Castellania (Valletta) Explained

Castellania
Native Name:	Kastellanja, Kastellanija, Kistlanija, Klistanija, Klistjanija, Chistlania
Native Name Lang:	mt
Coordinates:	35.8967°N 14.5125°W
Former Names:	Gran Corte della Castellania (many variants) Gran Corte della Valletta Palais de Justice Palace/Courts of Justice Palazzo di Giustizia Palazzo della Castellania Palazzo del Tribunale Castellany
Alternate Names:	Palazzo Castellania Castellania Palace Châtellenie
Status:	Intact
Building Type:	Courthouse
Architectural Style:	Baroque
Location:	Valletta, Malta
Address:	No. 11–19, Merchants Street, Valletta, VLT 1171
Current Tenants:	Ministry for Health, the Elderly and Community Care
Start Date:	1757
Opened Date:	1760
Owner:	Government of Malta
Material:	Limestone (façade decorated with Carrara marble)
Floor Count:	2
Architect:	Francesco Zerafa (Completed by Giuseppe Bonici)

The Castellania (Maltese: Il-Kastellanija; Italian: La Castellania), also known as the Castellania Palace (Maltese: Il-Palazz Kastellanja; Italian: Palazzo Castellania), is a former courthouse and prison in Valletta, Malta that currently houses the country's health ministry. It was built by the Order of St. John between 1757 and 1760, on the site of an earlier courthouse which had been built in 1572.

The building was built in the Baroque style to design of the architect Francesco Zerafa, and completed by Giuseppe Bonici. It is a prominent building in Merchants Street, having an ornate façade with an elaborate marble centrepiece. Features of the interior include former court halls, a chapel, prison cells, a statue of Lady Justice at the main staircase and an ornate fountain in the courtyard.

From the late 18th to the early 19th century, the building was also known by a number of names, including the Palazzo del Tribunale, the Palais de Justice and the Gran Corte della Valletta. By the mid-19th century the building was deemed too small, and the courts were gradually moved to Auberge d'Auvergne between 1840 and 1853. The Castellania was then abandoned, before being briefly converted into an exhibition centre, a tenant house and a school.

In 1895, the building was converted into the head office of the Public Health Department. The department was eventually succeeded by Malta's health ministry which is still housed in the Castellania. The building's ground floor contains a number of shops, while the belongings of Sir Themistocles Zammit's laboratory are now housed at the second floor and is open to the public by appointment as The Brucellosis Museum.

History

Institution

The Magna Curia Castellania (Italian: Gran Corte della Castellania; English: High Court of the Castellania)^[1] was a court and tribunal in Hospitaller Malta.^{[2] [3]} The institution had been founded by the Order of St. John in Palestine in 1186.^[4] It was later established in Rhodes^[5] where it became known as Pragmaticæ Rhodiæ, and remained active there until the expulsion of the Order from the island in 1522.^{[6] [7]}

The institution was established in Malta on 5 September 1533 after the arrival of the Order,^[8] during the magistracy of Grandmaster Philippe de L'Isle-Adam^{[9] [10]} and it is sometimes distinguishably known as the Magnæ Curiæ Caſtellaniæ Melitenſis.^{[11] [12] [13] [14]} It was among the first institutions that was found to require reforms.^[15] Johannes Quintinus was given responsibility to prepare the first set of laws for Malta, which were later established by the Grand Master. The institution followed the Sicilian legal system,^[16] known as the Ritus Magnæ Curiæ Siciliæ.

It was headed by a Castellan, also known as the President of the Castellania,^[17] who was a knight of the Order.^{[18] [19] [20]} He was ceremonially always followed by a page boy carrying a rod on a cushion when walking in public, with the rod symbolising his position, earning him the nickname captain of the rod.^[21]

Composition

The institution included two judges, one for the civil court and one for the criminal court.^{[22] [23]} In the same building were the Office and Court of Appeals.^[24] The judges of the Castellania were native Maltese and dealt with cases that took place in the district of Valletta, Floriana and the Three Cities.^{[25] [26] [27]} Other districts, such as those under the courts of Mdina and Rabat, followed the same model and had to adopt decisions taken at the Castellania.^[28] On three days per week, the Fiscal Prosecutor brought cases before the judges.^[29] A Head Notary liaised for decisions taken by the institution.^[30] There was a Cancelliere, who was responsible for receiving and preserving judicial acts, registering the sentences meted out by the judges and supervising the other workers in the courts.^[31] There was a Gran Visconte (the Chief of police)^[32] who coordinated the police, and the Capitani di notte who implemented the sentences. Other workers included an official who saw that prisoners were treated fairly, those who were responsible for the archives and advocates for legal aid.^[33] Advocates were generally Italian-speaking Maltese, as most knights and foreigners considered the position for the inferior people.^[34] A report was drafted weekly and sent to the palace of the Grand Master, informing about occurrences presented to the Castellania.^[35]

The Castellania was the supreme court of justice of the islands,^{[36] [37]} hence called Gran Corte or the variants in legal documents.^{[38] [39]} The Grand Master had the absolute power to preside over the institution.^[40] The Papacy quarreled for a superior decision,^[41] such as when there was conflict with the court of the Bishop,^[42] but citing sovereignty of the princely Grand Master it was never conceded.^{[43] [44]} The Castellania originally had decision over every aspect of life, including public morality and religion, but having the Islands been visited by an official of the Holy See in the 16th century and found lack of enforcement by the knights in religious aspects, the Inquisition was established.^[45] With the presence of the Inquisition, the Holy See considered Malta similar to a colony,^[46] but through the Castellania the Order kept rigid control and sovereignty over Malta.^[47] Though the Inquisition had the power to issue a death penalty in cases related to religion, such as heresy, fornication and sodomy, it generally left it at the discretion of the Castellania.^[48] Religious monks, including the Bishop of Malta, were not to be subject of decisions taken by the Castellania but there were instances of having to make exceptions as per offense to the state.^[49] In the late eighteenth century, under Grand Master de Rohan, Giovanni Niccolò Muscat has triggered significant controversy over his views on church-state separation in matters which are not religious in nature.^[50]

In its time, the Castellania was considered to be a secular court.^[51] Cases generally consisted of secular parties, with secular accusations, for cases of secular nature.^[52] Officially it treated people with more equity; religious courts in Malta under Roman Catholicism would refer to non-Christians and people with diverse abilities as creatures, because of their "imperfection", whereas the Castellania considered all people as humans.^[53] However the Castellania distinguished the non-Christians by considering all others as aliens, of which difference also has had negative impact in terms of equality before the law,^[54] and in practice it was still theocratic. Women had same rights as men to institute for court action.^[55] In military context the knights were not subject to the Castellania, and were instead prosecuted at the Military Tribunal (Tribunale Militare), however it received assistance from the higher hierarchy of the Castellania such as from the judge of the criminal court.^{[56] [57]} The law was amended with the issue of a Bando by the Grand Master.^[58] Particular bandi regulated the procedures of medicating a seriously wounded person, where the Castellania had to be informed by medical practitioners within less than a day from the assistance.^[59]

From Birgu to Valletta

The courts and tribunals were initially housed in a building in Birgu.^{[60] [61] [62] [63]} After the Order moved their headquarters to Valletta, the Castellania moved as well.^[64] The Castellania building in Birgu was handed to the Inquisition for free.^[65]

In Valletta, it was initially housed inconveniently in Strada Stretta, at the back of the Treasury of the Order, in a building belonging to Bailiff Bandinelli. It was sometimes known as baglio, an Italian architectural reference to courthouses, or Tribunale della Giustizia. Grand Master Jean de la Cassière bought the present site of the Castellania in Valletta for the courts to have an adequate location.^[66] Meanwhile, the original Castellania in Birgu was converted into the Inquisitor's Palace in 1574.^{[67] [68] [69]} The building of a Castellania was made in the original plans of Valletta.^{[70] [71] [72]} One of the plans for the Castellania was also to be built within the reserved area of the auberges of the knights, known as the Collacchio, but limiting access to a vast area in Valletta was found to be unpractical and the initiative was abandoned.^{[73] [74] [75]}

The first purposely built Castellania in Valletta was built in 1572 by la Cassière,^{[76] [77]} and was likely designed by Girolamo Cassar, similar to other Valletta buildings of the late 16th century.^[78] The building had a military appearance, with the corners designed with massive quoins, typical of Cassar. Though the building had only one actual corner on St John Street crossing with the Square, the other ends touched the adjoining buildings. The Castellania made use of a bell, became popularly known as the ruffiana, to convey messages to the people and inform about an event.^[79] A chapel was located in the building for the spiritual services of prisoners.^[80] Similar to other prominent buildings, the Castellania was provided with water within its courtyard by connection to the Wignacourt Aqueduct.^[81] In 1646, Pierre Garsin was commissioned to execute works within the prison section of the first Castellania which constituted of works on the walls that were examined to be in a state close to collapse.^[82] People in prison were generally those awaiting trial by the Castellania, but also by the Inquisition. Regulated visits to captives were allowed.^[83] The building had a main front door which was used for official purposes such as by the Castellan of the Gran Corte della Castella.^[84]

The Magistrato degli Almamenti or Tribunale degli Armamenti, founded by Grand Master Wignacourt, was initially housed in the first Castellania building but moved to a separate location during the rule of Grand Master Perellos,^[85] who had established the Consolato del Mare in 1697. The first Castellania of Valletta was demolished in the mid-18th century on orders of Grand Master Manuel Pinto da Fonseca,^{[86] [87]} as he despised its austere architecture and wanted a symbolic building of his absolutism.^[88] Pinto continued on similar steps of his predecessor, Grand Master Wignacourt, by taking several initiatives and make stately projects, and a new Castellania was one of the main prospects.^[89]

There are claims based on word of mouth that in the 18th century the courts and tribunals were housed at 254, St. Paul's Street (now known as Europe House, and occupied by the offices of the European Commission and the European Parliament), plausibly between 1757 and 1760, however this is considered as a hearsay.^[90]

Construction

Knights Giacomo de Blacas d'Aups and the Giorgio Valperga di Masino were given monopoly rights for four decades over the use of wind-power machines for the production of marble, metals, limestone and timber in Malta by Pinto in 1752. As a benefit of granting such license, Pinto secured the benefit that service for the construction of public and private projects would cost a quarter less than if handmade. The limestone used was from Misra(h) il-Barrieri in Santa Venera.^[91] A new Baroque building was constructed on site of the first Castellania,^{[92] [93] [94]} creating significant employment,^{[95] [96] [97]} with works commencing in 1757.^[98] Throughout the course of construction, prisoners were held in a tower near Valletta's Porta Reale,^[99] probably the tower of Saint James Cavalier.^[100]

The new Castellania was built to a design by the architect Francesco Zerafa,^{[101] [102] [103]} but he died during its construction on 21 April 1758.^[104] His work was completed by then Engineer, who was just elevated to architect,^[105] Giuseppe Bonici.^{[106] [107]} Zerafa is accredited for the main design, and for the subjected building he has post mortem established himself as a respected architect.^[108] The edifice was completed in 1760,^{[109] [110]} and saw the last finishes in October of that year, after which on 23 of that month was able to accommodate its intended functions.^[111] As a general rule, by the Officio delle Case (Officium Commissariorum Domorum), the buildings in Valletta were required to be ready within three-years period from start to completion. The Castellania was built in conformity with the Officio delle Case.^[112] The chapel was consecrated on 15 November of that year, which also marked the official inauguration.^[113] The main commemoration for the opening is an inscription above the central doorway which praises Grand Master Pinto for his achievement in rebuilding the courthouse. The prisoners were transferred to the new prison three days later, on 18 November 1760.^[114]

Local hard limestone was used for construction, however the main portico was decorated with Carrara marble.^[115] Some of the marble used was cannibalized from the ruins of the Temple of Proserpina, an ancient Roman temple in Mtarfa which had been discovered in 1613. A craftsman who worked on the decorative sculpture of the Castellania's façade's central-piece^[116] and chapel was Maestro Giovanni Vito,^{[117] [118]} the Puglisi (from Pùglia), a Neapolitan buonavoglia (a rower on the galleys^{[119] [120]}).^[121] He would become the first man to be convicted of murder and sentenced to death by hanging in the new Castellania on 15 December 1760.^{[122] [123]} With the remodelling of the edifice, Pinto has ubiquitously besprinkled his heraldic symbolic couchant crescents, in the interior and exterior of the architecture of the building, to convey a message of his absolutism and opulence.Sometimes after its completion, artist Tiepolo Favray took record of the notorious building.^[124] Disseminated information among European monarchies compared it to be of proportionate to the expectations of the most powerful nations.^[125]

Courthouse

During the 18th century, by hosting the courts and the tribunals, it was known as the Corte della Castellania (or the variants) and sometimes as the Palazzo del Tribunale.^{[126] [127] [128]} Among the common public was, however, simply known as the Court of the Grandmaster,^{[129] [130] [131] [132]} probably to simply distinguish it from the courts of the inquisition and of the Bishop.

Some judges of the Castellania, such as Vincenzo Bonavita (1752–1829), served during four different periods- firstly during the Order of St John, then during French occupation, the British protectorate and finally under the Crown Colony period.^{[133] [134]} The locals preferred to be subjected to the Court of the Bishop or the Inquisition, rather than Castellania.^[135]

Order of St John

Civil and criminal cases commenced after its completion, as was intended.^[136] Court sittings already started to be heard at the remodeled Castellania prior its inauguration.^[137] Conflict between the court of the Grand Master and that the court of the Bishop was a common issue during the reign of Pinto. The Bishop of Malta continuously lobbied against sentences by the Castellania when the accused was a monk. Several instances went as far as Rome to be settled. Pinto believed that it was justified to take a decision when state interest is threatened.

Homosexual practice was punishable by death by the Castellania. In an uncommon case heard in 1774 was when an intersex person, 17-year-old Rosaria "Rosa" Mifsud, a.k.a. Primitiva, from Luqa petitioned for a sex change to wear as a man,^[138] instead of the female clothing worn ever since born. Two medical experts were appointed by the court to perform an examination. This case gives detail of the use of experts in the field, similar to the late modern period. The examiners were the Physician-in-Chief and a senior surgeon, both working at the Sacra Infermeria.^[139] The Grandmaster took the decision for Mifsud to wear only men clothes from then on. The decision was taken to the court of appeals, which appointed other seven medical experts that agreed with the observations of the previous two experts.^[140]

Following the Rising of the Priests in 1775, three of the rebellion's leaders were executed without receiving fair trial. The death penalty was signed by the Castellano under the orders of Grand Master Francisco Ximénez de Tejada.^[141] Prior to judgement, some of the rebellions were locked up in the secretive prisons near the courtroom of the Castallania, some at the Castellania dungeons, and in other Valletta buildings.^[142] All those arrested were recorded on the Libro del Carcerati Della Magna Curia Castellania. Among them was Gaetano Mannarino, the leader of the rebellion.^[143] Some of them were condemned to death by strangulation in the dungeons of the Castellania.^{[144] [145]} The whole process went against the conformity of the courts in Malta as the priests were not to be subjected to the Castellania but to the court of the Bishop.^[146] However the Inquisition had already determined in previous decision-making that crimes of serious nature were not to have ecclesiastical immunity from criminal prosecution at the Castellania.^[147] Some sources say that only the laymen were prosecuted at the Castellania, while the priests were tried at Fort St Elmo.^[148] Ximenes died a natural death within weeks after the sentences, with some locals believing it was a divine providence for his merciless judgement against the clergy.^[149]

In 1777, Grand Master Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc introduced the Supremum Justitiæ Magistratum (Collegiate Tribunal of the Jury's Supreme Magistrate) in order to establish more separation of powers in judicial decisions.^[150] Giandonato Rogadeo, an eminent European jurist, was requested to come to Malta in 1781 by de Rohan to address issues related to common law.^[151] Rogadeo went on to author the Diritto Municipale, between the year of his arrival and 1784, a law book to be used for the Castellania.^{[152] [153]} During his stay in Malta, he further observed that it was not the law which was just problematic but also the judges and advocates which were corrupt. His work was opposed by the advocates and judges, with Baron Gaetano Pisani and Judge Gio Nicoló Muscat anonymously publishing works in Rome in 1783 to challenge it and aiming to keep the status quo which had limited considerations.^[154] It became the primarily Maltese law of the Code de Rohan, a humane set of laws, which brought significant reformation to criminal law. The Code incorporated previous laws introduced from former Grand Masters with a more liberal approach. It also set standard regulations for advocates, with some flexibility.^[155] It was subsequently amended with the use of bandi. The Code de Rohan clarified the role and powers of the "Giudice Criminale della Gran Corte della Castellania". It gave judges the right to decide on cases presented before them, instruct for investigations of serious nature, conduct inquiries, take action as themed necessarily.^[156]

The Diritto Municipale was abolished in 1854, during the British period, and replaced by a more lenient Criminal Code.^[157] During his magistracy, Grand Master de Rohan sentenced the Castellan, allegedly for practicing conflict of interest considering his position, to a life in prison but was allowed to escape and lived in exile.

