pronounced as /notice/This article discusses the conjugation of verbs in a number of varieties of Catalan, including Old Catalan. Each verbal form is accompanied by its phonetic transcription. Widely used dialectal forms are included, even if they are not considered standard in either of the written norms: those of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans (based on central Catalan) and the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (based on common Valencian). Other dialectal forms exist, including those characteristic of minor dialects such as Ribagorçan and Algherese and transitional forms of major dialects (such as those spoken in the lower Ebro basin area around Tortosa and in the Empordà).
The Catalan verb system has grammatical categories similar to those of neighbouring Romance languages such as Spanish, Occitan, French, and Italian. The formal similarities with Occitan are most noticeable. There is a visible divergence between Catalan and Occitan in Catalan second-person plural endings: -au, -eu, -iu, instead of the Occitan -atz, -etz, -itz.
One feature of Catalan is the periphrastic preterite tense for referring to the remote past, which is constructed with characteristic present-tense forms of the verb anar (to go) and the infinitive of a verb (vaig parlar, vas/vares parlar, va parlar, vam/vàrem parlar, vau/vàreu parlar, van/varen parlar). This tense, rare in Romance languages and shared only with some Gascon and Aragonese (Benasque, Gistaín) dialects, seems to have existed in Catalan since at least the 13th century.
The simple preterite indicative, descending from the Latin perfect indicative, is primarily used in contemporary written Catalan. Although it has been largely replaced by the periphrastic preterite in the spoken language, the simple preterite indicative is still used in dialects such as central Valencian and the Catalan spoken on Ibiza.
Another difference between contemporary and Old Catalan is the shift in simple preterite indicative endings from an etymological to an analogous pattern in third-person plural: from the Old Catalan -é, -ast, -à, -am, -às, and -aren to the contemporary -í, -ares, -à, -àrem, -àreu, and -aren. This change occurred between the 13th and 15th centuries.
The table below summarises the inflected forms.
| Indicative | Present | cantes | has cantat | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past | Imperfect | cantaves | havies cantat | |
| Remote | cantares | hagueres cantat | ||
| Periphrastic | va(re)s cantar | va(re)s haver cantat | ||
| Future | cantaràs | hauràs cantat | ||
| Conditional | cantaries | hauries cantat | ||
| Subjunctive | Present | cantis | hagis cantat | |
| Past | cantéssis | haguéssis cantat | ||
| Imperative | canta | — | ||
Finite Catalan verbs have an imperfective or perfective aspect.
Regular Catalan verbs have the following imperfective tenses:
Tenses in the subjunctive mood usually imply dependence on a subordinate clause and might express uncertainty or supposition.
Regular Catalan verbs have the following perfective tenses (formed with the auxiliary verb haver and the past participle of the conjugated verb), which correspond with those above:
The perfective tense in the indicative mood has two remote-past forms, analogous to the English simple past. The more common is the periphrastic preterite (pretèrit perfet perifràstic), a compound tense formed with conjugations of a special present indicative of anar ("go", used exclusively in the formation of this tense) followed by the infinitive of the conjugated verb (vaig parlar, "I spoke"; vas parlar or vares parlar, "you [singular informal] spoke"). This special form of anar always uses the stem va- and can also use the affix -re- when the regular preterite suffix corresponding to the desired person has it. As a consequence of always using va-, vau/vàreu and vam/vàrem are used to form the periphrastic past, instead of aneu and anem. The periphrastic preterite may also be used in the subjunctive mood, but this only occurs as a literary tense and sporadically in any case; instead, the simple past subjunctive is normally used. The normative Central Catalan and Valencian forms of anar used to form this tense are outlined in the table below.
| Indicative | vaig | vas | va | vam | vau | van | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | vares | - | vàrem | vàreu | varen | |||
| Subjunctive | vagi, vaja | vagis, vages | vagi, vaja | vàgim, vàgem | vàgiu, vàgeu | vagin, vagen | ||
The other tense expressing the remote past is the simple preterite (pretèrit perfet simple), now used almost exclusively in writing: parlí ("I spoke"), parlares ("you (singular informal) spoke").
The imperative present (present d'imperatiu), with two forms, exists outside the imperfective–perfective contrast: one for second-person singular and the other for second-person plural (parla!, "you [singular] speak!"; parleu!, "you [plural] speak!"). For other persons, the subjunctive present is used: parli! ("let him/her speak!"), parlem! ("let us speak!"), parlin! ("let them speak!"). The imperative is used for positive commands; negative commands use the present subjunctive preceded by no: no parlis! ("don't (you) (singular informal) speak!"), no parlem! ("let us not speak!"), no parleu! ("don't (you) (plural) speak!").
The differences in meaning and usage distribution of the Catalan recent past (indefinite preterite or present perfect) and remote past (periphrastic past and synthetic preterite) are similar to those of the British English present perfect and simple past. Using the recent past implies that the action was performed sometime in the past, completed during the period of speech and its effects are still present; the remote past implies that action was performed in the past and its effects are no longer present.
In conditional clauses, verb tenses are used in these pairs:
Other tense combinations are also possible: si heu vist el que ha passat, ens ho heu d'explicar ("if you have seen what has happened, you must tell us"). Temporary and relative subordinate clauses are formed in the future tense: quan vindràs, en parlarem ("when you will come, we will speak about it"), els qui vindran d'hora podran seure ("those arriving early will be able to sit"); though, in the contemporary language, the present subjunctive is used as well, quan vinguis ... ("when you come ..."), els qui vinguin ... ("those who come ...").
Catalan verbs have three non-finite forms: an infinitive, a gerund, and a past participle.
| Infinitive | cantar | haver cantat |
|---|---|---|
| Gerund | cantant | havent cantat |
| Participle | cantat | - |
The infinitive is used with present-indicative forms of anar (to go) to form the periphrastic preterite: vaig parlar ("I spoke"). A gerund, which is unvarying, functions as an adverb; it is used to form non-finite adjunct adverbial clauses of time or manner, roughly corresponding to the present participle in English.
The past participle, a verbal adjective, may inflect for gender and number in certain constructions. It is used with the auxiliary haver ("to have") to form the perfect of the simple tenses: simple present parlo ("I speak, I'm speaking") and present perfect he parlat ("I've spoken"). In the compound perfect tenses of transitive verbs (those with a direct object), a past participle may inflect to match gender and number of the object.
In Old Catalan and some modern varieties the compound perfect tenses of intransitive verbs (those without a direct object) can also be formed with the auxiliary ser ("to be") and the past participle, inflected for gender and number of the subject: som arribats ("we have arrived", switching to masculine plural); the typical contemporary construction is hem arribat, with an invariable participle. This construction remains in only a few vestigial forms: és mort/és morta ("he's dead/she's dead").
Infinitives can be used to make the periphrastic near future with the present of anar (to go) plus the preposition a (to): vaig a parlar ("I am going to speak"). This near future is used less often than it is in Spanish or French, because it may be confused with the Catalan periphrastic past. Infinitives can also be used to make periphrastic forms with a range of modal verbs: puc parlar ("I can speak"), he/haig de parlar ("I must/have to speak"), necessito parlar ("I need to speak"), vull parlar ("I want to speak"), solia parlar ("I used to speak"). Gerunds can be used to make periphrastic forms analogous to continuous tenses in English: estic parlant ("I'm speaking"), estava parlant ("I was speaking"), estaré parlant ("I will be speaking"). Past participles are also used with the auxiliary ser ("to be") to form the passive forms for all active tenses of transitive verbs: active present veig ("I see, I'm seeing") in relation to passive present sóc vist ("I'm seen, I'm being seen"), recent past he vist ("I've seen") in relation to passive recent past he estat vist ("I've been seen").
