahamas, Bermuda || || ||[92] [94] |-| || || 110kn || 974hPa || Bermuda, Newfoundland || || ||[95] |}

1950s through 1990s

|-| || || 100kn || 978hPa || East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada || || || [96] [97] |-| || || 105kn || 958hPa || Cuba, Florida || || ||[98] |-| || || 100kn || 987hPa || No land areas || || |||-| || || 100kn || 978hPa || No land areas || || |||-| || || 105kn || 980hPa || Puerto Rico, Bermuda || || ||[99] |-| || || 100kn || 962hPa || Bermuda || || ||[100] |-| || || 100kn || 968hPa || Gulf Coast of the United States || || ||[101] |-| || || 100kn || 955hPa || East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada || ||[11] [102] [103] [104] |-| || || 110kn || 943hPa || New England, Atlantic Canada || || ||[105] [106] [107] [108] |-| || || 105kn || 952hPa || Cuba, Mexico || || ||[109] |-| || || 105kn || 959hPa || Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Bahamas || ||[110] [111] |-| || || 110kn || 946hPa || Gulf Coast of the United States, Canada || || ||[11] [112] [113] |-| || || 105kn || 959hPa || Azores || || ||[114] |-| || || 100kn || 974hPa || Gulf Coast of the United States || || ||[115] [116] |-| || || 100kn || 969hPa || Leeward Islands, Bermuda || || |||-| || || 105kn || 958hPa || No land areas || || |||-| || || 100kn || 964hPa || Cuba, East Coast of the United States || || ||[117] [118] [119] |-| || || 110kn || 970hPa || Central America, Cuba, East Coast of the United States || || || [120] [121] [122] |-| || || 105kn || 950hPa || Atlantic Canada, Northern Europe || || ||[123] [124] |-| || || 105kn || 951hPa || Atlantic Canada || || ||[125] |-| || || 110kn || 979hPa || East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada || || ||[126] |-| || || 100kn || 964hPa || Bermuda || || ||[127] |-| || || 110kn || 967hPa || Cuba, Florida, Texas || || ||[128] [129] |-| || || 100kn || 962hPa || No land areas || || |||-| || || 100kn || 977hPa || No land areas || || |||-| || || 100kn || 963hPa || Turks and Caicos, Cuba, Mexico || || ||[130] |-| || || 110kn || 955hPa || Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Yucatán peninsula, Gulf Coast of the United States, eastern United States || || ||[12] [131] |-| || || 105kn || 957hPa || East Coast of the United States || ||[132] [133] [134] |-| || || 100kn || 963hPa || No land areas || || |||-| || || 100kn || 958hPa || Cape Verde || || ||[135] |-| || || 100kn || 975hPa || Lesser Antilles, Bermuda || || |||-| || || 105kn || 959hPa || No land areas || || |||-| || || 100kn || 962hPa || Texas || || ||[136] [137] |-| || || 110kn || 953hPa || Cuba, Mississippi || 9 || $1.3 billion||-| || || 105kn || 954hPa || Cuba, Florida || || ||[138] |-| || || 110kn || 958hPa || Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Bermuda, Bahamas || || ||[139] |-| || || 105kn || 956hPa || No Land Areas || 0 || Minimal ||[140] |-| || || 100kn || 950hPa || East Coast of the United States, Nova Scotia || || ||[141] |-| || || 100kn || 960hPa || North Carolina || || ||[142] |-| || || 100kn || 949hPa || United States Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Dominica, Martinique, Guadeloupe || ||[143] |-| || || 100kn || 956hPa || Yucatán Peninsula, Veracruz, Tabasco || || ||[144] |-| || || 100kn || 960hPa || Northeastern Caribbean, Florida, North Carolina || ||[145] |-| || || 105kn || 946hPa || North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania || || ||[146] |-| || || 100kn || 960hPa || No land areas || 0 || None ||[147] |-| || || 100kn || 960hPa || Central America, Cuba, Florida, Bahamas, Bermuda, Ireland, Great Britain || || ||[148] |-| || || 110kn || 946hPa || Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Azores || || ||[149] |-| || || 100kn || 955hPa || Leeward Islands, North Carolina, Mid-Atlantic States || || ||[150] |}