Giuseppe Elia Pace, an advocate and close friend of Mikiel Anton Vassalli, was found guilty of treason during the reign of de Rohan and was sentenced for flogging in Valletta followed by a permanent exile out of Malta.^{[158] [159]} Vassalli was imprisoned at the Klistanija at the end of the rule of the Order of St. John, and was accused of plotting revolutionary ideas during the magistracy of Grand Master Hompesch. Vassalli denied the accusations and remained imprisoned. Meanwhile, he received visits from the father of Fortunato Panzavecchia. While dining together around a table with prison guards, Panzavecchia took notes from conversations he had with Vassalli. These notes shed more light on the life of Vassalli, who after his death became the national Maltese linguistic.^[160] Though given a life sentence, he either managed to escape or was released after the expulsion of the Order from Malta.^{[161] [162]}

French Republic

Malta was invaded by the French First Republic in June 1798, and the Order was expelled from the island, resulting in the French occupation of Malta. Grand Master Hompesch was pressured to capitulate, as the Maltese nobility and the Magistrate of the Castellania, together with influential and high ranking figures made it clear to the Fiscal of the Castellania that, unless he surrendered, those resisting the French would have to simultaneously face an internal revolution.^[163] The French reformed the legal system with the country being divided into provinces for roughly each 3,000 inhabitants, all with their own civil and criminal jurisdiction for the Justice of Peace:^[164] this included the use of the Castellania.^[165] Corporal punishment, which was leniently used at the end of the rule of the Order of St John, was officially abolished by the French.^[166] Religious figures, such as Franciscan Prelate Monsignor Axisa, were prosecuted at the Castellania and also kept there under arrest if required.^[167]

The institution of the Castellania was replaced by the Tribunale Provisorio and the Tribunale Civile di Prim'Instanza.^[168] The post of Castellano was abolished, and judges were nominated by the Commission de Gouvernement. By 6 July public buildings in Valletta were renamed, with the Castellania renamed as Palais de Justice.^[169] The creation of the newly introduced court in Malta according to republican ideals, on 16 July 1798, saw the abolition of the Order's Courts and Tribunals together with the abolition of the Courts of the Bishop and the Inquisition.^[170] Giovanni Niccolò Muscat was made a judge and president of the court during the French period but was soon dismissed by the French.^[171] Not less than three full cases of silver secured at the Castellania, were taken by the French on 8 November 1798, and were melted to create coins to remunerate the Jacobins. It was one of a series of similar reasons that consequently triggered a Maltese revolt.^[172] The French law system did not last enough to influence the Maltese courts at the time.^[173]

British protectorate

After a successful Maltese uprising against the French occupation, in 1800 Malta became a British protectorate,^[174] with the Castellania becoming known as the Gran Corte della Valletta. It was amongst the first public institutions to be reestablished.^[175] The documents of the Tribunale della Gran Corte della Castellania were given by Government Alexander Ball to the Gran Corte Vescovile (Court of the Bishop) with other documents of the church and the Inquisition at the request of the ecclesiastic authorities. Apart from those of the Court of the Bishop, the others (including those of the Castellania) were all found to be irrelevant to the church and were transferred to the Palace of the Inquisition in Birgu.^[176] The documents of the Tribunale della Valletta were likely transferred to the palace of the Inquisition by mistake but those arriving there never saw their way back to Valletta since.^[177] On 8 March 1805, a proclamation declared the restoration of the Courts of Justice.^[178] In February 1806, Ball gave instructions to presumably guarantee independence of the Judiciary, whereas the Judges could not be removed at a simple request, and legal persons would not be threatened to be jailed if they disagree with signing legal documents.^[179] At the request of the Maltese National Congress, the law was once again reformed to the ancient rights and the Code De Rohan.^[180]

Vassalli was imprisoned again during the siege, and was kept at the Castellania from 16 September 1800^{[181] [182]} until he was exiled from the protectorate on 15 January 1801.^{[183] [184]} While in jail at the Castellania, Vassalli read in Arabic, and vocally translated to Maltese, passages of the Quran to other inmates among him. His Quran, bound by a leather cover, was discovered when Vassalli underwent a spot check by British soldiers in the whereabouts of Porta Reale.

Between 1810 and 1811 most Valletta buildings were given addresses.^[185] The first address of the main door of the building was in Italian as istrada Mercanti, No.15, La Castellania.^[186] Ġampatist Gatt was engaged with the Criminal Court as an interpreter and translator, to and from English, from 1 August 1810 to 30 June 1814.^[187] The death penalty continued to be legal under British rule and the decapitation of the offender after execution remained in use by the Castellania.^[188]

In the early 19th century the building housed the Maltese Vice-Admiral Court.^[189] It was founded in June 1803.^{[190] [191] [192]} John Stoddart (1773–1856) served as the first Advocate to the British monarchy from 1803 to 1807.^[193] By 1811, during the protectorate, this court was criticized in Parliament as being unbecoming in its conduct during the early stages of establishment.^{[194] [195] [196] [197]} It was replaced by another court and abolished in the 1890s.^[198] Literature and objects related the Vice-Admiralty Court in Malta are now exhibited at the Malta Maritime Museum in Birgu.^[199]

British colony

Maltese courts became on 5 October 1813, months before the Treaty of Paris of 1814, when Malta became a Crown colony. Soon after, in 1813, Civil Commissioner Alexander Ball terminated and transferred the judicial power of the Corte Capitanale of Mdina to the Castellania in Valletta.^[200]

Similar to other public buildings, the Castellania was closed down during the plague outbreak of 1813–14, and it was only used for emergency cases relating to the plague itself.^[201] Two people were sentenced to death for not revealing themselves of being infected of plague to relevant authorities and putting at risk the people around them. Both were executed by firing squad outside the courthouse in the street. When the plague ended, the Castellania was once again used as a courthouse and gaol for accused who were still awaiting trial.^[202]

Under Governor Thomas Maitland, the British adopted a codification of a mixed system of Civil Law, which included Roman Law, Code Napoléon and continental law. Crown Advocate Adrian Dingli was trusted with the task of reforms.^[203] These reforms remain the basic of Maltese law today. By 1814 all forms of torture were abolished, however any action deemed to potentially incite a revolt could be suppressed with physical force.^{[204] [205]} In 1814, the College of Auditors (Segnatura) was abolished and was replaced by the Supreme Council of Justice. The purpose of this reform was to see more equity at law at a time when the governor observed that there were questionable judicial cases, and thus gave an opportunity for review.^[206]

The Government Gazette started to report prominent cases of the court after the visit of the Commissioners Austin and Lewis.^[207]

Language

Tuscan Italian, and to some extant Latin,^{[208] [209]} was used as the main functioning language of the courts throughout the periods of the knights,^{[210] [211]} French occupation, British periods, until at least 1879 when the courts had already moved out of the building.

Though Maltese has always remained in use throughout the Knights period among all classes of society, the Councillor of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice Francesco Saverio Farrugia implied that Italian was considered as the maternal language which connects the country with the rest of Europe.^[212] The French language was established as the sole official language during the French occupation, however an exception was given to the courts as Italian prevailed for legal jargon.^[213] Efforts by the British to spread the usage of English during the protectorate and the early period of direct Crown control over Malta failed, mostly due to the unwillingness by the educated minority to adopt it.^[214] The supreme court proceedings were suggested to take place with the use of English, to encourage the study and use of English by judges and lawyers, but these efforts proved futile.^[215] Both during the period of French occupation and British rule, the supreme court decisions were published in Italian and the other preferred language of the government; French during the French period and English during the British periods. The Maltese language was never discussed as a possible language to be used in the Castellania.^{[216] [217]} However, some documents presented to the courts were sometimes written with Italian and a mix of Sicilian or Maltese words.^[218] The language question was not solved until the 20th century, when the building had for long changed purpose.

Prison

See also: Debtors' prison. Apart from a courthouse,^{[219] [220]} the Castellania also served as a prison where suspects and convicts were imprisoned. The entrance of the former prison from St John Street and is locally known as Prisoner's Street (Triq il-Kalzrati) or Hook's Street (Triq il-Ganc).^{[221] [222]} Serious criminal offenders from Gozo would be taken to the court in Gozo, and on the decision of the administrative Castellan would be sent to a temporary prison in Fort Chambray, before travelling by sea to Valletta and kept locked at the Castellania until his case is heard.^[223]

It was common to restrain political prisoners by locking them in the secure prison of the Castellania during the magistracy of the Order of St John.^[224] Prisoners who not awaiting trial were allowed to have visits from non-inmates.^[225]

Under the Order of St. John, prisoners could be sentenced to row on the galleys as punishment. Under British rule, certain crimes were punished with penal transportation to Australia, such was the case in June 1790 of Englishman John Pace.^[226] During carnival celebrations, cross-dressing males could be arrested, and those caught by police were held overnight at the Castellania "to study for a night manners more comporting with the modest of the sex."^[227]

On 15 March 1849, Lorenzo Bonello was assigned by the Governor to give service as the "Keeper of the Castellania" at of the prison.^[228] The prison was permanently closed and moved to the "Palace of the Courts of Justice" in 1853. Lorenzo Aguis, a public official working as a porter, was catering for the prison before and after it became vacant.

Other uses

While the Castellania was in use as a courthouse and a prison, parts of the building were also used for a number of other purposes. The Castellan resided in an apartment in the same Castellania.^[229] The building hosted the Chamber of Commerce and the sittings of the Consulato del Mare in the eighteenth century, which were next to each other.^[230] It also housed the Monte di Sant'Anna until 1773, a decision taken by Grand Master Ximenes.

Individuals or groups could petition at the Castellania through a supplica; common cases were from practitioners needing a license to perform their occupation and the poor requesting social benefits.^[231] For such purposes and other, the Castellania and related tribunals employed the largest number of clerks. At one point, the working environment of the clerks had no standard working hours and their outcome received country-wide criticism; this resulted in counter petitions, with the clients requesting efficient service in less waiting time and the clerks requesting increase in wages. By 1780 a bando was introduced to address these issues.^[232] Clerks were not required to be Maltese, but had to be fluent in Italian which appealed to Sicilians.^[233]

Sea vessels were required by law to register at the Castellania to operate in Maltese waters and each had to pay a minimum ten grani, depending on the size of the vessel and its purpose.^[234] With the Registri Patentarum, the Castellania issued legal patents for galleys to travel from the port of Valletta to other ports and vice versa. The patents gave details subject to health inspections which included the names of the merchants and the description of the belongings for trade.^[235] Those galleys coming from non-European ports or from places subjected to possible disease were withheld in quarantine for days and only given permission to mix with the rest of the people once a Pratica was issued by the Commission of Public Health.^[236] The Clean Bill of Health continued to be issued and gradually reformed during the British period, under the supervision of the Chief Medical Officer.^[237] The Castellania imposed a charge for those not having health assurance and having to lodge at the Lazzaretto.^[238]

Titles of nobility were required to be recognized by the Cancelleria and then registered at the Castellania.^{[239] [240] [241]} Each noble title was subject to review by the judges or the Castellan.^[242] Most services at the edifice of the Castellania, such as court cases and office work, were against payment which balanced the expenses of the institution.^[243] At any given point, the Castellania could request for the valuation of goods to determine facts.^[244]

Francesco Rivarola, the commandant of the police, had his office of the Deputy Inspector General of Executive Police stationed within the Castellania^{[245] [246]} since 1814 when Malta was gradually adapting as a British colony.^[247] The police office vacated the premises in the 19th century and was moved to the Palace of the Governor. As published on the Malta Government Gazette, on 21 October 1829, Malta saw the introduction of a jury system in cases related to murder.^[248]

Later and present use

The building was no longer regarded as being adequate to function as a courthouse by 1840, during the Government of Sir Henry Bouverie, and that year the Civil Courts were moved to Auberge d'Auvergne.^{[249] [250]} The courts of criminal jurisdiction and the office of the police were moved to the auberge in 1853.^{[251] [252]} The police office fully moved out around 1860, as initial criminal proceedings were still addressed at the Castellania by that year.^[253] Court archives and registrations documents of the Castellania were relocated for safekeeping in the auberge.

Mess

By a Governor Ordinance No. 11 of 5 May 1852 the Castellania had to be converted into a military mess for the Maltese Militia Force.^[254] It is known to have been occupied by the military stationed in Valletta and Floriana by at least 1854.^{[255] [256]}

Exhibition centre

The building later housed an exhibition centre. Despite the efforts of originality in science subjects it failed to attract crowds to sustain it.

Division into three parts

It was eventually split into three parts a tenants living quarters (Maltese: kerreja) in the former prison, a Government High School for Girls in the former courthouse^{[257] [258]} and the Gas Office in the former police office. The Malta and Mediterranean Company Limited terminated its operations with a parliamentary approval of the Gas Act of November 1952.^[259] The latter later served as the headquarters of the St. John Ambulance Association.

In 1894, the Malta Society of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (established in 1852) housed a temporary exhibition at the Castellania. The building was considered ideal to showcase the works of the society by local artisans. However, Gerald Strickland handed the artisans society another building in St John Street^[260] opposite St John's Co-Cathedral, the Palazzo Xara (destroyed in WWII)^[261] so that the Castellania can be vacated for a more permanent use.

• Expand section^[262]

Department and Ministry for Health

The building became the seat of the Chief Government Medical Officer in 1895. This took place on 10 April 1895, when Gerald Strickland transferred into the building the head office of the Public Health Department, which in 1937 combined them as the Medical and Health Department.^{[263] [264] [265]}

Between 1904 and 1906, the Malta Fever Commission (MFC) worked in the Castallania,^{[266] [267]} and on 14 June 1905 the physician Sir Themistocles Zammit discovered the cause behind the Mediterranean fever (known also by various names) while working there.^{[268] [269] [270]} The fever was first traced in Malta to British soldiers fighting against the French occupation of Malta.^[271]

In June 1904, during the experiments, Zammit learned that a Maltese family of five members became simultaneously ill after consuming fresh unpasteurized milk from goats.^{[272] [273]} He went on to purchase healthy goats and tested them,^[274] and at one point also kept them on the first floor of the Castellania (then known as the public health building or the variants). Zammit was successful in the discovery of the disease.^[275] David Bruce, who led the MFC, discouraged the experiments when proposed by Zammit. However, when the experiment concluded in the discovery, Bruce tried to discredit Zammit by taking the merit for himself.^[276] Information about the role of Zammit was kept low profile or ignored. The fever was renamed after Bruce, as brucellosis.^{[277] [278]} The MFC managed to find cure and ways to eradicate the fever,^[279] but had a hard time since there was lack of cooperation with sellers and consumers of milk; some dismissing or ignoring the finding.^[280] It was under control by 1938, with the enforcement of standard procedures of pasteurizing milk.^[281] However, slaughtering of infected animals continued throughout the 20th century and there was another rising challenge for the department in 1994 and 1995.^[282]

The laboratory on the Castellania's second floor, initially used by the Malta Fever Commission, was restored and converted into The Brucellosis Museum in 1980, and it is now open to the public by appointment.^[283]

During WWII, the Health Department dealt with several contagious illnesses attributed to the mass sharing of buildings and war shelters.^[284] The buildings close to the Castellania were hit by air bombings.^[285] The Castellania was damaged together with the next door Casa Dorell during one of the bombardments on 4 April 1942. The Castellania suffered damage on the side of the prison up to a fraction of the front façade.^[286]

Since the British period some of the prison cells were modified and converted into government offices, and currently still serve this purpose.^[287] Other parts of the Castellania's interior, including the chapel and one of the prison cells, were restored in the 1990s. The restored cell appears on the front cover of the book Kissing the Gallows: A Cultural History of Crime, Torture and Punishment in Malta, 1600–1798, authored by William Zammit.^{[288] [289]} There were further plans to restore the façade in the late 1990s, but nothing materialized.^{[290] [291]} The façade was again restored as part of a number of projects for Valletta 2018 – European Capital of Culture.^{[292] [293] [294] [295]} A detailed study for the restoration of the façade took place, which gave the way to call for a public tender, and work began in June 2017.^[296] Works were completed in January 2018, in time for Valletta's inauguration as European Capital of Culture.^[297] Some sculpture of the façade have weathered or broke off during the years but were faithfully reconstructed during the restoration.^[298]

The building appears in a late 19th century photo, when the section on St. John Street was used to house the gas office, as well as shops on Merchant's Street. The photo forms part of the Richard Ellis collection, a set of images named for the photographer.^[299] The building appears in an early 20th century photo, with the photograph named as Castellania (Old Court-House),^[300] and appears on a British period postcard. By the late 19th century, calesse drivers were required to register their vehicles at the Castellania and obtain number plates.^[301]

In the early 20th century, Maltese socialist Manwel Dimech was imprisoned at the Castellania, unbeknownst to the public or his family, until the Governor of Malta exiled Dimech to Sicily on 5 September 1914. Despite pleas from high-ranking British officials, Dimech was refused permission to return to Malta.^[302] A plaque in the whereabouts of the Victoria Gate, where Dimech passed under before boarding a ship to Italy, commemorates his exile.^[303] The exile of Dimech remains widely remembered in Malta.^[304]

The building housed Malta's Public Health Department (id-Dipartiment tas-Saħħa Pubblika)^[305] from 1921 to 1998.^{[306] [307]} As a consequence of the given Self-Government (1921–1934) a number of high-profile health decisions were taken.^{[308] [309]} It was later decided to house the Ministry for Health,^[310] which has been known by a number of names throughout the years.^[311] The Ministry has been operating at the Castellania, after moving out from Casa Leoni in Santa Venera, since 7 October 1998.^[312] Under the remit of the Health Ministry, there are now around 6,000 workers operating around the country.^[313]

The ground floor hosts a number of shops which were intended in the original design to generate employment. The rest of the building is not normally open to the public, except for some special occasions such as the Notte Bianca event.^[314] The Richmond Foundation in Malta has used the Notte Bianca opportunity to disperse information about psychiatric conditions by setting a stand at the Castellania.^[315]

Since the 1990s on the feast of Saint Luke, at the discretion and budget of the Ministry, a reception is held at the building were high ranking medical officials are invited for a gathering.^[316] On 10 November 1995, the participants of the Malta Lithium Symposium from 18 different nationalities were hosted at the Castellania by Minister for Social Development, Louis Galea, to meet with government employees of different ministries and departments.^[317] In 2007, Minister Austin Gatt suggested the establishment of a museum of Maltese legal and political history in the building, but to date this is yet to materialise.^[318]

The Castellania serves as an authority for the permission of burials and the selling of government owned burial sites. Related to the matter, on 19 December 2017, numerous people were given an appointment on the same day which resulted in a crowding at the customer care section at the former prison's courtyard of the Castellania. Most clients were told to leave premises after being given another appointment.^[319]

In December 2019, messages related to Government corruption in Malta and the death of Daphne Caruana Galizia were left attached to the door of the Castellania, together with symbolic coal on the doorstep.^[320]

Architecture

It is common for prestigious buildings in Valletta, such as the Castellania, to be used as government ministries.^[321] The Castellania is regarded as an iconic building in Maltese architecture.^{[322] [323]} It is a historical and architectural landmark in Valletta, a World Heritage Site city.^{[324] [325]} The highly decorated building differs from other nearby buildings, to an extent that may lack harmony in the street which is in.^[326]

Exterior

The Castellania is considered as the masterpiece of architecture projected by Grand Master Pinto,^[327] being the most original intact of secular High Baroque architecture^{[328] [329] [330]} and a relic of the early modern period, under the rule of the Order of St. John.^[331] It has an elaborate façade designed to be imposing,^[332] of similar proportions to an auberge,^[333] and it is a prominent building in the area.^{[334] [335]} It is two stories high,^[336] being built on three sides of proportionate courtyard in the centre. Another small courtyard is found at the backside, which is intended to give more natural light to the rear. Although the building has an asymmetrical plan, the main façade in Merchants street is symmetrical.^{[337] [338] [339]} The design prominently includes sumptuous edges, spread over the exterior.^[340]

The main façade includes a distinctive portal,^[341] with a jotting out symmetric triple concave,^[342] and clustered pilasters,^[343] of which features are typical of Sicilian Baroque. Above the portico is a cornice and an iron-railed balcony which opens into the former criminal hall. Similar to other courts in Malta, the balcony was purposely used to read to the present public the major verdicts and newly introduced bandi.^[344] Heraldic crescents from Pinto's coat of arms decorate the main portal, and a cartouche with the following inscription is found beneath the balcony.^{[345] [346]} It reads:^[347]

The balcony is topped by a niche consisting of allegorical figures of Justice and Truth,^{[348] [349]} as well as triumphal sculptures of a winged female figure and a putto. The latter sculptures represent fame.^[350] These sculptures are of high artistic value due to their symbolic details and fine work. Some parts of the sculptures, such as the scales held by Lady Justice, are now missing. The figures were designed to appear as being in style of movement and with dynamics.^[351]

The empty spaces between these figures contained Pinto's bust and coat of arms, but they were removed during the French occupation of Malta or in the early 19th century.^[352] It is not known how the bust of Pinto looked like, however it may have been either sculpted similar to the bust on the façade of Auberge de Castille or an original work. In either case it was probably made of bronze, and stood on a marble plinth which is still there. Similar to other busts of the time, it may have been the work of Jacques Saly.^[353] The triumphal figures are similar to those found on the 17th century funerary monument of Nicolas Cotoner sculpted by Domenico Guidi, but it is unknown who worked on the replica of the Castellania.^[354] A prominent continuous cornice runs along the building at roof level which is only interrupted by the central decorations.