Catalan uses the passive voice less often than English does because it has syntactic alternatives; instead of la vaca ha estat vista ("the cow has been seen"), other constructions could be used such as changing word order and using a redundant weak pronoun to mark object case: la vaca, l'han vista ("the cow, [they] have seen it"); using the third-person reflexive weak pronoun es (s'ha vist la vaca, literally "the cow has seen itself"); using the pronoun hom, one or someone (hom ha vist la vaca, "one has seen the cow"), or using an elliptic plural subject (han vist la vaca, "they have seen the cow").
About 86 percent of Catalan verbs belong to this group. Examples include estimar ("to love"), esperar ("to wait" and "to hope"), menjar ("to eat") and pensar ("to think"). This is the only open verb class; new verbs incorporated into the language are likely to follow this conjugation model. The only irregular verbs in this class are the idiosyncratic anar ("to go") and estar ("to be, to stay"), which often act as auxiliary verbs.
| Northern Catalan | Balearic | Central Catalan | North-Western Catalan | Valencian | Medieval Catalan | |||||||
| Infinitive | ||||||||||||
| parlar pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫə]/ | parlar pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫə]/ | parlar pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫa]/ | parlar pronounced as /[paɾˈɫa]/ | parlar pronounced as /[paɾˈlar]/ | parlar pronounced as /[paɾˈɫar]/ | |||||||
| Past participle | ||||||||||||
| parlat pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫat]/ parlada pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫaðə]/ | parlat pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫat]/ parlada pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫaðə]/ | parlat pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫat]/ parlada pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫaðə]/ | parlat pronounced as /[paɾˈɫat]/ parlada pronounced as /[paɾˈɫaðɛ]/[1] | parlat pronounced as /[paɾˈlat]/ parlada pronounced as /[paɾˈla:]/[2] | parlat pronounced as /[paɾˈɫat]/ parlada pronounced as /[paɾˈɫaða]/ | |||||||
| Gerund | ||||||||||||
| parlant pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫan]/ | parlant pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫant]/ | parlant pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫan]/ | parlant pronounced as /[paɾˈɫan]/ | parlant pronounced as /[paɾˈlant]/ | parlant pronounced as /[paɾˈɫant]/ | |||||||
| Imperative | ||||||||||||
| tu nosaltres vosaltres | parla! pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫə]/ parlem | pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫɛm]/ parleu! pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫɛw]/ | parla! pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫə]/ parlem | pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫəm]/ parlau! pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫaw]/[3] | parla! pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫə]/ parlem | pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫɛm]/ parleu! pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫɛw]/ | parla! pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫa]/ parlem | pronounced as /[paɾˈɫɛm]/ parleu! pronounced as /[paɾˈɫɛw]/ | parla! pronounced as /[ˈpaɾla]/ parlem | pronounced as /[paɾˈlɛm]/ parleu! pronounced as /[paɾˈlɛw]/ | parla! pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫa]/ parlem | pronounced as /[paɾˈɫɛm]/ parlau! pronounced as /[paɾˈɫaw]/ |
| Present indicative | ||||||||||||
| jo[4] tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles | parli pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫi]/[5] parles pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫəs]/ parla pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫə]/ parlem pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫɛm]/ parleu pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫɛw]/ parlen pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫən]/ | parl pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫ]/[6] parles pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫəs]/ parla pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫə]/ parlam pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫam]/ parlau pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫaw]/ parlen pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫən]/ | parlo pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫu]/ parles pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫəs]/ parla pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫə]/ parlem pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫɛm]/ parleu pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫɛw]/ parlen pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫən]/ | parlo pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫo]/ parles pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫes]/ parla pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫɛ]/[7] parlem pronounced as /[paɾˈɫɛm]/ parleu pronounced as /[paɾˈɫɛw]/ parlen pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫen]/ | parle pronounced as /[ˈpaɾle]/[8] parles pronounced as /[ˈpaɾles]/ parla pronounced as /[ˈpaɾla]/ parlem pronounced as /[paɾˈlɛm]/ parleu pronounced as /[paɾˈlɛw]/ parlen pronounced as /[ˈpaɾlen]/ | parl pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫ]/ / parle pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫe]/ parles pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫes]/ parla pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫa]/ parlam pronounced as /[paɾˈɫam]/ parlau pronounced as /[paɾˈɫaw]/ parlen pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫen]/ | ||||||
| Imperfect indicative | ||||||||||||
| jo tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles | parlavi pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫaβi]/ parlaves pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫaβəs]/ parlava pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫaβə]/ parlàvem pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫaβəm]/ parlàveu pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫaβəw]/ parlaven pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫaβən]/ | parlava pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫavə]/ parlaves pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫavəs]/ parlava pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫavə]/ parlàvem pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫavəm]/ parlàveu pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫavəw]/ parlaven pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫavən]/ | parlava pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫaβə]/ parlaves pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫaβəs]/ parlava pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫaβə]/ parlàvem pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫaβəm]/ parlàveu pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫaβəw]/ parlaven pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫaβən]/ | parlava pronounced as /[paɾˈɫaβa]/ parlaves pronounced as /[paɾˈɫaβes]/ parlava pronounced as /[paɾˈɫaβɛ]/ parlàvem pronounced as /[paɾˈɫaβem]/ parlàveu pronounced as /[paɾˈɫaβew]/ parlaven pronounced as /[paɾˈɫaβen]/ | parlava pronounced as /[paɾˈlava]/ parlaves pronounced as /[paɾˈlaves]/ parlava pronounced as /[paɾˈlava]/ parlàvem pronounced as /[paɾˈlavem]/ parlàveu pronounced as /[paɾˈlavew]/ parlaven pronounced as /[paɾˈlaven]/ | parlava pronounced as /[paɾˈɫava]/ parlaves pronounced as /[paɾˈɫaves]/ parlava pronounced as /[paɾˈɫava]/ parlàvem pronounced as /[paɾˈɫavɛm]/ parlàveu pronounced as /[paɾˈɫavɛw]/ parlaven pronounced as /[paɾˈɫaven]/ | ||||||
| Preterite indicative[9] | ||||||||||||
| jo tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles | vai parlar pronounced as /[ˌbaj]/ pronounced as /pəɾˈɫa]/ vas parlar pronounced as /[ˌbas]/ pronounced as /pəɾˈɫa]/ va parlar pronounced as /[ˌba pəɾˈɫa]/ vem parlar pronounced as /[ˌbɛm pəɾˈɫa]/ veu parlar pronounced as /[ˌbɛw pəɾˈɫa]/ van parlar pronounced as /[ˌbam]/ pronounced as /pəɾˈɫa]/ | vaig parlar pronounced as /[ˌvatʃ pəɾˈɫa]/ vas parlar pronounced as /[ˌvas]/ pronounced as /pəɾˈɫa]/ va parlar pronounced as /[ˌva pəɾˈɫa]/ vam parlar pronounced as /[ˌvam]/ pronounced as /pəɾˈɫa]/ vau parlar pronounced as /[ˌvaw]/ pronounced as /pəɾˈɫa]/ van parlar pronounced as /[ˌvam]/ pronounced as /pəɾˈɫa]/ | vaig parlar pronounced as /[ˌbatʃ pəɾˈɫa]/ vas parlar pronounced as /[ˌbas]/ pronounced as /pəɾˈɫa]/ va parlar pronounced as /[ˌba pəɾˈɫa]/ vem parlar pronounced as /[ˌbɛm pəɾˈɫa]/ veu parlar pronounced as /[ˌbɛw pəɾˈɫa]/ van parlar pronounced as /[ˌbam]/ pronounced as /pəɾˈɫa]/ | vai parlar pronounced as /[ˌbaj]/ pronounced as /paɾˈɫa]/ vas parlar pronounced as /[ˌbas]/ pronounced as /paɾˈɫa]/ va parlar pronounced as /[ˌba paɾˈɫa]/ vam parlar pronounced as /[ˌbam]/ pronounced as /paɾˈɫa]/ vau parlar pronounced as /[ˌbaw]/ pronounced as /paɾˈɫa]/ van parlar pronounced as /[ˌbam]/ pronounced as /paɾˈɫa]/ | vaig parlar pronounced as /[ˌvatʃ paɾˈla]/ / parlí pronounced as /[paɾˈli]/ vas parlar pronounced as /[ˌvas]/ pronounced as /paɾˈla]/ / parlares pronounced as /[paɾˈlaɾes]/ va parlar pronounced as /[ˌva paɾˈla]/ / parlà pronounced as /[paɾˈla]/ vam parlar pronounced as /[ˌvam]/ pronounced as /paɾˈla]/ / parlàrem pronounced as /[paɾˈlaɾem]/ vau parlar pronounced as /[ˌvaw]/ pronounced as /paɾˈla]/ / parlàreu pronounced as /[paɾˈlaɾew]/ van parlar pronounced as /[ˌvam]/ pronounced as /paɾˈla]/ / parlaren pronounced as /[paɾˈlaɾen]/ | parlé pronounced as /[paɾˈɫe]/ / parlai pronounced as /[paɾˈɫaj]/ parlast pronounced as /[paɾˈɫast]/ parlà pronounced as /[paɾˈɫə]/ parlam pronounced as /[paɾˈɫam]/ parlàs pronounced as /[paɾˈɫas]/ parlaren pronounced as /[paɾˈɫaɾen]/ | ||||||