2000s through 2020s

|-| || || 110kn || 950hPa || No land areas || 0 ||None ||[151] |-| || || 105kn || 968hPa || Bermuda, Newfoundland, East Coast of the United States || None || Minimal ||[152] |-| || || 100kn || 962hPa || Azores ||None|| None ||[153] |-| || || 110kn || 934hPa || Windward Islands, Southeast Mexico, Louisiana || || ||[154] |-| || || 110kn || 952hPa || Newfoundland || None || None ||[155] |-| || || 105kn || 957hPa || North Carolina || || ||[156] |-| || || 105kn || 950hPa || Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, Bahamas, Florida || || ||[157] |-| || || 100kn || 962hPa || East Coast of the United States, Norway || || Minimal ||[158] [159] |-| || || 100kn || 962hPa || Central America || ||[160] [161] [162] [163] [164] [165] [166] [167] [168] |-| || || 105kn || 955hPa || Azores, Iberian Peninsula, British Isles || None || ||[169] [170] |-| || || 105kn || 955hPa || British Isles || None || None ||[171] |-| || || 110kn || 952hPa || Bermuda, East Coast of the United States || || Minimal ||[169] |-| || || 105kn || 958hPa || Cape Verde Islands || None || None ||[172] |-| || || 110kn || 956hPa || Belize, Yucatán Peninsula, Veracruz || || ||[173] |-| || || 105kn || 942hPa || Antilles, Bahamas, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Eastern Canada || ||[174] |-| || || 100kn || 966hPa || Central America, Florida || None || ||[175] [176] |-| || || 100kn || 964hPa || No land areas || None || None ||[177] |-| || || 100kn || 940hPa || Greater Antilles, Bahamas, United States East Coast || || ||[178] [179] [180] |-| || || 105kn || 960hPa || East Coast of the United States || || Minimal ||[181] [182] |-| || || 110kn || 960hPa || Lesser Antilles || None || None ||[183] |-| || || 100kn || 962hPa || Azores || None || None ||[184] |-| || || 100kn || 975hPa || Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama || || ||[185] [186] [187] [188] |-| || || 100kn || 962hPa || No land areas || None || None ||[189] |-| || || 100kn || 959hPa || Azores, Portugal, Spain, Ireland, United Kingdom || || ||[190] [191] [192] [193] [194] |-| || || 110kn || 950hPa || Dominican Republic, Haiti, Cuba, The Bahamas, Florida, Bermuda || 2 || $25 million||-| || || 100kn || 952hPa ||Bermuda|| 1 || Minimal ||[195] |-| || || 100kn || 970hPa || Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, Gulf Coast of the United States, Southeastern United States, Mid-Atlantic, New England || 9 || $4.4 billion ||-| || || 105kn || 967hPa || Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Yucatán Peninsula, Central Mexico || 15 || $513 million ||-| || || 110kn|| 955hPa|| Bermuda, Newfoundland|| 7 || $80 million||-!colspan=161|Overall reference for name, dates, duration, winds, pressure, and location:|}

Other systems

Data analysed by Michael Chenoweth, a climate researcher, suggests that Hurricane Six of 1858 and Hurricane Three of 1862 were Category 3 major hurricanes with 1-minute sustained winds of 100kn.[196] [197]

Chenoweth has suggested that the following systems were Category 1 hurricanes on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale:

|-| Three || || 100kn || 965hPa || The Caribbean, The Bahamas, Florida || || ||[198] |-| Four || || 100kn || 948hPa || Greater Antilles || || ||[199] |-| Four || || 90kn || || Texas || || ||[200] [201] |}