The ground floor in Merchants Street was designed so as to house eight shops,^[355] four on each side of the main doorway. This lower façade is divided into eight bays, one for each shop, whereas it contrasts with the upper façade as it has no division between windows apart from the central decoration.^[356] Each shop has an interconnected room above, reached by an individual spiral staircase, which space was intended as a home for the owners. These rooms above the shops have a window each, forming eight square windows on the façade, one above each entrance of a shop. The windows are decorated with the symbolic crescents of Pinto. At one point, the space of one of the shops was converted to become accessible from the main building to be used as offices for the Ministry for Health.^[357] On the same street, the first floor has the same number of windows however are larger and with conspicuous window frames.^[358] Some of the hood moulds of the window moldings were chipped over the years^[359] until their renovation in 2018.

The side façade along St. John's Street is not as ornate as the main façade, and it contains a set of wooden and open balconies. The entrance to the Castellania's prison cells is located in the side façade. A number of shops are also found in this street, with differentiated elevation.^[360]

The building's corner between Merchants and St. John's streets contains a prominent niche-like corner with a cylindrical pedestal at the bottom which is about 3m (10feet) high. This originally served as a pillory,^[361] where prisoners would stand on it one at a time, and publicly humiliated. This also served as public entertainment, where anyone interested was allowed to throw foodstuff at the condemned such as throwing tomatoes and eggs.^[362] More serious offenders were whipped^[363] or tortured using the corda at this pillory. The corda was a rope tide to a wooden beam above the pillory and the other end used to tie the hands of the condemned who was lifted for torture.^[364] According to Eric Brockman, slaves were those often exposed to public whipping at the corner.^[365] However anybody was subject to the ill treatment, generally those who committed repeated offenses.^[366]

Torture remained a means to obtain information, including forced confession, by the civil courts throughout most of the eighteenth century despite it was opposed by the Bishop and by the Inquisitor. The Castellania made provisions to limit torture with the Code de Rohan when subjects were not to be tormented more than an hour.^[367] Word of mouth has it that an individual would have his debt paid when a third person or group would offer to pay it off if the bankrupt person undergoes the corda, serving as public entertainment. Those condemned to death often were subjected to endure torture and later hanged outside Valletta, in the whereabouts of the Bastion of St. Jacob.^{[368] [369]} According to, the historian of the Order, amid the last three days of the Maltese carnival the locals used to recite a Roman tradition at the Castellany by dangling a stone above the pillory (instead of a human) and hit it which symbolised a temporal halt of punishment during those days.^{[370] [371] [372]}

A bent iron bar in the form of a hook is affixed into the wall of the Castellania, close to the pillory.^{[373] [374]} According to tradition, the hook might have been used to lift the largest bell of the nearby Saint John's Co-Cathedral, but this is now regarded as unlikely.^[375] The hook was most probably used to secure prisoners to the Castellania's pillory.^{[376] [377] [378]} At the end of the rule of the Order of St John, Stefano Ittar drew a sketch of the building as it was at the time.^{[379] [380]} In 1803, Horatio Nelson allegedly passed through the hook in a dare, and the hook became known as Nelson's Hook after the Battle of Trafalgar.^[381] It became a tradition for Royal Navy sailors to bet and buy drinks for shipmates who managed to pass through the hook.^[382] Junior officers allegedly had a good chance of promotion if they passed through the hook.^{[383] [384]} Brockman further claims that the hook was used to lift a cage at the pillory, with a person condemned to stay inside for public ridicule, allegedly another type of public degradation. The hook by itself is a sought after landmark; it is often found marked on modern contemporary maps and included on tourists booklets.^[385]

Interior

The interior of the Castellania contains offices, court halls, a chapel and prison cells. A large allegorical statue representing Lady Justice or Astraea wearing a blindfold and holding weighing scales stands at the staircase which lead to the former courtrooms. The statue stands on a pedestal, and its sculptor is unknown.^[386] The staircase is grandiose on its own.^[387]

The most decorated room in the building is the Sala Nobile (Noble Hall) on the first floor, which was originally a courthall,^[388] and which is now used as a meeting room.^[389] Here the judge and the nominated College of Advocates sat on a bench, which itself was a platform, wearing typical silk gown clothing of the period. The advocates on the bench were nominated and removed at the discretion of the Grand Master. When Malta was a British colony a similar short lived system was adopted, on 14 August 1832, known as the King's Counsel. The bench consisted of the Advocates of the King, and survived seven years.^[390] This room has coats-of-arms of the Castellani depicted on the upper side of the walls. There are 105 coats-of-arms, belonging to the Castellani from 1609 to the last in 1798, after which the position was abolished.^[391] In 1970 a copy of a painting by Mattia Preti, portraying two Saints of Health Cosmas and Damian, was transferred from St Luke's Hospital chapel to the hall at the Castellania.^[392]

An inscription, found on a cartouche, above the main door of the hall reads:^[393]

The chapel was dedicated to Our Lady of Sorrows (also called the Madonna di Pietà or Mater Dolorosa).^[394] After being deconsecrated in the late 19th century, the room was used for other purposes, and only the limestone frame, where used to be the titular painting^[395] which was retrieved during restoration works in 1991,^[396] still remains from the chapel's original interior. An ornate fountain is located at the building's main courtyard,^[397] above which is a niche with a statue and above it an elaborate sculpture of the coat-of-arms of Pinto.^[398] Similar to the fountain of the first Castellania on site, it was supplied by water from the aqueduct.

A number of prison cells are found in the Castellania. The cells close to the court rooms hosted new cases and also those awaiting execution.^[399] Several other cells are located at the rear of the building, and they are surrounded by a courtyard. These cells generally housed inmates who had to serve a short sentence of less than eight days,^[400] usually due to unpaid rent or accumulated debts. Other convicts were those who refused to bake bread in Valletta which were jailed for a roughly a week^{[401] [402]} and those found guilty of stealing to eat despite their social situation which were imprisoned up to three months.^[403] Women in Malta were commonly arrested for the latter and other offenses;^[404] in a 1776 criminal court case against Margerita Crocco who supposedly stole a hen and which she claimed to have found it outside her home was not found credible in her versions of events due to her suffering hunger and was sentenced to three months in the prison of the same courthouse.^[405] In some cases, individuals were imprisoned for not observing religious norms, such as eating meat on prohibited days. Prisoners with longer sentences were usually sent to other prisons, usually the Gran Prigione, and if in physical capability were subject to be sent to the galleys. Medical physicians were requested to visit the inmates in the prison when needed for multiple reasons related to their health and examinations. There were attempts to re-criminalize gambling during the late magistracy of Pinto as such activity led to undesirable financial consequences to participants but the widespread practice was instead strictly regulated, on fears that if banned it may be of benefit to the underground community.^[406]

The minor inmates at the Castellania were the ones who took care of the general maintenance, cleaning and repair works of the building, while guards were responsible for the allocation of tasks and observing their performance.^[407] Some historical graffiti made by prisoners can be found at the courtyard of the prison.^[408] Significant graffiti are also found in one of the most secure cells upstairs.^[409] At the underground are the dungeons,^[410] which are described as an unpleasant place to stay.^[411] By the early 19th century, arrested females awaiting a court decision started to be sent to the women's prison at Corradino (now a police station) rather than accommodated at the Castellania.^[412]

The building has a direct passage to a WWII air-raid shelter from a small room at the small courtyard, which was excavated in the early 20th century.^[413]

Architecture and cultural heritage

The building was included on the Antiquities List of 1925, as La Castellania.^{[414] [415]} It has been a Grade 1 scheduled property since 1992, and it is listed on the National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands.^{[416] [417]} The court documents, of the Magna Curia Castellania (MCC), are now stored and conserved at the Banca Giuratale in Mdina.^{[418] [419]} The documents form part of the National Archives of Malta and are used by historians as primary sources to research about Malta during the knights of St. John.^{[420] [421] [422]} The archives of the Acta Originalia of the Magna Curia Castellania (AOM) include 1,411 volumes, dating from the early years of the rule of the knights.^[423]

Legacy

The building was colloquially referred to in Maltese as il-Kistlanija^{[424] [425]} (also il-Klistanija,^[426] read as yl Klystlani'a).^[427] It inspired the saying għandu wiċċ l-għatba tal-Kistlanija, which is translated as "he has the face of the Castellania's doorstep".^[428] This referred to a shameless person showing few or no expressions.^{[429] [430] [431]} The expression Castellania's doorstep was also used to imply equality in the application of law.^[432]

Commemorative coins

La Castellania was depicted on two commemorative coins minted in 2009 by the Central Bank of Malta.^{[433] [434] [435] [436]} The coins show part of the building's façade on the reverse and the coat of arms of Malta on the obverse.^{[437] [438] [439] [440]}

See also

• Diritto Municipale^[441]

Bibliography

• Buttigieg. Emanuel. 2010. Family life and neighbourliness in Malta (c.1640- c.1760): Some preliminary observations based on evidence from the Magna Curia Castellanire. Arkivju: Journal of the National Archives of Malta and the Friends of the National Archives of Malta . 1. 51. 892395497. 2219-9888.
• Book: Cassar. Paul. The Castellania Palace: From Law Courts to Guardian of the Nation's Health. 1988. Department of Information. Malta. https://web.archive.org/web/20200525200150/https://maltaonlinebookshop.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/castellania-palace.jpg. 25 May 2020. 223304919.