| Future indicative | ||||||||||||
| jo tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles | parlaré pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾe]/ parlaràs pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾas]/ parlarà pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾa]/ parlarem pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾɛm]/ parlareu pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾɛw]/ parlaran pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾan]/ | parlaré pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾe]/ parlaràs pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾas]/ parlarà pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾa]/ parlarem pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾəm]/ parlareu pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾəw]/ parlaran pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾan]/ | parlaré pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾe]/ parlaràs pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾas]/ parlarà pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾa]/ parlarem pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾɛm]/ parlareu pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾɛw]/ parlaran pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾan]/ | parlaré pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾe]/ parlaràs pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾas]/ parlarà pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾa]/ parlarem pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾɛm]/ parlareu pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾɛw]/ parlaran pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾan]/ | parlaré pronounced as /[paɾlaˈɾe]/ parlaràs pronounced as /[paɾlaˈɾas]/ parlarà pronounced as /[paɾlaˈɾa]/ parlarem pronounced as /[paɾlaˈɾɛm]/ parlareu pronounced as /[paɾlaˈɾɛw]/ parlaran pronounced as /[paɾlaˈɾan]/ | parlaré pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾe]/ parlaràs pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾas]/ parlarà pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾa]/ parlarem pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾɛm]/ parlareu pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾɛw]/ parlaran pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾan]/ | ||||||
| Conditional | ||||||||||||
| jo tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles | parlariï pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾii]/ parlaries pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾiəs]/ parlaria pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾiə]/ parlaríem pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾiəm]/ parlaríeu pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾiəw]/ parlarien pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾiən]/ | parlaria pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾiə]/ parlaries pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾiəs]/ parlaria pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾiə]/ parlaríem pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾiəm]/ parlaríeu pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾiəw]/ parlarien pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾiən]/ | parlaria pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾiə]/ parlaries pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾiəs]/ parlaria pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾiə]/ parlaríem pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾiəm]/ parlaríeu pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾiəw]/ parlarien pronounced as /[pəɾɫəˈɾiən]/ | parlaria pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾia]/ parlaries pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾies]/ parlaria pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾiɛ]/ parlaríem pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾiem]/ parlaríeu pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾiew]/ parlarien pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾien]/ | parlaria pronounced as /[paɾlaˈɾia]/ parlaries pronounced as /[paɾlaˈɾies]/ parlaria pronounced as /[paɾlaˈɾia]/ parlaríem pronounced as /[paɾlaˈɾiem]/ parlaríeu pronounced as /[paɾlaˈɾiew]/ parlarien pronounced as /[paɾlaˈɾien]/ | parlaria pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾia]/ parlaries pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾies]/ parlaria pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾia]/ parlaríem pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾiɛm]/ parlaríeu pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾiɛw]/ parlarien pronounced as /[paɾɫaˈɾien]/ | ||||||
| Present subjunctive | ||||||||||||
| jo tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles | parli pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫi]/[10] parlis pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫis]/ parli pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫi]/ parlem pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫɛm]/ parleu pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫɛw]/ parlin pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫin]/ | parli pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫi]/ parlis pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫis]/ parli pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫi]/ parlem pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫəm]/ parleu pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫəw]/ parlin pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫin]/ | parli pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫi]/ parlis pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫis]/ parli pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫi]/ parlem pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫɛm]/ parleu pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫɛw]/ parlin pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫin]/ | parlo pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫo]/[11] parlos pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫos]/ parlo pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫo]/ parlem pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫɛm]/ parleu pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫɛw]/ parlon pronounced as /[ˈpaɾɫon]/ | parle pronounced as /[ˈpaɾle]/[12] parles pronounced as /[ˈpaɾles]/ parle pronounced as /[ˈpaɾle]/ parlem pronounced as /[paɾˈlɛm]/ parleu pronounced as /[paɾˈlɛw]/ parlen pronounced as /[ˈpaɾlen]/ | parle pronounced as /[ˈpaɾle]/ parles pronounced as /[ˈpaɾles]/ parle pronounced as /[ˈpaɾle]/ parlem pronounced as /[paɾˈlɛm]/ parleu pronounced as /[paɾˈlɛw]/ parlen pronounced as /[ˈpaɾlen]/ | ||||||
| Past subjunctive | ||||||||||||
| jo tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles | parlessi pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫesi]/ parlessis pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫesis]/ parlés pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫes]/ parléssim pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫesim]/ parléssiu pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫesiw]/ parlessin pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫesin]/ | parlàs pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫas]/ parlassis pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫasis]/ parlàs pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫas]/ parlàssim pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫasim]/ parlàssiu pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫasiw]/ parlassin pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫasin]/ | parlés pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫes]/ parlessis pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫesis]/ parlés pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫes]/ parléssim pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫesim]/ parléssiu pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫesiw]/ parlessin pronounced as /[pəɾˈɫesin]/ | parlessa pronounced as /[paɾˈɫesa]/ parlesses pronounced as /[paɾˈɫeses]/ parlés pronounced as /[paɾˈɫes]/ parléssom pronounced as /[paɾˈɫesom]/ parléssou pronounced as /[paɾˈɫesow]/ parlessen pronounced as /[paɾˈɫesen]/ | parlara pronounced as /[paɾˈlaɾa]/ [13] parlares pronounced as /[paɾˈlaɾes]/ parlara pronounced as /[paɾˈlaɾa]/ parlàrem pronounced as /[paɾˈlaɾem]/ parlàreu pronounced as /[paɾˈlaɾew]/ parlaren pronounced as /[paɾˈlaɾen]/ | parlàs pronounced as /[paɾˈɫas]/ parlasses pronounced as /[paɾˈɫases]/ parlàs pronounced as /[paɾˈɫas]/ parlàssem pronounced as /[paɾˈɫasɛw]/ parlàsseu pronounced as /[paɾˈɫasɛm]/ parlassen pronounced as /[paɾˈɫasen]/ | ||||||
This is the third-largest group of verbs in Catalan, encompassing about four percent of the verbs in the dictionary. It includes most of the irregular verbs, the most-frequently-used: ser ("to be"), haver ("to have"), fer ("to do"), veure ("to see"), poder ("can"), voler ("to want"), caldre ("must"), dir ("to say") and dur ("to take/get").