Landfalls

NameYearbgcolor=# Category 3bgcolor=# Category 2bgcolor=# Category 1bgcolor=# Tropical stormbgcolor=# Tropical depressionrefs
San Agapito1851FloridaDominican RepublicCubaNewfoundland —[202]
Mobile1852Mississippi —Bahamas — —
Coastal1854Georgia — — — —
Middle Gulf Coast1855Louisiana — — — —
Southeastern1856 —Cuba, FloridaInagua — —
Unnamed1859 — —Inagua, Cuba — —
San Narciso1867St Thomas, Puerto Rico —Dominican Republic — —
New England1869Rhode Island — — — —
San Marcos1870Cuba —Bahamas — —
Unnamed1871Bahamas, Florida — —Georgia —
Santa Juana1871British Virgin IslandsBahamas, Florida — — —
Nova Scotia1873 — —Newfoundland — —
Central Florida1873Haiti, FloridaCuba — — —
Indianola1875TexasCuba — — —
San Felipe1876 — —Dominican Republic — —
Unnamed1876CubaFlorida — — —
Unnamed1877Florida PanhandleVenezuela — — —
Great Beaufort1879North Carolina —MassachusettsTurks and Caicos, Nova Scotia —
Louisiana1879Louisiana — — — —
Pensacola1882FloridaCubaBahamas — —
Bahamas–North Carolina1883HispaniolaBahamas, North Carolina — — —
Cuba1886CubaSaint Vincent, Jamaica, Bahamas — — —
Unnamed1886 — —Newfoundland — —
Texas–Louisiana1886Louisiana —Cuba — —
Unnamed1887Bahamas — — — —
Louisiana1888FloridaBahamas, LouisianaBahamasBahamas —
San Gil1888CubaTurks and CaicosQuintana Roo, Veracruz — —
San Magín1891MartiniqueDominican Republic, Bahamas — — —
San Roque1893Puerto Rico — — — —
Midnight Storm1893 — —New York — —
Sea Islands1893Bahamas, Georgia — — — —
Great Charleston1893South Carolina — — — —
Unnamed1894 —Dominican Republic, Cuba, FloridaSouth Carolina — —
Florida Panhandle1894Florida —New York — —
San Ramón1896 —Puerto Rico, BahamasMassachusettsMartinique —
Cedar Key1896Florida — — — —
Unnamed1899 — —Newfoundland — —
Jamaica1903JamaicaQuintana RooMartinique, Tamaulipas — —
Mississippi1906 —Mississippi — — —
Florida Keys1906Nicaragua, Cuba, Florida —BelizeFlorida —
Unnamed1908BahamasBahamas — — —
Velasco1909Texas — — — —
Monterrey1909Quintana Roo, Tamaulipas —Dominican Republic, Cuba — —
Grand Isle1909LouisianaCuba — — —
Florida Keys1909Cuba, FloridaBahamas — — —
Jamaica1912Jamaica — — — —
Gulf Coast1916Mississippi — — — —
Charleston1916 —South Carolina — — —
Louisiana1918Louisiana — — — —
Unnamed1921Dominican Republic — — — —
Unnamed1923 — —BahamasBahamas —
Louisiana1926Louisiana — — — —
Nova Scotia1927 —Nova Scotia — — —
Cuba-Bahamas1933BahamasCuba — — —
Unnamed1934 — — — —Haiti
Unnamed1938Quintana Roo —Tamaulipas — —
Texas1941Texas — — — —
Florida1941BahamasBahamas, FloridaFlorida — —
Matagorda1942TexasQuintana Roo — — —
Unnamed1943 — — —Newfoundland —
Jamaica1944Jamaica —Quintana RooVeracruz —
Texas1945Texas — — — —
Fox1948CubaFlorida, Bermuda — — —
Able1950 — —Nova Scotia — —
Easy1950Florida —Cuba — —
Florence1953 — —Florida — —
Carol1954New York — — — —
Edna1954 —Massachusetts — — —
Hilda1955Quintana Roo, Tamaulipas —Cuba — —
Betsy1956 —Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico — — —
Audrey1957Louisiana — — — —
Ethel1960 — —Mississippi — —
Arlene1963 —Bermuda — — —
Isbell1964 —Cuba, Florida — — —
Alma1966 —CubaFlorida — —
Francelia1969 —Belize — — —
Gerda1969 —Maine — —Florida
Ella1970Tamaulipas — — —Quintana Roo
Caroline1975Tamaulipas — — —Turks and Caicos, Cuba
Eloise1975Florida —Dominican RepublicCuba, Quintana Roo —
Belle1976 — —New York — —
Alicia1983Texas — — — —
Elena1985Mississippi — — —Cuba
Kate1985 —Cuba, Florida — — —
Emily1987 —Dominican RepublicBermudaSaint Vincent —
Bob1991 —Rhode Island — — —
Marilyn1995 —Saint CroixDominica — —
Roxanne1995Quintana Roo — — — —
Bertha1996 —North Carolina — — —
Fran1996North Carolina — — — —
Lili1996 —Cuba, Bahamas — — —
Bonnie1998 —North Carolina — — —
Isidore2002Yucatán —CubaLouisianaTrinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
Jeanne2004Bahamas, Florida —Dominican RepublicPuerto Rico, Turks and CaicosGuadeloupe
Beta2005 —Nicaragua — — —
Karl2010Veracruz — —Quintana Roo —
Irene2011BahamasBahamasNorth CarolinaPuerto Rico, New Jersey, New York —
Rina2011 — — —Quintana Roo —
Sandy2012Cuba —Jamaica — —
Otto2016Nicaragua — — — —
Zeta2020Louisiana —Quintana Roo — —
Grace2021Veracruz —Quintana RooJamaica —
Larry2021 — —Newfoundland — —