Further reading

• Exhibitions: Mario Agius, Kevin Attard, Mlt Impressions, Social Policy Ministry
• Journal of Baroque Studies. Mevrick. Spiteri. Daniel. Borg. 2015. Frans Ciappara. The formation of the architect-engineer, perito and agrimensore, and their regulation by the Order of St John in eighteenth-century Malta. 1. 3. 2520-7016. 9789995704827. 891207592. 22 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180323031159/https://www.um.edu.mt/iibs/journal/2015. 23 March 2018.
• News: Lynch. Bernard. 12 August 2017. Deputy Prime Minister Chris Fearne in talks with Japanese Parliamentary delegation. Live News Malta. https://web.archive.org/web/20180319230629/http://www.livenewsmalta.com/index.php/2017/08/12/deputy-prime-minister-chris-fearne-in-talks-with-japanese-parliamentary-delegation/. 19 March 2018.
• State of Conservation Report – Parliament of Malta
• Book: Hardman. William. John Holland Rose. 1909. A History of Malta during the period of the French and British Occupations 1798–1815. Longmans, Green, and co.. London. 555. https://archive.org/stream/historyofmaltadu00hard/historyofmaltadu00hard_djvu.txt. 24 September 2008. 978-1-78331-281-8. 248600653.
• Web site: Lanfranco. Guido. Frank L. Scicluna. Crime Doesn't Pay. Building Virtual Bridges. https://web.archive.org/web/20180107213334/http://www.geocities.ws/frans311/crime.html. 7 January 2018.
• Book: Eton, William. 1802. Authentic materials for a history of the principality of Malta. Oxford University. 153.
• Medical History. Cassar. Paul. April 1977. An eighteenth-century bill of health of the Order of St. John From Malta. 21. 2. 182–186. 325307. 1081949. 10.1017/S0025727300037704. https://web.archive.org/web/20180102012302/http://open-repository.kisti.re.kr/cube/bitstream/open_repository/365954/6/medhist00107-0069.txt. 2 January 2018.
• Malta Letteraria. 1935. Assegna mensile di lettere, scienze ed arti. 956075294. 306.
• Guida d'Italia del T.C.I. 1937. Sicilia. it. 213804095. 504.
• Development of Laws of the Castellania
• The Corps Disease: Brucellosis and Its Historical Association with the Royal Army Medical Corps. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps . 1992. 138. 3. 140–150. Vassallo. D. J.. https://web.archive.org/web/20171223043726/http://maltaramc.com/imggen/brucellosis.pdf. 23 December 2017. 10.1136/jramc-138-03-09. 1453384 . 41069698 .
• Use of medical practitioners The Journal of the Malta College of Family Doctors. Bugeja. Anton. August 2012. Documentary sources for the history of the Maltese general practitioner. https://web.archive.org/web/20171217215015/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281859657_Documentary_sources_for_the_history_of_the_Maltese_general_practitioner. 17 December 2017. 1. 1. 27.
• Harsh, Admiralty C., Punish
• Courts abolition during French occupation
• News: Zammit. Melvic. 9 May 2017. Cruel Capital Punishment During Era of Knights of St John. Television Malta. https://web.archive.org/web/20170821192948/http://www.tvm.com.mt/en/news/cruel-capital-punishment-during-era-of-knights-of-st-john/. 21 August 2017.
• Reforms, Guide, Description, Murder in Malta, tribunaux de paix
• Croce Bonaci (Gas Office), 24D, St John Street, Valletta.Malta Handbook, The Malta Year Book
• Anastasi Panini, 19 Merchants Street: Book: Labourdette. Jean-Paul. Massoud. Nelly. 2009. Petit Futé Malte. Nouvelles Editions de l'Université. fr. 143. 9782746923416. ; Book: Auzias. Dominique. Labourdette. Jean-Paul. 2011. Malte 2011–2012. Petit Futé. fr. 142. 9782746930124. . News: 18 December 2017. Shop owners fume as crane blocks street: Christmas shoppers forced to avoid the corner. Times of Malta. https://web.archive.org/web/20171218160708/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20171218/local/shop-owners-fume-as-crane-blocks-street.665931. 18 December 2017.
• Richard Buhagiar Ltd/Richard Buhagiar Boutique Est 1890, 26 St John Street: Comercio, Industria y Navegacion. 1973. 67. Comercio, industria y navegacion . Camara Oficial de Comercio, Industria y Navegacion de la Region Valenciana. Valencia. es. 40. 6697486. ; Trado Asian & African Directory. 1985. Trado Asian African Directory of Exporters, Importers, and Manufacturers. 286. 1770950. ; Trade Directory of Malta. 1965. The Diplomatic Press trade directory of Malta: including classified trade index. 66, 67, 82. 1. 5204638. 0082-5697.
• Photo of officer passing through "promotion hook" discussed in Book: Bonnici. Joseph. Cassar . Michael. 1999. A Century of the Royal Navy at Malta. BDL Publishers. 9789999008662. Also it was moved to present site after rebuilding
• Ischia, Berlina, Collezione di bandi, prammatiche ed altri avvisi ufficiali dal 17 luglio 1784 al 4 ottobre 1813, prison. Proclami, notificazioni ed altri avvisi ufficiali, pubblicati dal governo dell'isola di Malta. Dalli 5 ottobre 1813 (alli 31 decembre 1835)., foro/fontana, activities, ? https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102413/http://www.santandrijalija.com/files/lijasandbk2013.pdf, Catellano, French
• Web site: 14 June 2014. Pospost ix-xoghol ta' restawr f'Palazzo Castellania. 1938. Department of Information (DOI) . mt. https://web.archive.org/web/20170809222454/http://www.doi-archived.gov.mt/EN/press_releases/1996/11/pr1938.asp. 9 August 2017.
• News: Castillo. Ruth. 7 August 2017. Restoration work starts on Palazzo Castellania in Valletta. TVM. https://web.archive.org/web/20170809210809/http://www.tvm.com.mt/en/news/restoration-work-starts-palazzo-castellania-valletta/. 9 August 2017. News: Castillo. Ruth. 7 August 2017. Jibda r-restawr ta' Palazzo Castellania fil-Belt li llum jintuża għall-Ministeru tas-Saħħa. TVM. mt. https://web.archive.org/web/20170809211013/http://www.tvm.com.mt/mt/news/jibda-r-restawr-ta-palazzo-castellania-fil-belt-li-llum-jintuza-ghall-ministeru-tas-sahha/. 9 August 2017.
• Book: Vella, Godwin. 2016. Valletta 1566: Melita Renascens. Heritage Malta. 68–73. 9789993257387. Codice Rohan p. 68 – Bandi during the French and British periods p. 69 – Castellania established to regulate order/civil law, in 1840 started to move to auberge, (exhibition of a judge) clothing of early 19th century p. 73.
• Façade symbolic light also, also, John Soane, Auctions, façade panels and upper windows frames
• Vice-Admiralty Court and law system Book: Barry. Hough. Howard. Davis. 2010. Coleridge's Laws: A Study of Coleridge in Malta. Coleridge's Malta. http://books.openedition.org/obp/385. Open Books Publishers. 50–106. 978-1-906924-13-3. https://web.archive.org/web/20170730155123/http://books.openedition.org/obp/385. 30 July 2017.
• The Coleridge Bulletin. Barry. Hough. Howard. Davis. 2008. Coleridge as Public Secretary in Malta: the Surviving Archives. 31. 90–101. https://web.archive.org/web/20160316011325/http://www.friendsofcoleridge.com/MembersOnly/CB31/CB31Hough.pdf. 16 March 2016.
• Hyphen. Cassar. Paul. 20 March 1980. The First Documented Case of Drug Addiction in Malta – Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 3. 2. 52–61. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801172606/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/handle/123456789/20460/First%20Documented%20Case%20of%20Drug%20Addiction%20in%20Malta%20-%20Samuel%20Taylor%20Coleridge.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=n. 1 August 2017.
• Tribunale degli Armamenti (Admiralty Court)
• Balcony details, incl. Carrara marble curtain. Web site: Azzopardi. Joe. October 2008. Traditional Maltese Balconies. Federation of Maltese Language Schools. https://web.archive.org/web/20170709030548/https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/the-maltese-balcony/. 9 July 2017.
• Pirates in the Early British Era: The Malta Connections
• Valletta map with first Castellania: Book: Mercieca, Simon. 2016. The Knights of St. John in Malta. 978-999-57-52-545. 62.
• Malta Game Fund, p. 75, The Voice of the Maltese, TV appearance
• Health department, Inventories, Castellan info, Zammit info, Castellania auctions Gran Visconte duty
• Pharmacists and Politics in Malta in the 18th and 19th Centuries+ Raccolta di varie cose antiche e moderne utili ed interessanti riguardanti Malta e Gozo+ Reassessing the September 1775 Rebellion: a Case of Lay Participation or a 'Rising of the Priests'?
• Brass knockers on main door, 1770 incident. p. 22.
• Book: Ciappara, Frans. 2001. Society and the Inquisition in Early Modern Malta. Publishers Enterprises Group (PEG). 509. 978-99909-0-273-0.
• News: Tonna. Joseph A.. 1970. The evolution of palace architecture: Valletta and Mdina. Atti del XV Congresso di Storia dell'Architettura / Centro di Studi per la Storia dell'Architettura. Malta. 401–412. 888369154.
• L-Imnara. Lanfranco. G.. 1983. Ir-Rozarjati (Confraternity of the Rosary Valletta). 2. 2. 51. https://web.archive.org/web/20160417172231/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/L-Imnara/L-Imnara.%2002%281983%292%3D7/22s.pdf. 17 April 2016.
• Book: Bonello, Giovanni. Giovanni Bonello. 2003. Histories of Malta. 4. Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti. 122. 978-99932-10-27-6.
• The Magna Curia Castellania. Melitensia. Spring 2012. 5. https://web.archive.org/web/20160402121849/http://www.hmml.org/uploads/2/1/6/0/21603598/melitensia_spring_2012.pdf. 2 April 2016.
• Web site: De Lucca. Denis. 2005. The Architecture of Valletta. Studio Valletta Brochure. 46. https://web.archive.org/web/20170226145639/http://www.kolleg.loel.hs-anhalt.de/studiengaenge/mla/mla_fl/studio/2005valletta/pdf/broshure/43delucca.pdf. 26 February 2017.
• Web site: De Lucca. Denis. 2000. Some unexplored Baroque Vernacular Interactions in Maltese Village Environments. Alpe Adria: Ljudska Arhitektura. https://web.archive.org/web/20010430193621/http://www2.arnes.si/aa/2000/lucc00cl.html. 30 April 2001.
• Demand for reform by the Maltese after the French period
• Cauchi. Stanley. Ghaqda Armar San Bastjan AD 1984: Kummissjoni Zghazagh Bastjanizi AD 1991. 2007. L-Istemma Alardika tal-Granmastru Pinto ma' Bini Importanti f'Malta. mt. 3. 63. https://web.archive.org/web/20170225173949/http://www.armarsansebastjan.org/?wpfb_dl=3. 25 February 2017.
• News: Boffa. Christa. 28 June 2015. Minn Qorti fi zmien il-Kavallieri, sal-Ministeru tas-Saħħa – Palazz Castellania. Illum. mt. 23. 454. https://web.archive.org/web/20170225163512/http://maltatoday.uberflip.com/i/534051-illum-28-june-2015/21. 25 February 2017.
• A drawing of Valletta in 1663, including the first Castellania – marked as "22. Albergo di Alemagna e Castellania doue si tiene giustitia / 23. Casa dellIll.mo Castellano et altri"Read also, p. 147
• Ghirxi. F.. 1983. Mal-Medda Taz-zmien. Il-Klistanija / u t-Triq tal-Ganc (11/12). mt. https://web.archive.org/web/20140331050216/http://mhs.eu.pn/mh2/19839.html. 2014-03-31.
• Also known as klistanija. Prison closed after 7 December 1853. News: In-Nazzjon. 16 January 1999. Il-Piena Kapitali. mt. https://web.archive.org/web/20170221123719/http://staff.um.edu.mt/mros1/ftp/maltilex/corpus/nazzjon/n160199d.txt. 21 February 2017.
• Book: Cassar, Kevin. Palatial Buildings of Valletta – A History of Auberge d'Italie, the Auberge de Castille and the Castellania.
• French Judiciary at the end of the Order, French law did not last long to root and British Protectorate 1801–1813. p. 405.
• Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport and some refurbishment, conference, Code de Rohanlasted until British period
• Book: Caruana-Dingli. Noël. Aquilina. Anthony. 2001. La langue française à Malte 1798–1800. https://books.google.com/books?id=HjhQ-LTpD_0C&pg=PA55. Changements politiques et statut des langues: histoire et épistémologie 1780–1945. Marie-Christine Kok-Escalle. Francine Melka. fr. Rodopi. 53–70. 978-90-420-1375-9.
• Epoca Gallica. French occupation and other info
• Militia disbanded in 1802 but restored in 1852. Militia 1852–1857
• The lab was actually a floor below the museum – photo showing lab with next door room
• March 1820, Valletta, Castellania (Fiction story with some description).
• Information and Book: Brown, Robert. 1891. The Picturesque Mediterranean. Malta. https://www.forgottenbooks.com/en/download/The_Picturesque_Mediterranean_Its_Cities_Shores_and_Islands_v2_1000265522.pdf. 2. Cassell. from University of California. 48.
• Ministry of Social PolicyOther
• The Castellania was a court and tribunal. Several missing information to be added with better sourcesexampleandthisthisthispay tax
• Consolato del Mare and Chamber of Commerce at the Castellania. Book: Mifsud, A.. 1914. Knights Hospitallers of the Ven. Tongue of England in Malta. 279. 26 February 2015. https://archive.org/details/KnightsHospitallersOfTheVenerable. 978-0-404-17009-7. Malta Herald Print. Off.. Valletta.
• Vice-Admiralty CourtDiritto MunicipalesimilarGran Visconte
• Book: Luke, Harry. 1960. Harrap. Malta: An Account and an Appreciation. University of Michigan. 67.
• Street of the Castellania. Book: Bonello, Giovanni. Histories of Malta. 1. Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti. 2000. 978-99932-10-01-6. 40.
• Book: Badger, George Percy. 1869. Historical Guide to Malta and Gozo. Castellania building.. Calleja. 220–221.
• Palazzo della Castellania. Web site: Muscat. Noel. Fra Diego Bonanno OFM (1831–1902): L'umile frate che Malta ha amato. 2006. Malta. Publishers Enterprises Group (P.E.G). https://web.archive.org/web/20161219210438/http://i-tau.com/franstudies/articles/Fra%20Diego%20Bonanno%20copy.pdf. 19 December 2016.
• Gran-Corte della Castellania. Book: Mallia, Giovanni. Del diritto municipale di Malta nuova compilazione con diverse altre costituzioni. 1784. Nella Stamperia del Palazzo di S.A.E. per Fra Gio. Mallia Suo Stamp, 1784.
• Gran Corte della Castellania. Book: Collezione di bandi, prammatiche ed altri avvisi ufficiali dal 17 luglio 1784 al 4 ottobre 1813. Stamperia del Governo. Malta. 1840. 1–186.
• The Palazzo Municipale, designed by Romano Carapecchia, was inspirational for the building of the new Castellania. Book: De Lucca, Denis. 1999. Carapecchia: Master of Baroque Architecture in Early Eighteenth Century Malta. Midsea Books. 128, 140. 978-99909-93-00-4.
• Admiralty Court, and Cochrane.Book: Gregory, Desmond. 1996. Malta, Britain, and the European Powers, 1793–1815. Malta as. British Naval Base. https://books.google.com/books?id=zSWuCsxS1QcC&pg=PA262. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 256–264. 978-0-8386-3590-2. Book: Cochrane Dundonald, Thomas. 1860. The Authobibliography of a Seaman. Visit to the Admiralty Court at Malta. https://books.google.com/books?id=g3MOAAAAYAAJ&q=Admiralty+Court. 2. R. Bentley. London. 166–180. https://archive.org/details/autobiographyas00ofgoog. 12 December 2009. 978-0-09-475180-4. 832824785. . More info. Further info.
• Secretary for Health moved in from Casa Leoni in 1998some infoAnton Butigieg
• History of the Statue of Justice according to Giovanni Bonello. Book: Attard, David Joseph. The Maltese Legal System: Volume 1. 2. Malta University Press. 2013. 422–423. 978-99909-45-74-4. 864123423.
• Cassar. Paul. June 1979. Four Bills of Health issued from Malta by the Order of St John. Journal of Hygiene. 3862289. 82. 3. 419–423. 10.1017/s0022172400053948. 2130082. 376696.
• Cassar. Paul. Further Bills of Health from Malta: 1576–1806. 1993. Maltese Medical Journal. 5. 1. 37–43.
• Graffiti at Castellania prison courtyrad. Book: The Xprunara. Publikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. 2000. 1–44. 978-99909-41-93-7. 53083931.
• Book: Knox, Thomas Wallace. The boy travellers in southern Europe: adventures of two youths in a journey through Italy, southern France, and Spain, with visits to Gibraltar and the islands of Sicily and Malta. 1983. Harper & Brothers. New York City, Franklin Square. 415, 416. "Relic of the knights", prison life and torture.
• Book: The picturesque Mediterranean, its cities, shores, and islands, with illustrations on wood by J. MacWhirter, A.R.A., J. Fulleylove, R.I., J. O'Connor, R.I., W. Simpson, R.I., W.H.J. Boot, S.B.A., C. Wyllie, E.T. Compton and others. 1890. New York Cassell Publishing Company. 48. Book gives details of the strappado, excludes the use of the iron bar or hook, but mentions the use of the window above the pilllory.
• Book: Testa. Carmel. The Life and Times of Grand Master Pinto, 1741–1773. 1989. Midsea Books. Malta. 978-99909-93-20-2.
• Book: Zammit, Themistocles. Swear to Tell the Truth. Malta Calling. 1942. Practical Press Limited. University of California. 31. https://books.google.com/books?id=LLc-AAAAIAAJ&q=kistlanija.
• Book: Buhagiar. Mario. Essays on the Knights and Art and Architecture in Malta, 1500–1798. 2009. Midsea Books. Malta. 978-99932-7-246-5. 382398263.
• Book: Haslam. Sylvia Mary. Borg. Joseph. The River Valleys of the Maltese Islands: Environment and Human Impact. Islands and Small States Institute of the Foundation for International Studies. 1998. 978-99909-49-06-3. 161. 30424595.
• Muscat . Joseph . 1997 . Graffiti on the exterior walls of St Paul's Shipwreck church Wied il-Qliegħa Mosta . https://web.archive.org/web/20140421182030/http://mhs.eu.pn/mh3/19976.html . 2014-04-21 . Melita Historica . 12 . 2. 179–194 .
• Muscat, Joseph; Cassar, Joanne (1994). The Gozo Prisons Graffiti. Melitensia. p. 246.
• Borg, Charmaine (20 November 2015). Palazzo Castellania. Scribd. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016.
• Scicluna, Sandra (2004). The Prison in Malta: 1850–1870 and 1931–1951 . PhD dissertation. University of Leicester. Harvard. Prison was closed in 1850. "Debtors' Prison" transferred to Gran Prigione. p. 60.
• THE SESSIONAL PAPERS PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS, OR PRESENTED BY ROYAL COMMAND IN THE SESSION 1839 VOL. VII. Oxford University. 1839. pp. 63–65 (Accounts and Papers: Affairs of the Island of Malta. pp. 317–506).
• Gas Office and other legacies. Il-Malti. Zammit. Themistocles. Themistocles Zammit. 1928. 4. 2. mt. Il-Belt (Valletta). 2. https://web.archive.org/web/20160417234107/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Il-Malti/Il-Malti.%20004%281928%292/01.pdf. 17 April 2016. 35. .
• School financial support, at the Castellania.
• Portrait of Caterina Scappi. Book: Hoe, Susanna. Malta: Women, History, Books and Places. 2016. http://www.holobooks.co.uk/MaltaItineraryChapter17.pdf. Valletta. 370. Oxford. Women's History Press (a division of Holo Books). 931704918. 10 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161010130128/http://www.holobooks.co.uk/MaltaItineraryChapter17.pdf. 978-0-9572153-5-1.
• Web site: Savona-Ventura. Charles. Museum. 17 April 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20161012000543/https://www.um.edu.mt/umms/museum. 12 October 2016. University of Malta.
• Le Guide di OBIMED (Out of the Blue – Isles in the MEDiterranean) on the Path of the Knights of Malta . p. 62.
• Web site: Bonello. Giovanni. Giovanni Bonello. 2007. Notes for a History of the Judiciary at the Time of the Order. judiciarymalta.gov.mt. 20–21. See also
• Imp comment and cavalletto squarciapalle.this too.Judge Combo. Code de Rohan criticismoriginally from this source

External links

• List of official documents, including those related to the Castellania
• Palazzo Castellania by Chris Fearne (Deputy Prime Minister of Malta)