In verbs whose infinitive ends in -re, the letter before -re is always a plosive (like b, d, p, t) or a diphthong consonantal u. Examples include beure ("to drink"), caure ("to fall"), coure ("to cook"), deure ("to owe", also modal "might"), fotre ("fuck"), jeure ("to lay down"), perdre ("to lose"), rebre ("to receive"), rompre ("break"), valdre ("to be worth"), vendre ("to sell"), and viure ("to live").
The final consonantal u in infinitive roots of this verb class is a characteristic Catalan evolution of several consonantal clusters from Vulgar Latin: CÁDERE > *cad're > caure, DÉBERE > *dev're > deure, VÍVERE > *viv're > viure, CÓQUERE > *cog're > coure. The clusters -ldr-, -ndr- in infinitive roots of this verb class have an epenthetic d as the result of the evolution of consonantal clusters from Vulgar Latin: VÁLERE > val're > valdre, VÉNDERE > *ven're > vendre. If the root consonant in the infinitive is b, the third-person singular indicative present will be spelt with a p; rebre becomes rep.
Some verbs in this group have a suppletive root with a velar augment (adding -g- pronounced as /[ɣ]/ or -c pronounced as /[k]/ to the basic root) in some forms, most frequently past participle, first person of indicative present, and all forms of indicative preterite, subjunctive present and subjunctive preterite: valdre gives valgut, valc, valguí, valgui, valgués; voler gives volgut, vull or vullc, volguí, vulgui, volgués.
| Northern Catalan | Balearic | Central Catalan | North-Western Catalan | Valencian | Medieval Catalan | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | |||||||||||
| batre pronounced as /[ˈbatɾə]/ | batre pronounced as /[ˈbatɾə]/ | batre pronounced as /[ˈbatɾə]/ | batre pronounced as /[ˈbatɾe]/ | batre pronounced as /[ˈbatɾe]/ | batre pronounced as /[ˈbatɾe]/ | ||||||
| Past Participle | |||||||||||
| batut pronounced as /[bəˈtut]/ batuda pronounced as /[bəˈtuðə]/ | batut pronounced as /[bəˈtut]/ batuda pronounced as /[bəˈtuðə]/ | batut pronounced as /[bəˈtut]/ batuda pronounced as /[bəˈtuðə]/ | batut pronounced as /[baˈtut]/ batuda pronounced as /[baˈtuðɛ]/ | batut pronounced as /[baˈtut]/ batuda pronounced as /[baˈtuɛ]/ | batut pronounced as /[baˈtut]/ batuda pronounced as /[baˈtuða]/ | ||||||
| Gerund | |||||||||||
| batent pronounced as /[bəˈten]/ | batent pronounced as /[bəˈtent]/ | batent pronounced as /[bəˈten]/ | batent pronounced as /[baˈten]/ | batent pronounced as /[baˈtent]/ | batent pronounced as /[baˈtent]/ | ||||||
| Imperative | |||||||||||
| bat! pronounced as /[ˈbat]/ batem | pronounced as /[bəˈtɛm]/ bateu! pronounced as /[bəˈtɛw]/ | bat! pronounced as /[ˈbat]/ batem | pronounced as /[bəˈtəm]/ bateu! pronounced as /[bəˈtəw]/ | bat! pronounced as /[ˈbat]/ batem | pronounced as /[bəˈtɛm]/ bateu! pronounced as /[bəˈtɛw]/ | bat! pronounced as /[ˈbat]/ batem | pronounced as /[baˈtɛm]/ bateu! pronounced as /[baˈtɛw]/ | bat! pronounced as /[ˈbat]/ batem | pronounced as /[baˈtɛm]/ bateu! pronounced as /[baˈtɛw]/ | bat! pronounced as /[ˈbat]/ batem | pronounced as /[baˈtɛm]/ bateu! pronounced as /[baˈtɛw]/ |
| Present indicative | |||||||||||
| bati bates bat batem bateu baten | bat bats bat batem bateu baten | bato bats bat batem bateu baten | bato bats bat batem bateu baten | bat bats bat batem bateu baten | bat bats bat batem bateu baten | ||||||
| Imperfect indicative | |||||||||||
| batiï pronounced as /[bəˈtii]/ baties pronounced as /[bəˈtiəs]/ batia pronounced as /[bəˈtiə]/ batíem pronounced as /[bəˈtiəm]/ batíeu pronounced as /[bəˈtiəw]/ batien pronounced as /[bəˈtiən]/ | batia pronounced as /[bəˈtiə]/ baties pronounced as /[bəˈtiəs]/ batia pronounced as /[bəˈtiə]/ batíem pronounced as /[bəˈtiəm]/ batíeu pronounced as /[bəˈtiəw]/ batien pronounced as /[bəˈtiən]/ | batia pronounced as /[bəˈtiə]/ baties pronounced as /[bəˈtiəs]/ batia pronounced as /[bəˈtiə]/ batíem pronounced as /[bəˈtiəm]/ batíeu pronounced as /[bəˈtiəw]/ batien pronounced as /[bəˈtiən]/ | batia [ba'tia] baties [ba'ties] batia pronounced as /[baˈtiɛ]/ Catalan; Valencian: batíem [ba'tiem] batíeu [ba'tiew] batien [ba'tien] | batia [ba'tia] baties [ba'ties] batia [ba'tia] Catalan; Valencian: batíem [ba'tiem] batíeu [ba'tiew] batien [ba'tien] | batia [ba'tia] baties [ba'ties] batia [ba'tia] Catalan; Valencian: batíem [ba'tiem] batíeu [ba'tiew] batien [ba'tien] | ||||||
| Preterite indicative | |||||||||||
| batí bateres baté batérem batéreu bateren | baté batest baté batem batés bateren | ||||||||||
| Future indicative | |||||||||||
| batiré batiràs batirà batirem batireu batiran | batiré batiràs batirà batirem batireu batiran | batiré batiràs batirà batirem batireu batiran | batiré batiràs batirà batirem batireu batiran | batiré batiràs batirà batirem batireu batiran | batiré batiràs batirà batirem batireu batiran | ||||||
| Conditional | |||||||||||
| batiriï batiries batiria batiríem batiríeu batirien | batiria batiries batiria batiríem batiríeu batirien | batiria batiries batiria batiríem batiríeu batirien | batiria batiries batiria batiríem batiríeu batirien | batiria batiries batiria batiríem batiríeu batirien | batiria batiries batiria batiríem batiríeu batirien | ||||||
| Present subjunctive | |||||||||||
| bati batis bati batem bateu batin | bata bates bata batem bateu baten | bati batis bati batem bateu batin | bato batos bato batem bateu baton | bata bates bata batem bateu baten | bata bates bata batem bateu baten | ||||||
| Past subjunctive | |||||||||||
| batessi batessis batés batéssim batéssiu batessin | batés batessis batés batéssim batéssiu batessin | batés batessis batés batéssim batéssiu batessin | batés batesses batés batéssem batésseu batessen | batera bateres batera batérem batéreu bateren | batés batesses batés batéssem batésseu batessen | ||||||
This is the second-largest group of regular verbs in the Catalan language (about 10 percent of verbs in the dictionary). Most regular verbs in the group (about 91 percent) are inchoative, deriving from the Latin inchoative suffix -ESC-. The varied suffixes (eix-, -ix-, -esc-, -isc- pronounced as /[ˈɛʃ]/, pronounced as /ˈiʃ/, pronounced as /ˈɛsk/, pronounced as /ˈisk]/), depending on tense and dialect, which carry the stress, is added to the root in the imperative second-person singular and the first-, second- and third-person singular and third-person plural of the indicative and subjunctive present: servir gives the imperative second-person singular serveix!, third-person singular indicative present serveix and the third-person singular subjunctive present serveixi.