See also

Notes and References

  1. The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Schott, Timothy. Landsea, Christopher W. Hafale, Gene. Lorens, Jeffrey. Taylor, Arthur. Thurm, Harvey. Ward, Bill. Willis, Mark. Zaleski, Walt. February 1, 2012. United States National Hurricane Center. June 13, 2022.
  2. Web site: The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale . November 8, 2018. National Hurricane Center. February 1, 2018. Timothy Schott. etal.
  3. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1851228N13313}} 1851 Hurricane Not Named (1851228N13313)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. June 13, 2022.
  4. Rappaport, Edward N . Fernández-Partagás, Jose J . NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-47: The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1994. United States National Hurricane Center. January 1995. June 14, 2022.
  5. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1851228N13313}} 1851 Hurricane Not Named (1851228N13313)]. June 13, 2022. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
  6. Book: Longshore, David. 2008. 978-0-8160-6295-9. [{{google books|id=8kXwskQHBLoC|plainurl=yes}} Encyclopedia of hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones].
  7. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1853251N37307}} 1853 Hurricane Not Named (1853251N37307)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. June 13, 2022.
  8. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1854246N25300}} 1854 Hurricane Not Named (1854246N25300)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. June 13, 2022.
  9. Year 1856. Jose Fernandez-Partagas. 1996. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. July 24, 2013.
  10. Year 1859. Jose Fernandez-Partagas. 1996. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. July 24, 2013.
  11. National Hurricane Center . Rappaport, Edward N . Fernandez-Partagas, Jose . March 1, 2013 . live . January 1995 . The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492 – 1994 . NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-47 . January 13, 2013 . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service . 7; 23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130301223758/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/NWS-NHC-1995-47.pdf .
  12. Web site: Edward N. Rappaport and Jose Fernandez-Partagas. The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996: Cyclones that may have 25+ deaths. National Hurricane Center. 1996. 2011-03-14.
  13. Web site: Hurricanes & Tropical Storms Their Impact on Maine and Androscoggin County. 19 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20160401070607/http://www.pivot.net/~cotterly/hurricane.PDF. 1 April 2016.
  14. Early American hurricanes 1492-1870, David Ludlum, pg 103-107
  15. José Colón. Notes on the Tropical Cyclones of Puerto Rico, 1508–1970. 1970. September 27, 2012. Orlando. Pérez. 26. National Weather Service. Pre-printed.
  16. News: CBC. 5 worst storms to hit the East Coast. May 8, 2018. September 11, 2012.
  17. News: A Hurricane. The Times. Chicago Tribune. November 6, 1875. February 18, 2017. 3. Newspapers.com.
  18. Forwards report of a 'severe storm' [hurricane?] on 9 September 1875]. October 18, 1875. The National Archives. February 18, 2017.
  19. Book: Barnes, Jay. North Carolina's Hurricane History. 1995. University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 202.
  20. Web site: Roth, David. Louisiana hurricane history. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. 18. July 19, 2011.
  21. Monthly Weather Review. September 1882. The Monthly Weather Review. May 14, 2018.
  22. Year 1886. Jose F. Partagas. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 49. May 25, 2018. Miami, Florida.
  23. Year 1887. Jose Fernandez-Partagas. 1996. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 28, 2018.
  24. Book: Grazulis. Thomas P.. 1993. Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. 1-879362-03-1. 645.
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