Notes and References

1. Book: Savona-Ventura. Charles. Contemporary Medicine in Malta [1798–1979]]. 2005. P.E.G. Ltd.. Malta. 61. 978-1-326-64899-2. 983340528.
2. Book: Degiorgio. Stephen. de Favray. Antoine. Fiorentino. Emmanuel. Antoine Favray (1706–1798): a French artist in Rome, Malta and Constantinople. Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti. 2004. 20. 978-99932-10-25-2.
3. Book: Vella, Andrew P.. The Tribunal of the Inquisition in Malta. Royal University of Malta. 1964. Valletta. 1. 18. 10949991.
4. Book: Cumbo, Francesco. 1841. Diritto municipale di Malta. Libro Primo: Del tribunale della Gran Corte della Castellania. https://books.google.com/books?id=nr0SalLDZ4sC&pg=PA455. 1. it. 2. from the Library of Modern and Contemporary History. Rome.
5. Book: Rogadei, Giovanni Donato. 1783. Ragionamenti del cavaliere Giandonato Rogadeo sul regolamento della giustizia, e sulle pene. it. from the Library of Modern and Contemporary History, Rome. 7.
6. Book: Luttrell, Anthony. 1992. The Hospitallers of Rhodes and Their Mediterranean World. Ashgate Publishing Company. 123. 978-0-86078-307-7.
7. Book: Azzopardi. John. Buhagiar. Mario. 1989. The Order's early legacy in Malta: the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta. Said International. 5. 978-1-871684-30-8. 29389204.
8. 1958. Il Diritto Ecclesiastico. Il Diritto ecclesiastico . A. Giuffrè. it. Milano. 496–499. 5439489.
9. Book: Lory, Marie. 2004. Malte. Karthala. fr. 51. 978-2-84586-579-2.
10. Book: Abela, Joan. Sailor's Legal Rights in a Mediterranean Hub: The Case of Malta . Maria Fusaro . Bernard Allaire . Richard J. Blakemore . Tijl Vanneste. 2015. Law, Labour, and Empire: Comparative Perspectives on Seafarers, c. 1500–1800. https://books.google.com/books?id=jZkMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT58. Springer. 978-1-137-44746-3. 10.1057/9781137447463_4. 61–78.
11. Book: Benvenuto, Giovanne Andrea. 1724. Leggi e costituzioni prammaticali. Rinuovate dal signor fra d. A.M. de Vilhena. from Oxford University. it. 192.
12. Book: Munro, Dane. 2005. Memento Mori. M. J. Publications. 2. 54. https://web.archive.org/web/20170701030323/http://www.owenwebhosting.com/owd/photocity/mjpublishers/other/textpg54.pdf. 1 July 2017. 9789993290117. 59140339.
13. Book: Moore, George W.. 1977. Studies in Speleology. Speleology the Study of Caves. 3. 31. 0585-718X. 978-0-939748-00-6. 1996300.
14. Book: Statutes of Antonio Manoel de Vilhena. Antonio Manoel de Vilhena. 1724. Leggi e costituzioni prammaticali. Rinuovate dal signor fra d. A.M. de Vilhena. De Dritti De' Publici Notari. https://books.google.com/books?id=7ckNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA192. Giovanne Andrea Benvenuta. 192.
15. Book: Abela, Joan. 2018. Hospitaller Malta and the Mediterranean Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New Institutions and Laws 1530–65. Boydell & Brewer. 17–65. 10.7722/j.ctt1wx91d1. 978-1-78744-180-4. 1021173622.
16. News: Boffa. Christa. Palazz Castellania: Minn Qorti tal-Kavallieri, sal-Ministeru tas-Saħħa. Illum. 8 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160730125955/http://www.illum.com.mt/ahbarijiet/socjali/42432/palazz_castellania. 30 July 2016. mt.
17. L-Imnara. Serracino. Joseph. 2013. Id-Drawwa tat-Tiġrijiet tad-Dgħajjes fil-Port il-Kbir. 10. 3:37. 58–65. mt. https://web.archive.org/web/20190322181214/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/handle/123456789/39455/L-Imnara%2520v.%252010(2).PDF?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. 2019-03-22.
18. Book: Barz, Wolf-Dieter. Das Wesen des Malteserordens und die Person des Christian von Osterhausen: eine Einführung für das Lehrbuch Osterhausens von 1644 zum Recht dieses Ordens, Part 1. 1995. LIT Verlag Münster. de. 45. 978-3-8258-2119-7. 977682011.
19. Book: Dauber. Robert L.. Galea. Michael. 2006. Austria. Austrian Knights of Malta: Relations Malta-Austria, 1530–1798. Publishers Enterprises Group (PEG). 99. 978-99909-0-451-2.
20. Book: Zeitschrift des Breisgau-Geschichtsvereins Schauinsland. Breisgau-Geschichtsverein Schauinsland. 2000. de. 119. Baden. 73. 6825162.
21. Book: Luke, Harry. 1949. Malta: An Account and an Appreciation. Harrap. 77.
22. Book: Örücü. E.. Attwool. Elspeth. Coyle. Sean. 1996. Studies in Legal Systems: Mixed and Mixing. Kluwer Law International. 226. 978-90-411-0906-4. 848795783.
23. Web site: Press release issued by the National Archives of Malta: Completion of the digitisation of the magnia curia castellaniae. National Archives of Malta. 5 August 2015. 151786. https://web.archive.org/web/20170101122204/https://gov.mt/en/Government/Press%20Releases/Pages/2015/August/05/pr151786.aspx. 1 January 2017.
24. Book: Guadalupi, Gianni. Antichi Stati. 14. 1997. Isola di Malta (1700–1798). it. 46. 9788821603792. 468728948.
25. Book: Barz, Wolf-Dieter. Das Wesen des Malteserordens und die Person des Christian von Osterhausen: eine Einführung für das Lehrbuch Osterhausens von 1644 zum Recht dieses Ordens, Part 1. 1995. LIT Verlag Münster. de. 207. 978-3-8258-2119-7.
26. Thesaurus Antiquitatum et Historiarum Siliciae. 15. 1. Joannes Georgius Graevius. Abela. Commentator. 1725. Melita Illustrata. la. 15.
27. Book: Ciantar. Giovannantonio. Malta Illustrata. 1780. Malta. 90. it. Mallia. 314366997.
28. Book: Harding, Hugh W.. 1968. Maltese Legal History Under British Rule (1801–1836). Progress Press. Valletta. 52–53. 67901824. B0006EANM0.
29. Book: Buttigieg. Emanuel. Phillips. Simon. 2016. Islands and Military Orders, C.1291-c.1798. Routledge. 67. 978-1-317-11197-9.
30. Book: Melita Historica. Bugeja. Gerald. Zammit. William. 2004. Il Naufragio di San Paolo in Malta osia la conversione di San Publio e dell'Isola, opera morale 1748: A Maltese eighteenth-century play by Vittorio Gristi. 14. 1. 125. https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165729/http://maltahistory.eu5.net/mh3/20049.html. 28 December 2017. 978-99909-0-383-6.
31. News: National Archives of Malta announce completion of the digitisation of the magnia curia castellaniae. The Malta Independent. 5 August 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081138/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2015-08-05/local-news/National-Archives-of-Malta-announce-completion-of-the-digitisation-of-the-magnia-curia-castellaniae-6736140033. 4 March 2016. 958646023.
32. Melita Historica. Vella. A. P.. 1970. A Sixteenth Century Elizabethan Merchant in Malta. 5. 3. 214. https://web.archive.org/web/20140421170640/http://mhs.eu.pn/mh2/19701.html. 21 April 2014.
33. Book: Micallef, Antonio. Lezioni su gli statuti del Sagr'Ordine Gerosolimitano: nell'Università degli studi di Malta per l'anno 1792. it. Nella stamp. del Palazzo di S.A.E. presso Fr. G.M.. 1792. New York Public Library. 141–147. 681707115. – Translation. Book: Micallef, Antonio. Lectures on the Statutes of the Sacred Order of St. John of Jerusalem: at the University (of Studies) of Malta 1792. Juris Fontes Rechtsquellen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. KIT Scientific Publishing. 2012. 130–134. 978-3-86644-402-7. 1868-3576. 865469925.
34. Storja. Depasquale. Carmel. 2004. French Knights and Maltese Inhabitants in the XVIII Century. 47. https://web.archive.org/web/20170329223316/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Storja/Storja2003-2004/05s.pdf. 29 March 2017.
35. Storja. Attard. Josep. 1995. Aspects of Crime in the Harbour Area 1741–1746. https://web.archive.org/web/20160416073928/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Storja/Storja1996/09s.pdf. 16 April 2016. 62.
36. Welcome: Journal of the Institute of Tourism Studies. 5. May 2010. Buttigieg. Noel. Bread in Early Modern Malta: The voice within. 27. 1998-9954. https://web.archive.org/web/20170115164048/https://tourismeducatorsnetworkmt.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/welcome-05-may2010-final.pdf. 15 January 2017. none.
37. Book: 1762. Nouveau choix de pièces tirées des anciens Mercures, et des autres journaux. 77. from the Bavarian State Library. fr. 56.
38. Book: Fenech, Natalino. Fatal flight: the Maltese obsession with killing birds. Quiller Press. 1992. 141. 978-1-870948-53-1.
39. Book: Wettinger, Godfrey. Slavery in the Islands of Malta and Gozo ca. 1000–1812. Publishers Enterprises Group. 2002. 549. 978-99909-0-316-4.
40. Mercieca. Simon. Mediterranean Legal Hybridity: Mixtures and Movements, the Relationships between the Legal and Normative Traditions of the Region; Malta, June 11–12, 2010. How was Judicial Powers divided in Malta in the Early Modern Times? A Cursory Work in the Maltese Legal System Through a Historic Perspective. December 2011. . 4. 2. 456. 1944-3749. 268995492. https://web.archive.org/web/20161219231204/http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1080&context=jcls. 19 December 2016.
41. Palmer. Russell. International Journal of Historical Archaeology. September 2016. 20. 3. 548–561. 1092-7697. 10.1007/s10761-016-0359-0. Religious Colonialism in Early Modern Malta: Inquisitorial Imprisonment and Inmate Graffiti. 230745571. https://web.archive.org/web/20170629235936/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/5866797/file/5866835.docx. 29 June 2017. 1854/LU-5866797. 155970665. free.
42. D'Avenia. Fabrizio. April 2015. Making Bishops in the Malta of the Knights, 1530–1798. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 66. 2. 261–279. 10.1017/S0022046914002061. 154371264. 1604275. 0022-0469.
43. Journal of the Malta Historical Society. Cavaliero. Roderic E.. 1956. The Decline of the Maltese Corso in the XVIIIth Century: A Study in Maritime History. 2. 4. 225. https://web.archive.org/web/20160416142532/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.02%281956-59%29/MH.2%281959%294/orig03.pdf. 16 April 2016.
44. Book: Abela, Joan. Sailor's Legal Rights in a Mediterranean Hub: The Case of Malta. 2015. Law, Labour, and Empire: Comparative Perspectives on Seafarers, c. 1500–1800. https://books.google.com/books?id=jZkMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT67. Springer. 978-1-137-44746-3. 67.
45. Hyphen. Bonnici. Alexander. 1989. Medieval Inquisition in Malta 1433–1561. 6. 2. 61–75. 30 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180112173848/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/handle/123456789/25171/Medieval%20inquisition%20in%20Malta%201433-1561.pdf?sequence=1. 12 January 2018.
46. International Journal of Historical Archaeology. Russell Palmer Affiliation. Religious Colonialism in Early Modern Malta: Inquisitorial Imprisonment and Inmate Graffiti. 20. 3. 548–561. 10.1007/s10761-016-0359-0. 1092-7697. 6757294486. 2016. 1854/LU-5866797. 155970665. free.
47. Web site: Camilleri. Michael. Maltese Legislation in Historical Context. University of Malta. https://web.archive.org/web/20170720212950/http://www.um.edu.mt/laws/studyunit/lhm2000. 20 July 2017.
48. Book: Kenneth, Gambin. 2006. Two Death Sentences by the Inquisition Tribunal of Malta, 1639. Midsea Books Limited. 64–72. 9789993270744.
49. Scientia. Cassar. Paul. 1974. The Diplomatic Courier of the Order of St. John in Eighteenth Century Malta. 3. 2. 124. https://web.archive.org/web/20170329230243/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2037(1974)3(Jul.-Sept.)/02.pdf. 29 March 2017.
50. Web site: Id-dibattitu dwar is-separazzjoni bejn Stat u Knisja jmur lura għas-seklu 18 – TVM. 21 September 2018 . 6 April 2019.
51. Book: 1718. Privilegi della Sacra Religione di San Giovanni Gerosolimitano: Con un indice volgare. Scionico. it. from the Bavarian State Library. 143.
52. Book: Williams, Ann. Maria Fusaro. Colin Heywood. Mohamed-Salah Omri. 2010. Sacra Militia, the Order of St.John: Crusade, Corsairing and Trade in Rhodes and Malta, 1460–1631. Tauris Academic Studies. 142–148. 978-1-84885-163-4. https://web.archive.org/web/20190501181453/https://epdf.tips/trade-and-cultural-exchange-in-the-early-modern-mediterranean-braudels-maritime-.html. 1 May 2019.
53. Book: Buttigieg, Emanuel. Joaquim Carvalho. 2008. Bridging the Gaps: Sources, Methodology and Approaches to Religion in History. Growing up in Hospitaller Malta (1530–1798): sources and methodologies for the history of childhood and adoloscence. http://www.cliohworld.net/onlread/6/22.pdf. PLUS-Pisa University Press. Pisa. 9788884925541. 320878539. 138. https://web.archive.org/web/20180104175959/http://www.cliohworld.net/onlread/6/22.pdf. 4 January 2018.
54. Journal of Mediterranean Studies. Cassar. Carmel. 2014. The Jews, Catholic Policy and the Knights of St John in Malta. 23. 4. 1016-3476. 178–179. https://web.archive.org/web/20180219195837/https://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/297773/CarmelCassar.pdf. 19 February 2018.
55. Book: Bugeja, Anton. July 2014. Ruben Abela. The Turkish Raid of 1614. Clemente Tabone: the man, his family and the early years of St Clement's chapel. Wirt iz-Zejtun. 45–47. 978-99957-840-0-3. 10.13140/2.1.3072.4803 .
56. Archivio Storico di Malta (ASM). I tribunale militare dell'Ordine di S. Giovanni: sua gurisdizione e procedura. G.. Darmanin Demajo. 2. June 1931. 2–3. it. 115–119. https://web.archive.org/web/20170326212441/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Archivio%20storico%20di%20Malta/ASM.02%281931%292-3%28Genn.-Giugno%29/05%20I%20tribunale%20militare%20dell%27Ordine%20di%20S.%20Giovanni%20e%20procedura%20di%20G.%20Darmanin%20Demajo.%20ASM.%202%281931%292-3%28Genn.-Giugno.115-119%29.pdf. 26 March 2017.
57. Il-Malti. Gatt. Guzè. 1937. Ir-Rewwixta tal-Milizaja taż-Żurrieq għall-Kaptan tagħhom. mt. 13. 2. 45. https://web.archive.org/web/20170326192810/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Il-Malti/Il-Malti.%20013%281937%292/03.pdf. 26 March 2017.
58. Archivio Storico di Malta (ASM). Vassallo. C.. 1940. Condici e Manuscritti della Pubblica Biblioteca di Malta (continuazione e fine). 11. 1–2. it. 285. https://web.archive.org/web/20160416024629/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Archivio%20storico%20di%20Malta/ASM.11%281940%291-2%28Genn.-Agosto%29/07.pdf. 16 April 2016.
59. Book: Attard, Edward. 2020. Kronaka ta' Ġrajjiet Kriminali f'Malta: 1800–2020. Edward Attard . mt. https://web.archive.org/web/20200819122350/https://bdlbooks.com/product/kronaka-ta-grajjiet-kriminali-fmalta/. 19 August 2020. 9789995717018.
60. Book: Gauci, Mario. 2019. Alejandro Cifres. L'inquisizione romana e i suoi archivi – A vent'anni dall'apertura dell'ACDF. L'Archivio dell'Inquisizione di Malta (1561–1798): un patrimonio di documenti che arricchisce la storia di Malta e il suo contesto mediterraneo. http://www.memoriafidei.va/content/dam/memoriafidei/documenti/34%20Gauci.pdf. https://web.archive.org/web/20190620131733/http://www.memoriafidei.va/content/dam/memoriafidei/documenti/34%20Gauci.pdf. 20 June 2019. Gangemi Editore. 12. 9788849237405.
61. La Arquitectura en la Corona de Aragon Entre el Gotico y el Renacimiento. Fra Tardogotico e Rinascimento: la Sicilia sud-orientale e Malta. Garofalo. Emanuela. 2008. 0213-1498. 23. 23 . Artigrama: Revista del Departamento de Historia del Arte de la Universidad de Zaragoza. it. 265–300. 10.26754/ojs_artigrama/artigrama.2008237804 . 190042293 . Book: Garofalo, Emanuela. 2016. Crociere e Lunette in Sicilia e in Italia Meridionale nel XVI Secolo. Edizioni Caracol. it. 30. Palermo. 978-88-98546-59-6. 10.17401/CROCIERE-LUNETTE. https://web.archive.org/web/20170616080437/http://www.cosmedweb.org/pdf_pubbl/crociere.pdf. 16 June 2017.
62. Palmer. Russell. January 2014. Maltese Ceramics and Imperial Foodways: An Exploration of Nineteenth-Century Red Wares. 17. 4. 10.1179/1461957114Y.0000000067. 678–701. European Journal of Archaeology. 1854/LU-4344880. 161524955. free.
63. Book: Bugeja. Lino. Buhagiar. Mario. Fiorini. Stanley. 1993. Artistic, architectural and ecclesiastical aspects. Malta University Services. 752. 978-99909-44-02-0.
64. Testone. Aldo. September 2010. 36. 3. The Courts of Justice of Malta. 0305-0718. 10.1080/03050718.2010.500839. 1799322. Commonwealth Law Bulletin. 469–478. 144426149. https://web.archive.org/web/20161218041547/http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fcommwlb36&div=47&id=&page=. 18 December 2016.
65. Ghaqda Tal-Malti. Gatt. Guze. June 1937. L-Iskejjel tal-Gvern: it-Taghlim f'Malta. mt. 5. 76. 101. Empire Press.
66. Book: Dal Pozzo, Bartolomeo. 1703. Historia della sacra religione militare di S. Giouanni Gerosolimitano detta di Malta, del signor commendator Fr. Bartolomeo Co. Dal Pozzo veronese, caualier della medesima: Parte prima che proseguisce quella di Giacomo Bosio dall'anno 1571 fin' al 1636. 1. per Giouanni Berno. it. Verona. 205. 801215558.
67. News: The Inquisitor's Palace. Times of Malta. 4 December 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081138/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20121204/environment/The-Inquisitor-s-Palace.448097. 4 March 2016. 220797156.
68. Book: Brogini, Anne. 2005. Malte, frontière de chrétienté (1530–1670). Le Saint-Office, garant de la frontière religieuse. http://books.openedition.org/efr/125. Publications de l'École française de Rome. fr. 399–481. 978-2728307425. 10.4000/books.efr.101.
69. Book: Brogini, Anne. Michel Bertrand. Natividad Planas. 2011. Les sociétés de frontière de la Méditerranée à l'Atlantique: XVIe-XVIIIe siècle. Une société frontalière et des institutions en conflit. http://books.openedition.org/cvz/1043. Casa de Velázquez. Madrid. fr. 91–106. 9788496820500.
70. Book: Pérez de Alesio, Mateo. 1965. The True Depiction of the Investment and Attack Suffered by the Island of Malta at the Hands of the Turks in the Year of Our Lord 1565. Progress Press. 3. Valletta. 34534693. XV.
71. Blouet. Brian W.. Town Planning in Malta, 1530–1798. Town Planning Review. 35. 3. October 1964. 183. 10.3828/tpr.35.3.383v818680j843v8.
72. Fontenay. Michel. Le développement urbain du port de Malte du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle. fr. Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée: Le Carrefour Maltais. 1994. 71. 1. 104. 2105-2271. 10.3406/remmm.1994.1637. Republished in Book: Villain-Gandossi, Christiane. 1995. Le carrefour maltais. Édisud. fr. 104. 9782857448013.
73. Book: Pappalardo, Salvo. 2008. Anthony Bonanno. Malta and Sicily: Miscellaneous Research Projects. Torri costiere e fortificazioni in sicilia e a malta in età moderna. http://kasa.officinastudimedievali.it/cd/risorse/Libro/Malta_and_Sicily.pdf. Koiné Archeologica Sapiente Antichità (KASA). https://web.archive.org/web/20120527173156/http://kasa.officinastudimedievali.it/cd/risorse/Libro/Malta_and_Sicily.pdf. 27 May 2012. Officina di Studi Medievali, University of Catania. it. 2. 233. 978-88-88615-83-7.
74. Book: Bouet, Ryan W.. 2001. The Story of Valletta: A Companion to the City. Allied Publications. 11–20. 9789990931297.
75. The European Conservative. DeBattista. André P.. 2016. Valletta: Portrait of a City. 13. 22–26. https://web.archive.org/web/20170304010332/http://www.europeanrenewal.org/files/pdf/The_European_Conservative_13_2016_Winter-Spring.pdf. 4 March 2017.
76. Guide Me. Cilia. Daniel. 9 December 2016. Valletta 1566 – Melita Renascences: The Judicial and the Courthouses. 32. Content House Group.
77. Book: 1853. Storia dei Gran Maestri e cavalieri di Malta con note e documenti giustificativi dall'epoca della fondazione dell'ordine a' tempi attuali. From the Library of Modern and Contemporary History. 3. it. Rome. 456.
78. Book: Mahoney, Leonard. 1996. 5000 Years of Architecture in Malta. Valletta Pub.. 978-99909-58-15-7. 313.
79. Book: Bonello, Giovanni. Histories of Malta: Figments and fragments. 2. Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti. 2000. 978-99932-10-11-5. 76.
80. Book: Cassar, Carmel. Paul A. Bartolo and Mark G. Borg. 2003. Homosexuality: Challenging the Stigma. Homosexuality and Moral Values in Historical Perspective: The Case of Malta in a European Context. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/handle/123456789/22299/2003%20Homosexuality%20and%20Moral%20Values%20in%20Historical%20Perspective%20-%20The%20Case%20of%20Malta%20in%20a%20European%20Context.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y. 99932-622-4-2. 103–122. Agenda .
81. Giornale Cattolico. Fiteni. Leopoldo. 21 May 1841. Le conversazioni di Filoteo. it. 46.
82. Spiteri. Stephen C.. In Defence of the Coast (I) – The Bastioned Towers. Arx – International Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification. 2013. 3. 85. 9 May 2015.
83. A sixteenth century Elizabethan merchant in Malta . Melita Historica . Andrew P. . Vella . 15 October 2019.
84. Archivum Melitense. Bartolo. A.. 1910. La Milizia Togata ai tempi del G.M. Perellos. 106–112. it.
85. Book: Gauci, Liam. 2016. In the name of the Prince: Maltese Corsairs 1760–1798. Heritage Malta. 17, 18. 978-99932-57-37-0.
86. Book: Owen's African and Middle East Commerce & Travel and International Register. Owen's Commerce & Travel, Limited. 1963. 885. 2717666.
87. Book: Kininmonth, Christopher. 1979. Malta and Gozo. Cape. London. 131. 978-0-224-01656-8. 5154236.
88. Web site: January 2003. La Valette, capitale de l'ordre de Malte. Clio. fr. Paris. 8. https://web.archive.org/web/20170726193743/https://www.clio.fr/BIBLIOTHEQUE/la_valette_capitale_de_l_ordre_de_malte.asp. 26 July 2017.
89. Book: Attard, Joseph. 2017. The Knights of Malta. The Long Reign of Pinto. http://www.bdlbooks.com/knights/233-the-knights-of-malta.html. Publishers Enterprises Group. 214. 9789995720612.
90. Book: Dingli, Ann. Joanna Drake. Dar l-Ewrope: Reaching Out. 2009. Dar l-Ewropa: Europe in the heart of Valletta. AP Creative. 99–101. 978-99932-0-794-8.
91. Book: 60th anniversary of the Malta Historical Society: a commemoration. Zabbar. Joseph F. Grima. Veritas Press. 2010. 978-99932-0-942-3. 779340904. Ellul. Michael. Malta Limestone goes to Europe: Use of Malta Stone outside Malta. 371–406. http://maltahistory.eu5.net/60/60_25.html#_ftn14. https://web.archive.org/web/20190325173202/http://maltahistory.eu5.net/60/60_25.html. 25 March 2019.
92. Book: Cutajar, Tony C.. 2011. Mewt Lil Pinto!. Lulu. mt. 20–21. 978-1-4478-4179-1. 941694707.
93. Book: Ellul. Joseph. The Grandmaster's Palace & The Gobelin Tapestries. 1996. Joseph Ellul. Malta. 27. https://web.archive.org/web/20160906160117/http://www.abebooks.com/Grandmasters-Palace-Gobelin-Tapestries-Ellul-Joseph/15459308425/bd. 2016-09-06. 978-1-903799-10-9. 38764227.
94. Owen's ... Directory & Business Travel Guide. Owen's ... Directory & Business Travel Guide. Owen's S.A.. 1984. 31. 41. 0265-3958. 9463333.
95. Book: Attard, Joseph. 1992. The Knights of Malta. registration. Publishers Enterprises Group. 136. 9789990900194.
96. Book: Ryan, Frederick W.. 1930. "The House of the Temple": A Study of Malta and Its Knights in the French Revolution. Burns, Oates and Washbourne, limited. London. 79. 976734.
97. Book: Seddall, Henry. 1870. Malta: past and present. Chapman and Hall. London. 146. 4513164.
98. Book: Thake, Conrad Gerald. MDINA: Architectural and Urban Transformations of a Citadel in Malta. University of California, Berkeley. 1996. 133. 892823764.
99. Book: Godwin. George Nelson. A Guide to the Maltese Islands. 1880. Paolo Bonavia (Cambridge Scholars Publishing). Malta. 123. 978-0-217-15803-9. 933709485.