These verbs have basic (serv-) and extended stems (serveix-, servix-, servesc- or servisc-), used in particular tenses. Examples of inchoative verbs include patir ("to suffer/endure") and partir ("to divide"), which give the third-person singular indicative present of pateix and parteix respectively.
| Northern Catalan | Balearic | Central Catalan | North-Western Catalan | Valencian | Medieval Catalan | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | |||||||||||
| servir pronounced as /[səɾˈβi]/ | servir pronounced as /[səɾˈvi]/ | servir pronounced as /[səɾˈβi]/ | servir pronounced as /[seɾˈβi]/ | servir pronounced as /[seɾˈviɾ]/ | servir pronounced as /[seɾˈviɾ]/ | ||||||
| Past Participle | |||||||||||
| servit pronounced as /[səɾˈβit]/ servida pronounced as /[səɾˈβiðə]/ | servit pronounced as /[səɾˈvit]/ servida pronounced as /[səɾˈviðə]/ | servit pronounced as /[səɾˈβit]/ servida pronounced as /[səɾˈβiðə]/ | servit pronounced as /[seɾˈβit]/ servida pronounced as /[seɾˈβiðɛ]/ | servit pronounced as /[seɾˈvit]/ servida pronounced as /[seɾˈviɛ]/ | servit pronounced as /[seɾˈvit]/ servida pronounced as /[seɾˈviða]/ | ||||||
| Gerund | |||||||||||
| servint pronounced as /[səɾˈβin]/ | servint pronounced as /[səɾˈvint]/ | servint pronounced as /[səɾˈβin]/ | servint pronounced as /[seɾˈβin]/ | servint pronounced as /[seɾˈvint]/ | servint pronounced as /[seɾˈvint]/ | ||||||
| Imperative | |||||||||||
| serveix! pronounced as /[səɾˈβɛʃ]/ servim | pronounced as /[səɾˈβim]/ serviu! pronounced as /[səɾˈβiw]/ | serveix! pronounced as /[səɾˈvɛʃ]/ serviguem | pronounced as /[səɾviˈɣəm]/ serviu! pronounced as /[səɾˈviw]/ | serveix! pronounced as /[səɾˈβɛʃ]/ servim | pronounced as /[səɾˈβim]/ serviu! pronounced as /[səɾˈβiw]/ | servix! pronounced as /[seɾˈβiʃ]/ servim | pronounced as /[seɾˈβim]/ serviu! pronounced as /[seɾˈβiw]/ | servix! pronounced as /[seɾˈviʃ]/ servim | pronounced as /[seɾˈvim]/ serviu! pronounced as /[seɾˈviw]/ | serveix! pronounced as /[seɾˈvɛʃ]/ servim | pronounced as /[seɾˈvim]/ serviu! pronounced as /[seɾˈviw]/ |
| Present indicative | |||||||||||
| serveixi pronounced as /[səɾˈβɛʃi]/ serveixes pronounced as /[səɾˈβɛʃəs]/ serveix pronounced as /[səɾˈβɛʃ]/ servim pronounced as /[səɾˈβim]/ serviu pronounced as /[səɾˈβiw]/ serveixen pronounced as /[səɾˈβɛʃən]/ | servesc pronounced as /[səɾˈvɛsk]/ serveixes pronounced as /[səɾˈvɛʃəs]/ serveix pronounced as /[səɾˈvɛʃ]/ servim pronounced as /[səɾˈvim]/ serviu pronounced as /[səɾˈviw]/ serveixen pronounced as /[səɾˈvɛʃən]/ | serveixo pronounced as /[səɾˈβɛʃu]/ serveixes pronounced as /[səɾˈβɛʃəs]/ serveix pronounced as /[səɾˈβɛʃ]/ servim pronounced as /[səɾˈβim]/ serviu pronounced as /[səɾˈβiw]/ serveixen pronounced as /[səɾˈβɛʃən]/ | servixo pronounced as /[seɾˈβiʃo]/ servixes pronounced as /[seɾˈβiʃes]/ servix pronounced as /[seɾˈβiʃ]/ servim pronounced as /[seɾˈβim]/ serviu pronounced as /[seɾˈβiw]/ servixen pronounced as /[seɾˈβiʃen]/ | servixc pronounced as /[seɾˈviʃk]/ / servisc pronounced as /[seɾˈvisk]/ servixes pronounced as /[seɾˈviʃes]/ servix pronounced as /[seɾˈviʃ]/ servim pronounced as /[seɾˈvim]/ serviu pronounced as /[seɾˈviw]/ servixen pronounced as /[seɾˈviʃen]/ | servesc pronounced as /[seɾˈvɛsk]/ serveixes pronounced as /[seɾˈvɛʃes]/ serveix pronounced as /[seɾˈvɛʃ]/ servim pronounced as /[seɾˈvim]/ serviu pronounced as /[seɾˈviw]/ serveixen pronounced as /[seɾˈvɛʃen]/ | ||||||
| Imperfect indicative | |||||||||||
| serviï pronounced as /[səɾˈβii]/ servies pronounced as /[səɾˈβiəs]/ servia pronounced as /[səɾˈβiə]/ servíem pronounced as /[səɾˈβiəm]/ servíeu pronounced as /[səɾˈβiəw]/ servien pronounced as /[səɾˈβiən]/ | servia pronounced as /[səɾˈviə]/ servies pronounced as /[səɾˈviəs]/ servia pronounced as /[səɾˈviə]/ servíem pronounced as /[səɾˈviəm]/ servíeu pronounced as /[səɾˈviəw]/ servien pronounced as /[səɾˈviən]/ | servia pronounced as /[səɾˈβiə]/ servies pronounced as /[səɾˈβiəs]/ servia pronounced as /[səɾˈβiə]/ servíem pronounced as /[səɾˈβiəm]/ servíeu pronounced as /[səɾˈβiəw]/ servien pronounced as /[səɾˈβiən]/ | servia pronounced as /[seɾˈβia]/ servies pronounced as /[seɾˈβies]/ servia pronounced as /[seɾˈβiɛ]/ servíem pronounced as /[seɾˈβiem]/ servíeu pronounced as /[seɾˈβiew]/ servien pronounced as /[seɾˈβien]/ | servia pronounced as /[seɾˈvia]/ servies pronounced as /[seɾˈvies]/ servia pronounced as /[seɾˈvia]/ servíem pronounced as /[seɾˈviem]/ servíeu pronounced as /[seɾˈview]/ servien pronounced as /[seɾˈvien]/ | servia pronounced as /[seɾˈvia]/ servies pronounced as /[seɾˈvies]/ servia pronounced as /[seɾˈvia]/ servíem pronounced as /[seɾˈviem]/ servíeu pronounced as /[seɾˈview]/ servien pronounced as /[seɾˈvien]/ | ||||||
| Preterite indicative | |||||||||||
| serví servires serví servírem servíreu serviren | serví servist serví servim servís serviren | ||||||||||
| Future indicative | |||||||||||
| serviré serviràs servirà servirem servireu serviran | serviré serviràs servirà servirem servireu serviran | serviré serviràs servirà servirem servireu serviran | serviré serviràs servirà servirem servireu serviran | serviré serviràs servirà servirem servireu serviran | serviré serviràs servirà servirem servireu serviran | ||||||
| Conditional | |||||||||||
| serviriï serviries serviria serviríem serviríeu servirien | serviria serviries serviria serviríem serviríeu servirien | serviria serviries serviria serviríem serviríeu servirien | serviria serviries serviria serviríem serviríeu servirien | serviria serviries serviria serviríem serviríeu servirien | serviria serviries serviria serviríem serviríeu servirien | ||||||
| Present subjunctive | |||||||||||
| serveixi serveixis serveixi servim serviu serveixin | servesqui servesquis servesqui serviguem servigueu servesquin | serveixi serveixis serveixi servim serviu serveixin | servixo servixos servixo servim serviu servixon | servixca/servisca servixques/servisques servixca/servisca servim serviu servixquen/servisquen | servesca servesques servesca servim serviu servesquen | ||||||
| Past subjunctive | |||||||||||
| servissi servissis servís servíssim servíssiu servissin | servís servissis servís servíssim servíssiu servissin | servís servissis servís servíssim servíssiu servissin | servís servissis servís servíssim servíssiu servissin | servira servires servira servírem servíreu serviren | servís servisses servís servíssem servísseu servissen | ||||||
Examples of non-inchoative verbs include fugir ("to flee") and morir ("to die"), which give third-person singular indicative presents of fuig and mor respectively.
| Northern Catalan | Balearic | Central Catalan | North-Western Catalan | Valencian | Medieval Catalan | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | |||||||||||
| dormir pronounced as /[duɾˈmi]/ | dormir pronounced as /[duɾˈmi]/ | dormir pronounced as /[duɾˈmi]/ | dormir pronounced as /[doɾˈmi]/ | dormir pronounced as /[doɾˈmir]/ | dormir pronounced as /[doɾˈmir]/ | ||||||
| Past Participle | |||||||||||
| dormit pronounced as /[duɾˈmit]/ dormida pronounced as /[duɾˈmiðə]/ | dormit pronounced as /[duɾˈmit]/ dormida pronounced as /[duɾˈmiðə]/ | dormit pronounced as /[duɾˈmit]/ dormida pronounced as /[duɾˈmiðə]/ | dormit pronounced as /[doɾˈmit]/ dormida pronounced as /[doɾˈmiðɛ]/ | dormit pronounced as /[doɾˈmit]/ dormida pronounced as /[doɾˈmiɛ]/ | dormit pronounced as /[doɾˈmit]/ dormida pronounced as /[doɾˈmiða]/ | ||||||
| Gerund | |||||||||||
| dormint pronounced as /[duɾˈmin]/ | dormint pronounced as /[duɾˈmint]/ | dormint pronounced as /[duɾˈmin]/ | dormint pronounced as /[doɾˈmin]/ | dormint pronounced as /[doɾˈmint]/ | dormint pronounced as /[doɾˈmint]/ | ||||||
| Imperative | |||||||||||
| dorm! dormim | dormiu! | dorm! dormiguem | dormiu! | dorm! dormim | dormiu! | dorm! dormim | dormiu! | dorm! dormim | dormiu! | dorm! dormim | dormiu! |
| Present indicative | |||||||||||
| dormi pronounced as /[ˈdɔɾmi]/ dormes dorm dormim dormiu dormen | dorm pronounced as /[ˈdɔɾm]/ dorms dorm dormim dormiu dormen | dormo pronounced as /[ˈdɔɾmu]/ dorms dorm dormim dormiu dormen | dormo pronounced as /[ˈdɔɾmo]/ dorms dorm dormim dormiu dormen | dorm pronounced as /[ˈdɔɾm]/ dorms dorm dormim dormiu dormen | dorm pronounced as /[ˈdɔɾm]/ dorms dorm dormim dormiu dormen | ||||||
| Imperfect indicative | |||||||||||
| dormiï pronounced as /[durˈmii]/ dormies dormia dormíem dormíeu dormien | dormia pronounced as /[doɾˈmiə]/ dormies dormia dormíem dormíeu dormien | dormia pronounced as /[duɾˈmiə]/ dormies dormia dormíem dormíeu dormien | dormia pronounced as /[doɾˈmia]/ dormies dormia pronounced as /[dorˈmiɛ]/ dormíem dormíeu dormien | dormia pronounced as /[doɾˈmia]/ dormies dormia dormíem dormíeu dormien | dormia pronounced as /[doɾˈmia]/ dormies dormia dormíem dormíeu dormien | ||||||
| Preterite indicative | |||||||||||
| dormí dormires dormí dormírem dormíreu dormiren | dormí dormist dormí dormim dormís dormiren | ||||||||||
| Future indicative | |||||||||||
| dormiré dormiràs dormirà dormirem dormireu dormiran | dormiré dormiràs dormirà dormirem dormireu dormiran | dormiré dormiràs dormirà dormirem dormireu dormiran | dormiré dormiràs dormirà dormirem dormireu dormiran | dormiré dormiràs dormirà dormirem dormireu dormiran | dormiré dormiràs dormirà dormirem dormireu dormiran | ||||||
| Conditional | |||||||||||
| dormiriï dormiries dormiria dormiríem dormiríeu dormirien | dormiria dormiries dormiria dormiríem dormiríeu dormirien | dormiria dormiries dormiria dormiríem dormiríeu dormirien | dormiria dormiries dormiria dormiríem dormiríeu dormirien | dormiria dormiries dormiria dormiríem dormiríeu dormirien | dormiria dormiries dormiria dormiríem dormiríeu dormirien | ||||||
| Present subjunctive | |||||||||||
| dormi dormis dormi dormim dormiu dormin | dormi dormis dormi dormiguem dormigueu dormin | dormi dormis dormi dormim dormiu dormin | dormo dormos dormo dormim dormiu dormon | dorma dormes dorma dormim dormiu dormen | dorma dormes dorma dormim dormiu dormen | ||||||
| Past subjunctive | |||||||||||
| dormissi dormissis dormís dormíssim dormíssiu dormissin | dormís dormissis dormís dormíssim dormíssiu dormissin | dormís dormissis dormís dormíssim dormíssiu dormissin | dormís dormisses dormís dormíssem dormísseu dormissen | dormira dormires dormira dormírem dormíreu dormiren | dormís dormisses dormís dormíssem dormísseu dormissen | ||||||
This auxiliary verb presents several different roots: s-, ess-, er-, sig- (from Latin ESSE), and for-, foss, fu- (from Latin perfect forms of ESSE, which had analogous suppletive roots).