100. Borg-Muscat. David. Reassessing the September 1775 Rebellion: A Case of Lay Participation or a 'Rising of the Priests'. Melita Historica. 1933. 3. 2. 242–252. https://web.archive.org/web/20160416153526/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.13%282000-03%29/MH.13%282002%293/02.pdf. 16 April 2016.
101. Spiteri. Stephen C.. Stephen C. Spiteri. 4. Arx – Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification. Fort Manoel. 2014. 128.
102. Graff. Philippe. La Valette: une ville nouvelle du XVIe siècle et son évolution jusqu'à nos jours. fr. Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée: Le Carrefour Maltais. 1994. 71. 1. 159. 2105-2271. 958683792. 10.3406/remmm.1994.1641.
103. Book: Pompeo Picherali: architettura e città fra XVII e XVIII secolo; Sicilia, Napoli, Malta. 1997. Gangemi. 4. Centro Internazzionale di Studi su Barocco in Sicilia. 114. 978-88-7448-782-0.
104. Scientia. Borg. Joseph. 1974. The Custom House – Malta. 2. 2. 59–80. https://web.archive.org/web/20190507175730/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2037(1974)2(Apr.-Jun.)/02.pdf. 7 May 2019.
105. Spiteri. Mevrick. Borg. Daniel. 2015. The formation of the architect-engineer, perito and agrimensore, and their regulation by the Order of St John in eighteenth-century Malta. Journal of Baroque Studies. 1. 3. 129–173. https://web.archive.org/web/20201123193555/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/47861/1/JBS1%283%29A7.pdf. 23 November 2020.
106. Book: Hughes, James Quentin. Fortress: architecture and military history in Malta. Lund Humphries and Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti. 1969. University of Michigan. 978-99932-10-14-6. 104.
107. Muscat. Joseph. June 2012. The Journal of the University of Malta-Gozo Campus (UGC). 26. 27. The Monumental Church of Nadur. https://web.archive.org/web/20170110221156/https://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/162098/Gozo_Observer_26_Final_sml.pdf. 10 January 2017.
108. ArcHistoR (AHR – Architecture History Restoration). Thake. Conrad Gerald. 2017. Architecture and urban transformations in Mdina during the reign of Grand Master Anton Manoel de Vilhena (1722–1736). 4. 7. 86. 10.14633/AHR054. 2384-8898. https://web.archive.org/web/20170803182706/http://pkp.unirc.it/ojs/index.php/archistor/article/download/206/201. 3 August 2017.
109. Book: Chambry. D.. Trump. David H.. Malta. Nagel Publishers. 1978. 101. 978-2-8263-0711-2.
110. Book: Latzke, Hans E.. DuMont Reise-Taschenbuch Reiseführer Malta, Gozo, Comino. Dumont Reiseverlag. 2014-10-06. de. 127. 978-3-7701-7450-8.
111. Book: Mahoney, Leonardo. 1996. 5,000 Years of Architecture in Malta . Valletta Publishing. 327. 9789990958157.
112. Melita Theologica. Bianco. Lino. 2009. Valletta: A city in history. 60. 2. 16–18. https://web.archive.org/web/20180319195031/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/handle/123456789/15640/Valletta%20-%20A%20city%20in%20history_A5.pdf. 19 March 2018. 1012-9588. 1587122.
113. Denaro. Victor F.. Houses in Merchants Street, Valletta. Melita Historica. 1958. 2. 3. 159–161. https://web.archive.org/web/20190519200545/http://maltahistory.eu5.net/mh/19584.html. 19 May 2019.
114. Department of Information, Malta. mt. 1655. Stedina biex il-pubbliku jżur Palazzo Castellania. 1 October 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20170102080322/http://www.doi-archived.gov.mt/EN/press_releases/2009/10/pr1655.asp. deviated . 2 January 2017.
115. News: Manoel Theatre Façade restoration sees applicant and Mepa clash on cladding. 12 October 2012. The Malta Independent. https://web.archive.org/web/20161223234943/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2012-10-12/local-news/Manoel-Theatre-Fa%C3%A7ade-restoration-sees-applicant-and-Mepa-clash-on-cladding-317192. 23 December 2016. 958646023.
116. Book: Said Zammir, George A.. 2017. 3. The Architectural Heritage of the Maltese Islands. The Minor Seminary. Rabat, Malta. 124–125. 978-99932-607-4-5. 234094452.
117. Il-Malti. Gatt. Ġużè. 1975. Qtil fil-Habs Tal-Birgu fi Zmien l-Ordni ta' Malta. It-Torċa (republished by Akkademja tal-Malti). mt. 16. https://web.archive.org/web/20190311121740/https://akkademjatalmalti.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/gattmt.pdf. 11 March 2019.
118. News: Camilleri. Matthew. 28 February 2021. Feature: The Tragic Case of Giovanni Vito. The Malta Independent on Sunday. 20, 21. https://web.archive.org/web/20210303214253/https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2021-02-28/local-news/Feature-The-Tragic-Case-of-Giovanni-Vito-6736231407. 3 March 2021.
119. Cassar Pullicino. Joseph. The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory. Scientia. October–December 1949. 15. 4. 174. https://web.archive.org/web/20160417173522/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20%28Malta%29/Scientia.%2015%281949%294%28Oct.-Dec.%29/01.pdf. 17 April 2016.
120. Book: Wettinger, Godfrey. Slavery in the Islands of Malta and Gozo ca. 1000–1812. Publishers Enterprises Group. 2002. 341. 978-99909-0-316-4.
121. Attard. Christian. The sad end of Maestro Gianni. Treasures of Malta. 2013. 2. 19. 47–51. 1028-3013. 499647242. Journal.
122. Book: Degiorgio. Stephen. I Cavalieri di Malta e Caravaggio: la storia, gli artisti, i committenti. Palaces and Lodgings of the Knights of St John at Malta. Rome. https://archive.org/details/kkumulilchiannun008800. Logart Press. 2010. 220–228. 887115351. 978-88-87666-15-1.
123. Book: Albert Ganado. Bonello. Giovanni. Palace of the Grand Masters in Valletta. The Grand Masters' Palace in the Making. 2001. Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti. 978-99932-10-12-2. 50774548. 29.
124. Book: de Piro, Nicholas. 1997. Valletta: A City Built by Gentlemen for Gentlemen. Miranda Publications. 978-99909-85-00-9. 9.
125. Book: Mallia Milanes, Victor. Albert Ganado. 2001. Palace of the Grand Masters in Valletta. Paths of Power and Glory: The Hospitaller Grand Master and his Court in Valletta. Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti. 9789993210122. 76.
126. Scaglione. Giannantonio. The city of Valletta in an Eighteenth Century Map. Journal of Maltese History. 2. 2. 2011. 16–34. https://web.archive.org/web/20160417173522/https://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/149267/Valletta_pages_16-34.pdf. 17 April 2016. 2077-4338. Journal archive.
127. Proceedings of History Week. Ganado. Albert. 1993. The Funeral of Angelo Emo in Malta in 1792: A Pictorial Record. 9. 171. https://web.archive.org/web/20170326141640/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Proceedings%20of%20History%20Week/PHW%201993/09s.pdf. 26 March 2017.
128. Book: Ganado. Albert. Schirò. Joseph. 2016. The Pre-siege Maps of Malta: Second Century AD-1564. BDL Publishing. 64. 9789995746889.
129. Book: Gauci, Liam. 2016. In the name of the Prince: Maltese Corsairs 1760–1798. Heritage Malta. 978-99932-57-37-0. 169–172.
130. Quaderns de l'Institut Català d'Antropologia. Cassar. Charles. 2002. Concepts of Health and Illness in Early Modern Malta. 17–18. 56, 61. 2385-4472. https://web.archive.org/web/20170725204825/http://www.raco.cat/index.php/QuadernsICA/article/viewFile/95526/163845. 25 July 2017.
131. Melita Historica: A Journal of Maltese History. Cassar. Carmel. 1981. O Melita Infelix – A Poem on the Great Siege written in 1565. 8. 2. 149.
132. Book: Cassar, Carmel. J. Azzopardi. 1990. St. Paul's Grotto, Church and Museum at Rabat, Malta. Visitors to St Paul's Grotto in the Seventeenth Century. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/handle/123456789/22267/1990%20(b)%20Visitors%20to%20St%20Paul_s%20Grotto%20in%20the%20seventeenth%20century.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Progress Press. 75–77. 9789990930115. 25 March 2019. 25 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190325081525/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/handle/123456789/22267/1990%2520(b)%2520Visitors%2520to%2520St%2520Paul_s%2520Grotto%2520in%2520the%2520seventeenth%2520century.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
133. News: 16 October 2017. Brothers come together to restore ancestor's antique portrait. The Malta Independent. https://web.archive.org/web/20171016124107/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2017-10-16/local-news/Brothers-come-together-to-restore-ancestor-s-antique-portrait-6736180287. 16 October 2017.
134. News: 16 October 2017. Brothers come together to restore ancestor's antique portrait. News Malta. https://web.archive.org/web/20171218200449/http://www.newsmalta.com/2017/10/16/brothers-come-together-to-restore-ancestors-antique-portrait/. 18 December 2017.
135. Cassar. Paul. 1976. Some early Maltese medico-legal documents. Id-Dritt. VII. 26–32. 23 November 2019. 23 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191123055720/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/44331/1/Some_early_maltese_medico_legal_documents.pdf.
136. Book: Latzke, Hans E.. 2014. DuMont Reise-Taschenbuch Reiseführer Malta, Gozo, Comino. Dumont Reiseverlag. de. 127. 978-3-7701-7450-8. 890648927.
137. Buttigieg. Emanuel. 2015. 'Everyday' Life during the Hospitaller Period: Sources and Approaches. Melita Historica. 16. 4. 167–186.
138. Book: Savona-Ventura, Charles. 2015. Knight Hospitaller Medicine in Malta [1530–1798]]. Lulu. 115. 978-1-326-48222-0.
139. Cassar. Paul. 11 December 1954. British Medical Journal. Change of Sex Sanctioned by a Maltese Law Court in the Eighteenth Century. 2. 4901. 1413. 13209141. 2080334. 5 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170205234540/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar//handle/123456789/10931. 5 February 2017. 10.1136/bmj.2.4901.1413.
140. Book: Savona-Ventrura, Charles. History of Gynaecology in Malta. Department of Obstetrics-Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine & Surgery. University of Malta. https://web.archive.org/web/20140913121018/http://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/111216/history_gynae.pdf. 13 September 2014. 2010. 8.
141. Book: Azopardi, Vincenzo. 1843. Raccolta di varie cose antiche e moderne utili ed interessanti riguardanti Malta e Gozo. it. tip. Giuseppe Camilleri e C.. 135.
142. Book: Castagna, P. P.. 1865. Malta bil chzejer tehne u li ghadda min ghaliha. 2. Malta: s.n.. 328. mt.
143. Dimech. Simon P.. Conservation Works. 19. November 2015. The National Archives Newsletter. 7. 1605-7058. 933238751. 26 December 2016. 26 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161226001407/https://issuu.com/nationalarchivesmalta/docs/nam_newsletter_issue_19.
144. Book: Seddall, Henry. 1870. Malta: Past and Present. Chapman and Hall. from Columbia University. 155–156.
145. Book: Auzias. Dominique. Labourdette. Jean-Paul. Malte. Petit Futé. fr. 2009. 978-2-7469-2461-1. 42–43.
146. Hyphen. Luttrell. Anthony. 1982. Eighteenth-Century Malta Prosperity and Problems. 3. 2. 49.
147. Web site: More entanglements after the 1636 Vittoriosa murder. Times of Malta. 11 December 2016 .
148. News: It happened in September: The insurrection of the priests in Malta in 1775. Joseph F.. Grima. 6 September 2020. Times of Malta.
149. Storja. Spiteri. Richard. 1996. Malta in 1776: The Impressions of a future Minister of the French Republic. 2. 6. 34.
150. Book: Blondy, Alain. 2002. L'Ordre de Malte au XVIIIe siècle: Des dernières splendeurs à la ruine. Éditions Bouchène. Paris. fr. 241. 9782912946416. 185997559.
151. News: Bonello. Giovanni. 2 April 2017. A knight of Malta's 1588 homicide. Times of Malta. https://web.archive.org/web/20170402133536/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20170402/life-features/A-knight-of-Malta-s-1588-homicide.644223. 2 April 2017.
152. Book: Maffei. Paola. Varanini. Gian Maria. 2014. Honos alit artes. Firenze University Press. 19. 45. 9788866556329.
153. Book: Blondy, Alain. 2002. L'Ordre de Malte au XVIIIe siècle: Des dernières splendeurs à la ruine. Editions Bouchène. Paris. fr. 242. 9782912946416. 185997559.
154. Bonello (2000), v. 1, p. 160.
155. Scientia. Harding. Hugh W.. 1950. Advocates Under the Code de Rohan and the Present Law. 3. 2. 115–121. https://web.archive.org/web/20170520111517/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20%28Malta%29/Scientia.%2016%281950%293%28Jul.-Sept.%29/02.pdf. 20 May 2017.
156. Diritto Municipale di Malta, Libro 1, Capo III, Para. Vet seq. in Bugeja. Aaron M.. 20 July 2018. Fl-Atti tal-Inkjesta: Egrantinc.. Courts of Justice of Malta. Process Verbali. L-Inkjesta Magisterjali. mt. 4, 5. .
157. Journal of Maltese History. Pullicino. Evelyn. 2016. Theft in Nineteenth Century Malta. 5. 1. 28. https://web.archive.org/web/20170715162059/https://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/310728/JMH-2016Pullicino.pdf. 15 July 2017.
158. Book: Ganado, Albert. 2015. Judge Robert Ganado: A history of the Government Departments from 1815 and lawyers from 1666. Book Distributors Limited. 213–218. 978-99957-46-64-3. in Treasures of Malta. Bonello. Giovanni. A Judge for All Seasons. Summer 2016. 22. 3. 66. 82. 1028-3013.
159. News: Bonavia. Carmelo. 30 November 2014. Rome minister Giuseppe Elia Pace friend of Mikiel Anton Vassalli. Times of Malta. https://web.archive.org/web/20180910192301/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20141130/life-features/Rome-minister-Giuseppe-Elia-Pace-friend-of-Mikiel-Anton-Vassalli.546489. 10 September 2018.
160. Book: Aguis Muscat. David. Vella. Olvin. 2014. Minn Fomm Vassalli. Midses Books. mt. 53–55. 978-99932-7-477-3.
161. Journal of Maltese Studies. Ciappara. Frans. 1993. i. Vassalli's step-father in prison. 24. 5. 48. https://web.archive.org/web/20170327010631/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Journal%20of%20Maltese%20Studies/Journal%20of%20Maltese%20Studies.%2023-24%281993%29/05origciappara.pdf. 27 March 2017.
162. Book: Xerri, Joseph A.. 2016. L-Izvilupp tal-Edukazzjoni F'Malta 1430–1924. BDL Publishing. 210. mt. 978-99932-17-44-2.
163. Hyphen. Ellul. Grazio V.. 1978. The French Invasion of Malta: An Unpublished Account. 1. 3. 12. it. https://web.archive.org/web/20170329111326/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Hyphen/Hyphen.%201%281978%293/01.pdf. 29 March 2017.
164. Book: Gauci, Charles A.. 2015. ...of Maltese Generals and Admirals. BDL Publishing (Books Distributors Limited). 16. 978-99932-7-538-1.
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166. Malta Letteraria. Mifsud Bonnici. C.. 1937. Corporativismo Maltese Medioevale. 12. it. 59. https://web.archive.org/web/20170326195755/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Malta%20Letteraria/ML.n.s.,%2012(1937)/04.pdf. 26 March 2017.
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173. Book: Refalo, Michael. Joaquim Ramos De Carvalho. Religion, Ritual and Mythology: Aspects of Identity Formation in Europe. Present (and Past) Concerns, Future Directions: Religion and the Church in the Writing of 19th-Century Maltese History. Edizioni Plus (Pisa University Press). May 2006. http://www.cliohres.net/books/3/Refalo.pdf. https://web.archive.org/web/20170212040400/http://www.cliohres.net/books/3/Refalo.pdf. 12 February 2017. 212. 978-88-8492-404-9. 783398963.
174. Andò. Biagio. Mediterranean Legal Hybridity: Mixtures and Movements, the Relationships between the Legal and Normative Traditions of the Region; Malta, June 11–12, 2010. The Role of Judges in the Development of Mixed Legal Systems: The Case of Malta. December 2011. . 4. 2. 243–245. 1944-3749. 268995492. https://web.archive.org/web/20161219231204/http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1080&context=jcls. 19 December 2016.
175. Melita Historica. Bartolo. Paul. 1983. British Colonial Budgeting in Malta: The First Formative Decades 1800–1838. 8. 1. 8. https://web.archive.org/web/20170326131104/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.08%281980-83%29/MH.8%281980%291/orig01.pdf. 26 March 2017.
176. Archivio Storico di Malta (ASM). Gatt. Giuseppe. 1938. Gli Archive di Malta dirante il periodi della occupazione Francese e i primi anni della dominazione Inglese. 9. 4. it. https://web.archive.org/web/20170917075854/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Archivio%20storico%20di%20Malta/ASM.09(1937–38)4(28Luglio-28Ott.)/02%20Gli%20archivi%20di%20Malta%20durante%20il%20periode%20della%20occupazione%20Francese.pdf. 17 September 2017. 416.
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180. Book: 1811. The Appeals of the Nobility and People of Malta: To the Justice, Public Faith, and Policy of the British Government, for the Fulfillment of the Conditions Upon which They Gave Up Their Island to the King, Namely Their Ancient Rights Under a Free Constitution. Character of Vincenzo Borg. https://books.google.com/books?id=YitFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA. Lloyd. 6, 7.
181. Cremona. A.. Mikiel Anton Vassalli. Il-Malti. 1933. 9. 3. 89. mt. https://web.archive.org/web/20160417232817/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Il-Malti/Il-Malti.%20009%281933%293/09.pdf. 17 April 2016.
182. Book: Ciappara, Frans. 2014. M.A. Vassalli 1764–1829: An Enlightened Maltese Reformer. Midsea Books. 978-99932-7-476-6. 106.
183. Journal of Maltese Studies. Cremona. Ninu. Il-Hajja fil-qosor: Siltiet minn Mikiel Anton Vassalli u Zminijietu. 1993. 23–24. 20. mt. 34814491.
184. Dessoulavy. C. L.. Id-dati ewlenin fil-ħajja ta' Vassalli. Journal of Maltese Studies. 1993. 23–24. 35. https://web.archive.org/web/20160415211038/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Journal%20of%20Maltese%20Studies/Journal%20of%20Maltese%20Studies.%2023-24%281993%29/04origiddatiewleninfilhajjatavassalli.pdf. 15 April 2016. mt. 34814491.
185. Book: 60th anniversary of the Malta Historical Society: a commemoration. Zabbar. Joseph F. Grima. Veritas Press. 2010. 978-99932-0-942-3. 779340904. Zammit. Andrè. Valletta and Michele Cachia (1760–1839) – A factual appraisal through his notebooks. 407–432. http://maltahistory.eu5.net/60/60_26.html. https://web.archive.org/web/20170306033436/http://mhs.eu.pn/60/60_26.html. 6 March 2017.
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187. Lehen Il-Malti. Gatt. Guze. February 1936. IL-Gazzetta tal-Gvern: 1813–1840. mt. Empire Press. 5. 59–60. 10–12.
188. Web site: When the murder of a priest meted a cruel death penalty. Times of Malta. 14 October 2018 .
189. Book: Villeneuve, François L. de. 1829. Monumens des Grands-Maîtres de l'ordre de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem ou vues des tombeaux élevés à Jérusalem, à Ptolemaïs, à Rhodes, à Malte. Blaise. 2. fr. 365.
190. Fundamina. Niekerk. J. P. van. January 2018. Judge John Holland and the Vice-Admiralty Court of the Cape of Good Hope, 1797–1803: Some introductory and biographical notes (Part2). University of KwaZulu-Natal. 24. 1. 134–169. 10.17159/2411-7870/2018/v24n1a6. 1021-545X. free.
191. Book: Gregory, Desmond. 1996. Malta, Britain, and the European Powers, 1793–1815. Malta as a British Naval Base. https://books.google.com/books?id=zSWuCsxS1QcC&pg=PA262. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 262. 978-1-61147-119-9.
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198. Colombos. C. J.. Notes: The Malta Prize Court. 1916. Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation. 16. 1. 67–80. 752663.
199. Web site: The Malta Maritime Museum – The Malta Independent. www.independent.com.mt.
200. Il-Pulizija: Xogħolna U ħajjitna Fil-Korp. Rodienne Bartolo Haidon. Borg. Joseph Q.. September 2018. Il-Forka f 'Malta u l-Istejjer madwarha. 25. 3. 52–54. mt. https://web.archive.org/web/20190702190053/https://pulizija.gov.mt/en/media/Documents/Police%20Magazines/Police%20Magazine%20September%202018.pdf. 2 July 2019.
201. Book: Frendo, Henry. Henry Frendo. 2004. Storja ta' Malta: Zmien l-inglizi: is-seklu dsatax. Klabb Kotba Maltin. 3. Santa Venera. mt. 52. 978-99932-39-75-8. 29 July 2017. 29 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170729215055/https://maltaonlinebookshop.com/product/storja-ta-malta-vol-3/.
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206. Web site: Governing Malta in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century: Some Perspectives. Melitensiawth.com. 27 March 2019.
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209. Melita Historica. Frendo. Henry. Intra-European Colonial Nationalism: The Case of Malta: 1922–1927. 11. 1. 79. https://web.archive.org/web/20160416143544/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.11(1992–95)/MH.11(1992)1/07.pdf. 16 April 2016.
210. Scientia. Cassar Pullicino. J.. 1955. G. F. Abela and the Maltese Language. https://web.archive.org/web/20170508165911/http://mhs.eu.pn/ab/abela06.html. 8 May 2017. 4. 3. 162–168.
211. Book: Bonnici, Victor. Alan J. Adami. 2014. Melita Classica. 1. 70. Journal of the Malta Classics Association. The MUTAT TERRA VICES Inscription. http://classicsmalta.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/5.-The-MUTAT-TERRA-VICES-Inscription.-V.-Bonnici.-MC-1-2014-69-112.pdf. https://web.archive.org/web/20190414141123/http://classicsmalta.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/5.-The-MUTAT-TERRA-VICES-Inscription.-V.-Bonnici.-MC-1-2014-69-112.pdf. 14 April 2019. 978-99957-847-0-6.
212. Book: Cassar, Carmel. Il-Malti. 2011. Carmel Azzopardi. Il-Malti fi Zmien il-Kavallieri ta' San Gwann. 20. 82. mt. 978-99932-7-350-9.
213. Marco. Elena di. The state of the Maltese economy at the end of the eighteenth century. Considerations based on the deeds of a local notary Stefano Farrugia. Journal of Maltese History. 3. 2. 2013. 92. 2077-4338. https://web.archive.org/web/20160721183819/http://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/209594/JMH_2013_Di_Marco.pdf. 21 July 2016. Journal archive
214. Politics, Religion and Education in Nineteenth Century Malta. Journal of Maltese Education Research. 1. 2003. 1. 100. George. Cassar. 1726-9725. https://web.archive.org/web/20180530000927/http://www.mreronline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/JMERN1I1P61.pdf. 30 May 2018.
215. Journal of the Malta Historical Society. Lee. Hilda I.. 1964. British Policy toward the Religion, ancient Laws and Cutoms in Malta 1824–1851: The Revision of the Codes of Law (Part II). 4. 1. https://web.archive.org/web/20160416143604/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.04%281964-67%29/MH.4%281964%291/orig01.pdf. 16 April 2016. 3–6.
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217. Lehen Il-Malti. Ghaqda tal-Malti. March 1935. Inhollu il-Jasar tal-Kitba. 5.6. 49. mt. 1–2. https://web.archive.org/web/20180104162710/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/handle/123456789/21751/Lehen%20Il-Malti%201935%20no.49.PDF. 4 January 2018.
218. Malta Medical Journal. Bonello. Giovanni. October 2006. Petitions by Medical Practitioners: 1632–1732. 18. 3. 40. https://web.archive.org/web/20171230101118/http://www.um.edu.mt/umms/mmj/PDF/150.pdf. 30 December 2017.
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232. Buttigieg. Chantelle. May 2011. Petitions to the Magistracy in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Malta. Faculty of Arts, University of Malta. 69–70. https://web.archive.org/web/20170616213256/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/handle/123456789/3568/11BAHST004.pdf. 16 June 2017.