| Northern Catalan | Balearic | Central Catalan | North-Western Catalan | Valencian | Medieval Catalan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | |||||
| ser pronounced as /[ˈsɛ]/ | ser pronounced as /[ˈsə]/ / esser pronounced as /[əˈse]/ | ser pronounced as /[ˈse]/ / ésser pronounced as /[ˈesə]/ | ser pronounced as /[ˈse]/ | ser pronounced as /[ˈseɾ]/ | ésser pronounced as /[ˈeseɾ]/ |
| Past Participle | |||||
| sigut siguda | sigut/set/estat siguda/seta/estada | sigut/set siguda/seta | segut seguda | ||
| Gerund | |||||
| siguent | sent/siguent/essent | sent/siguent | sent/siguent | ||
| Imperative | |||||
| sigues siguem sigueu | |||||
| Present indicative | |||||
| sun es/ets és sem seu sun | som ets és som sou són | sóc/so ets és som sou són | |||
| Imperfect indicative | |||||
| eri eres/érets era érem éreu eren | era eres era érem éreu eren | ||||
| Preterite indicative | |||||
| fui fores fou fórem fóreu foren | fui fuist/fost fo/fou/fonc fom/fórem fos/fórets foren | ||||
| Future indicative | |||||
| seré pronounced as /[səˈɾe]/ seràs pronounced as /[səˈɾas]/ serà pronounced as /[səˈɾa]/ serem pronounced as /[səˈɾɛm]/ sereu pronounced as /[səˈɾɛw]/ seran pronounced as /[səˈɾan]/ | seré pronounced as /[səˈɾe]/ seràs pronounced as /[səˈɾas]/ serà pronounced as /[səˈɾa]/ serem pronounced as /[səˈɾɛm]/ sereu pronounced as /[səˈɾɛw]/ seran pronounced as /[səˈɾan]/ | seré pronounced as /[səˈɾe]/ seràs pronounced as /[səˈɾas]/ serà pronounced as /[səˈɾa]/ serem pronounced as /[səˈɾɛm]/ sereu pronounced as /[səˈɾɛw]/ seran pronounced as /[səˈɾan]/ | siré pronounced as /[siˈɾe]/ siràs pronounced as /[siˈɾas]/ sirà pronounced as /[siˈɾa]/ sirem pronounced as /[siˈɾɛm]/ sireu pronounced as /[siˈɾɛw]/ siran pronounced as /[siˈɾan]/ | seré pronounced as /[seˈɾe]/ seràs pronounced as /[seˈɾas]/ serà pronounced as /[seˈɾa]/ serem pronounced as /[seˈɾɛm]/ sereu pronounced as /[seˈɾɛw]/ seran pronounced as /[seˈɾan]/ | seré pronounced as /[seˈɾe]/ seràs pronounced as /[seˈɾas]/ serà pronounced as /[seˈɾa]/ serem pronounced as /[seˈɾɛm]/ sereu pronounced as /[seˈɾɛw]/ seran pronounced as /[seˈɾan]/ |
| Conditional | |||||
| seriï series seria seríem seríeu serien | seria series seria seríem seríeu serien | seria/fóra series/fores seria/fóra seríem/fórem seríeu/fóreu serien/foren | siria siries siria siríem siríeu sirien | seria series seria seríem seríeu serien | fóra fores fóra fórem fóreu foren |
| Present subjunctive | |||||
| sigui siguis sigui siguem sigueu siguin | sigui siguis sigui siguem sigueu siguin | sigui siguis sigui siguem sigueu siguin | sigo sigos sigo siguem sigueu sigon | siga sigues sigue siguem sigueu siguen | |
| Past subjunctive | |||||
| siguessi siguessis sigués siguéssim siguéssiu siguessin | sigués siguessis sigués siguéssim siguéssiu siguessin | fos/sigués fossis/siguessis fos/sigués fóssim/siguéssim fóssiu/siguéssiu fossin/siguessin | fos fosses fos fóssem fósseu fossen | fóra fores fóra fórem fóreu foren | |
This auxiliary verb has several different roots: h-, hav- and hag- (either pronounced as /[aɣ]/ or pronounced as /[aʒ]/) (all from Latin HABERE). There are more dialectal forms with a velar augment based on the root hag-.
| Central Catalan | Northwestern Catalan | Valencian | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | |||
| haver | |||
| Past participle | |||
| hagut haguda | |||
| Gerund | |||
| havent | |||
| Present indicative | |||
| he/haig has ha hem heu han | |||
| Imperfect indicative | |||
| havia havies havia havíem havíeu havien | |||
| Future indicative | |||
| hauré hauràs haurà haurem haureu hauran | |||
| Conditional | |||
| hauria hauries hauria hauríem hauríeu haurien | |||
| Present subjunctive | |||
| hagi hagis hagi hàgim hàgiu hagin | haja hages haja hàgem hàgeu hagen | haja hages haja hàgem hàgeu hagen | |
| Past subjunctive | |||
| hagués haguessis hagués haguéssim haguéssiu haguessin | hagués haguesses hagués haguéssem haguésseu haguessen | haguera hagueres haguera haguérem haguéreu hagueren | |
Anar has two roots: ana-, ani- (from Latin AMBULARE, the second a mix with Latin IRE) and va-, vag- pronounced as /[baʒ]/ (from Latin VADERE). The present of anar is used as an auxiliary verb to form the periphrastic preterite with the infinitive of the verb being conjugated. The forms of anar as an auxiliary verb are slightly different from the normal present tense. The first- and second-person plural forms are different; the auxiliary verb forms are vam and vau (or vem and veu, depending on dialect), and the full verb forms are anem and aneu (or anam and anau, depending on dialect).
| Northern Catalan | Balearic | Central Catalan | North-Western Catalan | Valencian | Medieval Catalan | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | ||||||||||
| anar | anar | anar | anar | anar | anar | |||||
| Past Participle | ||||||||||
| anat anada | anat anada | anat anada | anat anada | anat anada | anat anada | |||||
| Gerund | ||||||||||
| anant | anant | anant | anant | anant | anant | |||||
| Imperative | ||||||||||
| vés! pronounced as /[ˈbes]/ anem | pronounced as /[əˈnɛm]/ aneu! pronounced as /[əˈnɛw]/ | vés! pronounced as /[ˈves]/ anem | pronounced as /[əˈnəm]/ anau! pronounced as /[əˈnɛw]/ | vés! pronounced as /[ˈbes]/ anem | pronounced as /[əˈnɛm]/ aneu! pronounced as /[əˈnɛw]/ | vés! pronounced as /[ˈbes]/ anem | pronounced as /[aˈnɛm]/ aneu! pronounced as /[aˈnɛw]/ | vés! pronounced as /[ˈves]/ anem | pronounced as /[aˈnɛm]/ aneu! pronounced as /[aˈnɛw]/ | |
| Present indicative | ||||||||||
| vaig pronounced as /[ˈbatʃ]/ vas ['bas] va pronounced as /[ˈba]/ anem pronounced as /[əˈnɛm]/ aneu pronounced as /[əˈnɛw]/ van pronounced as /[ˈban]/ | vaig pronounced as /[ˈvatʃ]/ vas ['vas] va pronounced as /[ˈva]/ anam pronounced as /[əˈnam]/ anau pronounced as /[əˈnaw]/ van pronounced as /[ˈvan]/ | vaig pronounced as /[ˈbatʃ]/ vas ['bas] va pronounced as /[ˈba]/ anem pronounced as /[əˈnɛm]/ aneu pronounced as /[əˈnɛw]/ van pronounced as /[ˈban]/ | vaig pronounced as /[ˈbatʃ]/ vas ['bas] va pronounced as /[ˈba]/ anem pronounced as /[aˈnɛm]/ aneu pronounced as /[aˈnɛw]/ van pronounced as /[ˈban]/ | vaig pronounced as /[ˈvatʃ]/ vas ['vas] va pronounced as /[ˈva]/ anem pronounced as /[aˈnɛm]/ aneu pronounced as /[aˈnɛw]/ van pronounced as /[ˈvan]/ | vaig pronounced as /[ˈvatʃ]/ vas ['vas] va pronounced as /[ˈva]/ anam pronounced as /[aˈnɛm]/ anau pronounced as /[aˈnɛw]/ van pronounced as /[ˈvan]/ | |||||
| Imperfect indicative | ||||||||||
| anava anaves anava anàvem anàveu anaven | anava anaves anava anàvem anàveu anaven | anava anaves anava anàvem anàveu anaven | anava anaves anava anàvem anàveu anaven | anava anaves anava anàvem anàveu anaven | anava anaves anava anàvem anàveu anaven | |||||
| Preterite indicative | ||||||||||
| aní anares anà anàrem anàreu anaren | ané/aní anàs/anist anà anam anats anaren | |||||||||
| Future indicative | ||||||||||
| iré iràs irà irem ireu Catalan; Valencian: iran | aniré aniràs anirà anirem anireu aniran | aniré aniràs anirà anirem anireu aniran | aniré aniràs anirà anirem anireu aniran | aniré aniràs anirà anirem anireu aniran | ||||||
| Conditional | ||||||||||
| iria iries iria iríem iríeu irien | aniria aniries aniria aniríem aniríeu anirien | aniria aniries aniria aniríem aniríeu anirien | aniria aniries aniria aniríem aniríeu anirien | aniria aniries aniria aniríem aniríeu anirien | ||||||
| Present subjunctive | ||||||||||
| vagi vagis vagi anem aneu vagin | vagi vagis vagi anem aneu vagin | vagi vagis vagi anem aneu vagin | vaja vages vaja anem aneu vagen | vaja vages vaja anem aneu vagen | vaja vages vaja anem aneu vagen | |||||
| Past subjunctive | ||||||||||
| anéssi anessis anés anéssim anéssiu anessin | anàs anassis anàs anàssim anàssiu anassin | anés anessis anés anéssim anéssiu anessin | anés anessis anés anéssim anéssiu anessin | anara anares anara anàrem anàreu anaren | ||||||
This irregular verb presents several different roots: fe-, fa-, fac- pronounced as /[fas]/ (from the Latin FACERE). There are more dialectal (and non-standard) forms based on the root fag- pronounced as /[faʒ]/, similar to haver (for example, in the central Catalan subjunctive present).