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250. Web site: Said. Edward. Replacemen and Restoration of the Portico Column Bases at the Courts of Justice, Valletta: Restoration Method Statement (RMS) and Drawings. Ministry for Justice, Culture and Local Government. 5. https://web.archive.org/web/20161224174623/https://mjcl.gov.mt/en/ministry/tenders/Documents/DSS672012_1_PorticoColumnBases.pdf . 2012. 24 December 2016. 2.
251. Cauchi. Jacqueline Azzopardi. Knepper. Paul. The Empire, the police, and the introduction of fingerprint technology in Malta. Criminology & Criminal Justice. 9. 1. 75–78. 1 February 2009. 10.1177/1748895808099181. 1748-8958. 746934116. 10.1.1.896.3771. 146525063.
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267. Wyatt. Harold Vivian. Sir Themistocles Zammit: his honours and an annotated bibliography of his medical work. Maltese Medical History. 2000. 12. 1–2. 27–30. 1813-3339. 5 August 2016. 21 September 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160921002631/http://www.um.edu.mt/library/e-articles/mmj/mmj120127.pdf.
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275. Journal of Maltese History. 4. 2. 54–56. The Strange Case of Temi Zammit's missing experiments. Wyatt. Harold Vivian. 2015. 21 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160721183634/http://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/269908/JMH-2015Wyatt.pdf. 2077-4338. Journal archive
276. Journal of Maltese History. 4. 1. 39–44. How did Sir David Bruce forget Zammit and his goats ?. Wyatt. Harold Vivian. 2014. 21 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160721183732/http://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/238838/JMH_-_2014_Wyatt.pdf. 2077-4338. Journal archive
277. Moreno. Edgardo. Moriyon. Ignacio. Brucella melitensis: A nasty bug with hidden credentials for virulence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 8 January 2002. 99. 1. 1–3. 10.1073/pnas.022622699. 11782541. 117501. 2002PNAS...99....1M. free.
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279. Vassallo. D. J.. The saga of brucellosis: controversy over credit for linking Malta fever with goats' milk. The Lancet. 21 September 1996. 348. 9030. 804–808. 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)05470-0. 8813991. 7966216.
280. Book: Tripp. Lianne. Sawchuk. Lawrence A.. 2015. Undulant Fever Colonialism Culture and Compliancy. John Chircop. Colonial Encounters: Maltese Experiences of British Rule, 1800-1970s. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275893172. Horizons. 211–248. 9789995738792. https://web.archive.org/web/20170704172211/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275893172_Undulant_Fever_Colonialism_Culture_and_Compliancy. 4 July 2017.
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282. Maltese Medical Journal. Amato-Gauci. Andrew J.. 1995. Guest Editorial: The Return of Brucellosis. 7. 2. 7–8. https://web.archive.org/web/20170808215440/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46602078.pdf. 8 August 2017.
283. Wyatt. Harold Vivian. The Brucellosis Museum in Valletta. Malta Medical Journal. March 2010. 22. 1. 44. https://web.archive.org/web/20160731104113/http://www.um.edu.mt/umms/mmj/PDF/285.pdf. 31 July 2016.
284. Book: The Santa Marija Convoy: Faith and Endurance in Wartime Malta, 1940–1942. 978-0-7391-2895-4. Castillo. Dennis Angelo. 2012. Lexington Books.
285. Web site: J. E.. Russell. 1942. Bomb Damage and Life in Valletta, Malta. 1942. . https://web.archive.org/web/20180802184826/https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205142493. 2 August 2018.
286. Book: Micallef, Maria. 2018. Margaret Abdilla Cunningham. Maroma Camilleri. Godwin Vella. Humillima Civitas Vallettae: From Mount Xebb-er-ras to European Capital of Culture. A Pictorial Glimpse of War-Torn Valletta. https://bdlbooks.com/product/humillima-civitas-valletta/. Heritage Malta. 434. 9789993257554. 1083218794. https://web.archive.org/web/20190218154503/https://bdlbooks.com/product/humillima-civitas-valletta/. 18 February 2019.
287. News: Knights' law courts building open for visitors. Times of Malta. 1 October 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20160812034749/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20091001/arts-entertainment/knights-law-courts-building-open-for-visitors.275603. 12 August 2016. 220797156.
288. News: Carabott. Sarah. 30 January 2017. New research sheds light on punishment by hanging in Malta. Times of Malta. https://web.archive.org/web/20170130211352/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20170130/local/new-research-sheds-light-on-punishment-by-hanging-in-malta.638059. 30 January 2017. 220797156.
289. Web site: Shop file ID 4211 and product ID 6132. BDL Books. San Gwann. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227222411/http://www.bdlbooks.com/index.php?page=shop.getfile&file_id=4211&product_id=6132&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=1. 27 December 2016. 25 November 2016.
290. Book: Malta. Department of Information. Reports on the Working of Government Departments for the Year 1996. 1996. Government Press. 493.
291. Web site: Debates tal-Kamra tad-Deputati (Rapport Uffiċjali u Rivedut) – Id-disa' Parlament – Seduta Nru. 127. Parliament of Malta. 20 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161220211651/http://www.parlament.mt/file.aspx?f=5844. mt. 22 June 1999.
292. News: Budget 2017: Cancer treatment services to improve to levels of excellence ... by 2021. 18 October 2016. The Malta Independent. https://web.archive.org/web/20161019185511/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2016-10-18/local-news/Budget-2017-Cancer-treatment-services-to-improve-to-levels-of-excellence-by-2021-6736165349. 19 October 2016. 958646023.
293. Book: Scicluna, Edward. Edward Scicluna. 17 October 2016. Budget Speech 2017. Health, Sports and Culture. https://mfin.gov.mt/en/The-Budget/Documents/The_Budget_2017/Budget_Speech_2017_English.pdf. Ministry for Finance. Valletta. 978-99957-58-15-8. 139, 140. 20 July 2017. 21 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201021120123/https://mfin.gov.mt/en/The-Budget/Documents/The_Budget_2017/Budget_Speech_2017_English.pdf. dead. Original language; Book: Scicluna, Edward. Edward Scicluna. 17 October 2016. Diskors tal-Bagit 2017. Sahha, sport u kultura. https://mfin.gov.mt/en/The-Budget/Documents/The_Budget_2017/Diskors_Badgit_2017.pdf. Ministeru ghall-Finanzi. Valletta. mt. 978-99957-58-14-1. 132.
294. News: Vassallo. Alvin. 19 July 2017. €11-il miljun fi proġetti ta' V18. Newsbook. mt. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731173528/http://www.newsbook.com.mt/artikli/2017/7/19/spiza-ta-EU11-il-miljun-fi-progetti-ta-v18.62801/. 31 July 2017.
295. News: 17 October 2016. Baġit li jara r-riġenerazzjoni tan-naħa t'isfel tal-Belt Valletta. One News. mt. https://web.archive.org/web/20170820071042/http://www.one.com.mt/news/2016/10/17/bagit-li-jara-r-rigenerazzjoni-tan-naha-tisfel-tal-belt-valletta/. 20 August 2017.
296. Web site: Tender for the Restoration of the Facade of Palazzo Castellania, Merchants Street, Valletta in an Environmentally Friendly Manner. Etenders.gov.mt. 23 June 2017. 19 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170719234912/https://www.etenders.gov.mt/epps/cft/downloadContractDocument.do?documentId=3697139&resourceId=null. 5–9, 38–46.
297. News: 18 January 2018. Palazzo Castellania facade restored: The building served as the law courts and prison of the knights. Times of Malta. https://web.archive.org/web/20180118191043/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20180118/community/palazzo-castellania-facade-restored.668287. 18 January 2018.
298. News: Amaira. Ruth. 18 January 2018. Television Malta. Facade of Palazzo Castellania restored at an investment of €120,000. https://web.archive.org/web/20180120205318/https://www.tvm.com.mt/en/news/facade-of-palazzo-castellania-restored-at-an-investment-of-e120000/. 2018-01-20.
299. Book: Ian Ellis. 2014. Richard Ellis: Malta – Portrait of an Era – 1860–1940. BDL Publishing. 262. 978-99957-46-46-9.
300. Book: Bonello, Giovanni. 2010. Nostalgias of Malta: images by Modiano from the 1900s. Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti. 978-99932-7-316-5. 696296725. 53.
301. Journal of the Malta Historical Society. Ganado. Albert. 2005. Bibliographical notes on Melitensia – 3. 14. 2. 173–174, 182, see footnote 8. https://web.archive.org/web/20140421163335/http://mhs.eu.pn/mh3/20053.html. 21 April 2014.
302. Montebello. Mark. 24 August 2014. Manwel Dimech jaghlaq mitt sena eziljat. Il-Mument. 2229. 34. https://web.archive.org/web/20170323184209/https://issuu.com/maltarightnow/docs/2014_08_24. 23 March 2017.
303. News: Imfakkar il-100 sena mill-eżilju ta' Manwel Dimech. https://web.archive.org/web/20170323152627/http://www.inewsmalta.com/articles/article19290.html. 23 March 2017. iNews Malta.
304. Book: Micallef. Jessica. Montebello. Mark. 2014. Dimech Poeta: Mill-ħabs għall-eżilju. mt. 23. 978-99932-17-33-6.
305. Bonniċi. Arthur. 4 March 1978. Inkomplu bit-tibdil fil-Belt. Leħen Is-Sewwa. 7. mt.
306. Maltese Medical Journal. Vella. K. A.. A case-control study investigating an outbreak of Bacillus cereus food poisoning in a hotel in Malta. 1997. 9. 1. 2308-4103. 938847642. 23. https://web.archive.org/web/20170703183512/http://www.um.edu.mt/library/e-articles/mmj/mmj090123.pdf. 3 July 2017.
307. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. Berrios. X.. Koponen. T.. Huiguang. T.. Khaltaev. N.. Puska. P.. Nissinen. N.. 1997. Distribution and prevalence of major risk factors of noncommunicable diseases in selected countries: the WHO Inter-Health Programme. 75. 2. 99–108. https://web.archive.org/web/20170807123755/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/54563/1/bulletin_1997_75(2)_99-108.pdf. 7 August 2017. 9185361. 2486940.
308. Storja. Brincat. Violet. 2001. Health policy under Self-Government, 1921–1934. 4. 7. 67–73.
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310. European Journal of Public Health. Paget. Dineke Zeegers. Koopmans. Gerrit. 20 December 2009. EUPHA—Present and Future. 19. 6. 667–670. 10.1093/eurpub/ckp181. 1101-1262. 4640094483. free.
311. Book: 2008. Autorit Es Nationales Comp Etentes Au Titre Des Trait Es Internationaux Concernant Le Contr Ole Des Drogues Organismos Nacionales Competentes en Virutd de Los Tratados Internacionales de Fiscalizaci on de Drogas. National Authorities Empowered to Issue Certificates and Authorizations for the Import and Export of Narcotic Drugs. United Nations Publications. Vienna. 21. 9789210481229. 0251-6799.
312. Press Releases. PR. 1809. 6 October 1998. Il-Ministeru tas-Sahha trasferit ghal Belt Valletta. mt. https://web.archive.org/web/20180819164049/https://www.gov.mt/en/Government/Press%20Releases/Pages/1998/10/06/PR1809.aspx. 19 August 2018.
313. Book: Rudolf, Uwe James. 2018. Historical dictionary of Malta. 3. Rowman & Littlefield. Lanham. 143, 144. 1040078334. 978-1-5381-1918-1.
314. Web site: Notte Bianca 2012 – 29 September: Invitation to visit Palazzo Castellania during Notte Bianca. Government of Malta. https://web.archive.org/web/20160801185611/http://www.gov.mt/en/Government/Press%20Releases/Pages/2012/September/28/pr2117.aspx. 1 August 2016. 28 September 2012.
315. Richmond Foundation Journal. Guillaumier. Anthony E.. Winter 2009. The Missing Link. 35. 14. https://web.archive.org/web/20170703185927/http://www.richmond.org.mt/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/RF-newsWIN-08.pdf. 3 July 2017.
316. Web site: 9 November 1998. Debattiti tal-Kamra tad-Deputati (Rapport ufficjali u Rivedut) Id-Disa' Parlament. DOC . Office of the Clerk, Parliament of Malta . 358. https://web.archive.org/web/20170911194110/http://www.parlament.mt/file.aspx?f=5724. 11 September 2017.
317. Malta Medical Journal. Birch. Nicholas J.. Gallicchio. Vincent S.. 1995. News: Malta Lithium Symposium. 7. 2. 17. 2308-4103. 938847642. https://web.archive.org/web/20170703173403/http://www.um.edu.mt/library/e-articles/mmj/mmj070216.pdf. 3 July 2017.
318. News: Gatt. Austin. 21 May 2016. Merchants Street, as it deserves to be. Times of Malta. https://web.archive.org/web/20170104231607/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20070521/opinion/merchants-street-as-it-deserves-to-be.17146. 4 January 2017. 220797156.
319. News: Cremona. Robert. 19 December 2018. Kaos Fil-Ministeru Tas-Saħħa: Għexieren ta' persuni jingħataw appuntamenti fl-istess ħin. Net News. mt. https://web.archive.org/web/20171222152740/http://netnews.com.mt/2017/12/19/kaos-fil-ministeru-tas-sahha-ghexieren-ta-persuni-jinghataw-appuntamenti-fl-istess-hin/. 22 December 2017.
320. Web site: Activists place coal on ministries' doorstep in Yuletide protest. 24 December 2019 .
321. Book: Darmanin, David. 2008. Executive Malta. Behind Valletta's Walls. https://books.google.com/books?id=uFQIznMO9ewC&pg=PA102. EPH Ltd.. 102–103. 978-9948-03-813-9.
322. News: 23 December 2009. The Knights' ornate civil buildings. Times of Malta. https://web.archive.org/web/20170811210207/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20091223/local/the-knights-ornate-civil-buildings.287076. 11 August 2017.
323. Book: Grima, Joseph F.. 2008. Legacy of an Order 360º: The Architectural Heritage in the Era of the Knights in Malta (1681–1798). 2. Miranda Publishers. 978-99909-85-37-5.
324. Book: Schembri, Lara. 2017. Cultural Programme 2018. https://valletta2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Valletta-2018-Cultural-Programme-2018.pdf. Building Infrastructure & Networks. Valletta 2018 Foundation. 978-99957-1-158-0. Exchange Buildings. 196–198. https://web.archive.org/web/20180514160606/https://valletta2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Valletta-2018-Cultural-Programme-2018.pdf. 14 May 2018.
325. Book: De Lucca, Denis. 2018 . Giovanni Bonello . Petra Caruana Dingli . Denis De Lucca . Other Buildings in the City: Some Landmark Buildings in Valletta. Encounters with Valletta: A Baroque City through the Ages. https://bdlbooks.com/product/encounters-with-valletta/. 231–248. L-Università ta' Malta. 9789995785642.
326. Book: Paribeni, Roberto. 1930. Malta: con 172 illustrazioni e 1 tavola. Istituto italiano d'arti grafiche. it. 110–114. 179920209.
327. Mifsud Bonnici. Carmelo. Malta Letteraria. Fr. Emanuel Pinto de Fonseca. 229. 11. 8. August 1936. it. https://web.archive.org/web/20160416211444/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Malta%20Letteraria/ML.n.s.%2C%2011%281936%29/11.pdf. 16 April 2016. 19532024.
328. Baroque Routes Newsletter. De Lucca. Denis. 11. 2016. Malta – The Splender of its Baroque Architecture. https://web.archive.org/web/20170223034006/https://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/284756/BaroqueRoutes_2016_lowresforwebsite.pdf. 23 February 2017. International Institute for Baroque Studies. University of Malta. 15.
329. Journal of the Malta Historical Society. Thake. Conrad Gerald. 1994. Architectural Scenography in 18th-Century Mdina. https://web.archive.org/web/20160301150018/http://mhs.eu.pn/hw/hw19945.html. 1 March 2016.
330. Book: Hughes. James Quentin. Gerald Thake. Conrad. Malta the Baroque Island. Midsea Books. 2003. 978-99932-39-39-0. 178–179.
331. Book: Bonney. Thomas George. 1907. The Mediterranean: Its Storied Cities and Venerable Ruins. J. Pott. University of Michigan. 286. Relic.. Alt URL
332. Book: Greene, Molly. 2010. At the Tribunal. Catholic Pirates and Greek Merchants: A Maritime History of the Early Modern Mediterranean. https://books.google.com/books?id=7syb4WH8NYAC&pg=PA168. Princeton University Press. 167–200. 978-0-691-14197-8. 10.2307/j.ctv4w3sv3.12. j.ctv4w3sv3.12.
333. Book: de Piro, Nicholas. 1997. Valletta: A City Built by Gentlemen for Gentlemen. Miranda Publications. 85. 978-99909-85-00-9.
334. Book: Harry. Luke. Malta: An account and an appreciation. 1960. Harrap. 67.
335. Book: Thoma, Wolfgang. Insight Compact Guide Malta. Ingram Pub Services. 1998. 31. 978-0-88729-544-7.
336. Scientia. Galea. R. V.. 1942. Architecture in Malta. https://web.archive.org/web/20160417211859/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20%28Malta%29/Scientia.%2008%281942%294%28Oct.-Dec.%29/01.pdf. 17 April 2016. 8. 4. 154.
337. Treasures of Malta. Thake. Conrad Gerald. 1996. The Architectural legacy of Grand Master Pinto. 2. 2. 39–43. 26 March 2017. 26 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170326021003/http://www.patrimonju.org/content.aspx?id=119901&subId=117276.
338. News: Thake. Conrad Gerald. The Architectural Legacy of Grand Master Pinto (2). The Malta Independent. 16 May 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20160801192321/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2008-05-16/local-news/The-Architectural-legacy-of-Grand-Master-Pinto-%282%29-207685. 1 August 2016. 958646023.
339. Book: Rossiter, Stuart. Malta. Ernest Benn Limited. London. 1968. 68. 978-0-510-01551-0.
340. Facoltà di Archittetura. Casamento. Aldo. Guidoni. Enrico. 1999. L'urbanistica del Cinquecento in Sicilia: atti del convegno Roma. 3. 30–31. 59. it.
341. Book: Thake. Conrad Gerald. Azzopardi. Charles Paul. 2017. Portals of Valletta. Kite Group. 159–161. 978-99957-50-41-1.
342. Ellul. Michael. 1982. Art and Architecture in Malta in the Early Nineteenth Century. Melitensia Historica. 3. https://web.archive.org/web/20161011202615/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Proceedings%20of%20History%20Week/PHW%201982/01s.pdf. 11 October 2016.
343. Book: L'architettura a Malta dalla preistoria all'ottocento: atti del XV congresso di storia dell'architettura, Malta, 11–16 settembre 1967. Centro di Studi per la Storia dell'Architettura. 1970. Italy. 404.
344. Book: Malta – Guide Verdi Europa . 2007 . Touring Editore. it. 101. 9788836533176 .
345. Book: Zammit, William. Kissing the Gallows: A Cultural History of Crime, Torture and Punishment in Malta, 1600–1798. Book Distributors Limited. 2016. 978-99957-67-12-9. https://web.archive.org/web/20161217225515/http://www.bdlbooks.com/heritage/6132-kissing-the-gallows.html. 17 December 2016. 104.
346. Book: Morana. Martin. Bejn kliem u storja: glossarju enċiklopediku dwar tradizzjonijiet – toponimi – termini storiċi Maltin. D.O.M.. September 2011. Best Print. Malta. 978-99957-0-137-6. 908059040. https://web.archive.org/web/20161005162338/https://sites.google.com/site/kliemustorja/home/titlu/introduzzjoni/dwar-l-awtur/a/b/c/c/d. 5 October 2016. mt. 58–59.
347. Book: Ferris. Achille. Memorie dell' inclito Ordine gerosolimitano esistenti nelle isole di Malta. 1881. Tip. di C. Busuttil. 197. 642909207.
348. Book: Blasi, Abigail. Malta & Gozo. Lonely Planet. 2016. 6. 54. 978-1-74321-502-9. https://web.archive.org/web/20170505030331/http://www.politicalavenue.com/108642/TRAVELGUIDES/154%20-%20%5BLonely%20Planet%5D%20Malta%20%26%20Gozo%206e%202016%20%281743215029%29.pdf. 2017-05-05.
349. Book: Salles, Félix de. 1889. Annales de l'Ordre de Malte, ou, Des Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean-de Jerusalem, chevaliers de Rhodes et de Malte, depuis son origine jusqu'à nos' jours, du Grand Prieuré de Bohême-Autriche et du Service de santé volontaire avec les listes officielles des chevaliers-profès et de justice, des chevaliers d'honneur, etc. Imprimerie St. Norbert. Vienne, France. 193. 458895934. fr.
350. Book: Rix, Juliet. Malta. 25 March 2019. Bradt Travel Guides. 120. 978-1-78477-070-9.
351. Book: Ellul, Michael. T. Cortis. L-arkitettura: xhieda ta' l-identita' nazzjonali. Valletta. Department of Information. 1989. L-identita` kulturali ta' Malta : kungress nazzjonali, 13-15 ta' April 1989. mt. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/41375/1/L-arkitettura_xhieda_ta_l-identita_nazzjonali_1989.pdf. 93–116.
352. Web site: The Castellania. Malta Environment and Planning Authority. https://web.archive.org/web/20160312100945/https://www.mepa.org.mt/castellania. 12 March 2016.
353. Schembri. Annalise. June 2014. Portraits of Grand Master Emmanuel Pinto de Fonseca (1741–1741): An Analysis of the Quintessential Baroque Image. Portraiture in Coinage, Prints, and Sculpture. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/9627?show=full. Department of the Art, University of Malta. 77–78.
354. Book: Sciberras, Keith. 2004. Roman baroque sculpture for the Knights of Malta. Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti. Valletta. 190–207. 9789993210290. 470011305.
355. Book: Thake, Conrad Gerald. MDINA: Architectural and Urban Transformations of a Citadel in Malta. from University of California, Berkeley. 1996. 125.
356. Book: 1967. Atti del Congresso di storia dell'architettura. Centro di studi per la storia dell'architettura. it. 405. 15.
357. Web site: Palazzo Castellania (Ministeru Ghas-Sahha): 15 Triq il-Merkanti. Valletta. November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20170322094546/http://www.buildingsofmalta.com/app/download/26913700/VAL+334.pdf. 22 March 2017. Buildings of Malta.
358. Book: Nelson, Nina. 1978. Malta. Batsford. London. 72. 978-0-7134-0941-3. 644663631.
359. Journal of the Malta College of Family Doctors. Soler. Jean Karl. June 1995. Editorial. Front cover, 1. 8. 2304-8387.
360. Web site: Street Scene: Triq San Gwann. Valletta. May 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20170322092529/http://www.buildingsofmalta.com/app/download/25754977/VAL+244.pdf. 22 March 2017. Buildings of Malta.
361. Book: Playfair, Robert Lambert. Handbook to the Mediterranean. 2. J. Murray. 1881. 184.
362. Web site: Edrichton. Valletta: A City Built By Gentlemen For Gentlemen. Edrichton. https://web.archive.org/web/20110930155735/http://www.edrichton.com/History/Valletta.htm. 30 September 2011.
363. Book: Touring Editore. Malta – Guide Verdi Europa. 2007. Touring Editore. 978-88-365-3317-6. 64. it.
364. Storja. Borg-Muscat. David. Prison Life in Malta in the 18th Century: Valletta's Gran Prigione. 2001. Henry Frendo. 42–51.
365. Book: Brockman, Eric. 1961. Last bastion: sketches of the Maltese islands. Darton, Longman & Todd and Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti. 978-99932-10-24-5.
366. Medical History. Cassar. Paul. July 1968. A medical service for slaves in Malta during the rule of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. 12. 3. 270–7. 4875614. 1033829. 10.1017/S0025727300013314.
367. Book: Attard. Robert. Azzopardi. Romina. 2011. Daily Life in Eighteent-Century Malta. Law and Order. https://www.bdlbooks.com/drama/3235-daily-life-in-eighteenth-century-malta.html. Midsea Books. 78–81. 978-99932-7-327-1. 893557053.
368. Borg. J.. 1983. Pharmacists of old. The Pharmacist. 5. 16–23.
369. Book: Attard, Edward. 2002. Il-Piena Kapitali f'Malta u Pajjiżi Oħra. BDL Publishing. San Gwann, Malta. mt. 164–165. 978-99909-72-12-2. 254597108. 2 May 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170819064352/http://www.mireva.com/DetailPanel.aspx?Id=15086683. 19 August 2017. dmy-all.
370. Book: de Kerdu. Pierre-Marie-Louis de Boisgelin. Ancient and Modern Malta (Vol. 1[-2]