| Balearic | Central Catalan | North-Western Catalan | Valencian | Medieval Catalan | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | |||||||||
| fer | |||||||||
| Past participle | |||||||||
| fet feta | |||||||||
| Gerund | |||||||||
| fent | |||||||||
| Imperative | |||||||||
| fé facem! feis | fes fem! feu | fes fem! feu | fes fem! feu | fes fem! feu | |||||
| Present indicative | |||||||||
| faç fas fa faim fais fan | faig fas fa fem feu fan | faig fas fa fem feu fan | |||||||
| Imperfect indicative | |||||||||
| feia feies feia feiem feieu feien | |||||||||
| Preterite indicative | |||||||||
| fiu feres féu férem féreu feren | fiu faist/fist féu faem faés/fés feren | ||||||||
| Future indicative | |||||||||
| faré faràs farà farem fareu faran | |||||||||
| Conditional | |||||||||
| faria faries faria faríem faríeu farien | |||||||||
| Present subjunctive | |||||||||
| faci facis faci facem faceu facin | faci facis faci fem feu facin | faça faces faça fem feu facen | |||||||
| Past subjunctive | |||||||||
| fes fessis fes féssim féssiu fessin | fes fesses fes féssem fésseu fessen | fera feres fera férem féreu feren | |||||||
This irregular verb presents several different roots: di-, diu- pronounced as /[diw]/, dei- pronounced as /[dɛj]/, dig- pronounced as /[diɣ]/, dic- pronounced as /[dik]/ (all from Latin DICERE). There are more dialectal forms with a velar augment based on the root dig-, especially in the Balearic dialects.
| Northern Catalan | Balearic | Central Catalan | North-Western Catalan | Valencian | Medieval Catalan | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | |||||||
| dir pronounced as /[ˈdi]/ | dir pronounced as /[ˈdi]/ | dir pronounced as /[ˈdi]/ | dir pronounced as /[ˈdi]/ | dir pronounced as /[ˈdir]/ | dir pronounced as /[ˈdir]/ | ||
| Past Participle | |||||||
| dit dita | |||||||
| Gerund | |||||||
| dient | |||||||
| Imperative | |||||||
| digues! diguem | digau! | digues! diguem | digueu! | ||||
| Present indicative | |||||||
| dic dius diu deim deis diuen | dic dius diu diem dieu diuen | ||||||
| Imperfect indicative | |||||||
| deia deies deia dèiem dèieu deien | |||||||
| Preterite indicative | |||||||
| diguí digueres digué diguérem diguéreu digueren | dix dixist dix dixem dixest dixeren | ||||||
| Future indicative | |||||||
| diré diràs dirà direm direu diran | |||||||
| Conditional | |||||||
| diria diries diria diríem diríeu dirien | |||||||
| Present subjunctive | |||||||
| digui pronounced as /[ˈdiɣi]/ diguis pronounced as /[ˈdiɣis]/ digui pronounced as /[ˈdiɣi]/ diguem pronounced as /[diˈɣɛm]/ digueu pronounced as /[diˈɣɛw]/ diguin pronounced as /[ˈdiɣin]/ | |||||||
| Past subjunctive | |||||||
| digués diguessis digués diguéssim diguéssiu diguessin | |||||||
This irregular verb has several different roots: du-, dui- pronounced as /[duj]/, dug- pronounced as /[duɣ]/, duc- pronounced as /[duk]/ (all from Latin DUCERE). There are more dialectal forms with a velar augment based on the root dug-, especially in the Balearic dialects.
| Northern Catalan | Balearic | Central Catalan | North-Western Catalan | Valencian | Medieval Catalan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | |||||||||
| dur pronounced as /[ˈdu]/ | dur pronounced as /[ˈdu]/ | dur pronounced as /[ˈdu]/ | dur pronounced as /[ˈdu]/ | dur pronounced as /[ˈdur]/ | dur pronounced as /[ˈdur]/ | ||||
| Past Participle | |||||||||
| duit pronounced as /[ˈdujt]/ duita pronounced as /[ˈdujtə]/ | dut pronounced as /[ˈdut]/ duta pronounced as /[ˈdutə]/ | ||||||||
| Gerund | |||||||||
| duent | |||||||||
| Imperative | |||||||||
| duu! duguem | duis! | duu! duguem | dueu! | dus! duguem | dueu! | dus! duguem | dueu! | ||
| Present indicative | |||||||||
| duc pronounced as /[ˈduk]/ duus pronounced as /[ˈduws]/ / dus pronounced as /[ˈdus]/ duu pronounced as /[ˈduw]/ / du pronounced as /[ˈdu]/ duim pronounced as /[ˈdujm]/ duis pronounced as /[ˈdujs]/ duen pronounced as /[ˈduən]/ | duc pronounced as /[ˈduk]/ duus pronounced as /[ˈduws]/ / dus pronounced as /[ˈdus]/ duu pronounced as /[ˈduw]/ / du pronounced as /[ˈdu]/ duem pronounced as /[duˈɛm]/ dueu pronounced as /[duˈɛw]/ duen pronounced as /[ˈduən]/ | duc pronounced as /[ˈduk]/ duus pronounced as /[ˈduws]/ / dus pronounced as /[ˈdus]/ duu pronounced as /[ˈduw]/ / du pronounced as /[ˈdu]/ duem pronounced as /[duˈɛm]/ dueu pronounced as /[duˈɛw]/ duen pronounced as /[ˈduen]/ | |||||||
| Imperfect indicative | |||||||||
| duia duies duia duiem duieu duien | |||||||||
| Preterite indicative | |||||||||
| duguí dugueres dugué duguérem duguéreu dugueren | dux duxist dux duxem duxest duxeren | ||||||||
| Future indicative | |||||||||
| duré duràs durà durem dureu duran | |||||||||
| Conditional | |||||||||
| duria duries duria duríem duríeu durien | |||||||||
| Present subjunctive | |||||||||
| dugui pronounced as /[ˈduɣi]/ duguis pronounced as /[ˈduɣis]/ dugui pronounced as /[ˈduɣi]/ duguem pronounced as /[duˈɣɛm]/ dugueu pronounced as /[duˈɣɛw]/ duguin pronounced as /[ˈduɣin]/ | |||||||||
| Past subjunctive | |||||||||
| dugués duguessis dugués duguéssim duguéssiu duguessin | |||||||||