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371. Book: Cassar-Pullicino. Joseph. Studies in Maltese Folklore. 1992. 50. Malta University Press.
372. Il-Karnival ta' Malta se jsir bejn is-16 U l-20 ta' Frar. mt. Department of Information. 2 February 2007. 139.
373. Book: Morana. Martin. Bejn kliem u storja: glossarju enċiklopediku dwar tradizzjonijiet – toponimi – termini storiċi Maltin. Ganċ, It-triq tal-. September 2011. Best Print. Malta. 978-99957-0-137-6. 908059040. http://www.ilmiklem.com/ganc-it-triq-tal/. https://web.archive.org/web/20190504093505/http://www.ilmiklem.com/ganc-it-triq-tal/. 4 May 2019. mt. 83–84.
374. Book: Vella. Fiona. Gatt. Oliver. 2018. Bizarre Malta: a look beyond the obvious. A Confounding Protrusion: The Hook in St John Street, Valletta. https://www.bdlbooks.com/art-photography/6676-bizarre-malta.html. Book Distributors Limited. 978-999577-333-5. 163–166.
375. News: Cauchi. Kenneth. The hook in St John's Street (2). Times of Malta. 26 May 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20150929210132/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20120526/letters/The-hook-in-St-John-s-Street-2-.421324. 29 September 2015. 220797156.
376. Cassar Pullicino. Joseph. The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory. Scientia. October–December 1949. 15. 4. 161–162. https://web.archive.org/web/20160417173522/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20%28Malta%29/Scientia.%2015%281949%294%28Oct.-Dec.%29/01.pdf. 17 April 2016.
377. News: One World – Protecting the most significant buildings, monuments and features of Valletta (36). Times of Malta. 12 August 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075401/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20080812/opinion/one-world-protecting-the-most-significant-buildings-monuments-and.220407. 4 March 2016. 220797156.
378. Book: Bonney. Thomas Gray. The Mediterranean: Its Storied Cities and Venerable Ruins. 1. Library of Alexandria. 978-1-4655-7163-2. 243. https://web.archive.org/web/20170715184105/http://bennetdictionary.com/malta/. 15 July 2017.
379. News: Micallef. Antonio. 11 April 2015. Firma tikkonferma li pjanti tal-Belt mill-aħħar żminijiet tal-Kavallieri huma ta' Ittar. Television Malta. mt. https://web.archive.org/web/20180420165815/https://www.tvm.com.mt/mt/news/jinstabu-zewg-pjanti-tal-belt-valletta-mill-ahhar-zminijiet-tal-ordni-ta-san-gwann/. 20 April 2018.
380. Book: Zammit, Willaim. 2023. Slavery, Treason and Blood: The 1749 Plot of the Slaves in Malta. Heritage Malta. 9789918619146. 172, 173.
381. News: Tarpey. Brian N.. 'Nelson's Hook'. Times of Malta. 31 July 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20160119221033/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20040731/letters/nelsons-hook.116443. 19 January 2016. 220797156.
382. News: Formosa. Francis. The story behind the hook. Times of Malta. 22 May 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20151105012135/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20120522/letters/The-story-behind-the-hook.420796. 5 November 2015. 220797156.
383. News: Formosa. Francis. The hook in St John's Street (1). Times of Malta. 26 May 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20160806211613/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20120526/letters/The-hook-in-St-John-s-Street-1-.421331. 6 August 2016. 220797156.
384. News: The hook at Triq San Gwann. Malta Environment and Planning Authority. 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20161017052644/https://www.mepa.org.mt/hsg. 17 October 2016.
385. Book: Attard, Frans A.. 2016. The Maze – Street Atlas Malta and Gozo. Uptrend Publishing. 8. 104. 978-9993299356.
386. Book: Court of Justice of the European Communities. Joseph Izzo Clarke. Edgar Depasquale. Alexander Ellul. Karl Sammur. Christopher Vella. Malta u l-Qorti tal-Ġustizzja tal-Unjoni Ewropea: ħarsa lejn għaxar snin ta' kooperazzjoni ġudizzjarja. 2014. Publications Office of the European Union. Luxembourg. 2. 978-92-829-1733-6. 904335289. 10.2862/68228. https://web.archive.org/web/20160403085413/https://mjcl.gov.mt/en/justice/Documents/198883_2013%2010057_10_YEARS_MALTA_IN_EU_FINAL.pdf. 3 April 2016. mt.
387. News: 4 October 2013. Health and cultural feast at Notte Bianca. The Malta Independent. https://web.archive.org/web/20131007095404/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2013-10-04/news/health-and-cultural-feast-at-notte-bianca-2789638145/. 7 October 2013. 958646023.
388. News: Invitation To visit Palazzo Castellania during Notte Bianca. The Malta Independent. 29 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20160730125955/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2011-09-29/news/invitation-to-visit-palazzo-castellania-during-notte-bianca-299408/. 30 July 2016. 958646023.
389. ESA Newsletter. Goldik. Winter 2011. Zeev. European Diploma of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care: Report from the Examination Committee 2011. Iain Moppett. 44. 6. 20 February 2017. 20 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170220170042/https://m.esahq.org/~/media/ESA/Files/Downloads/Resources-Newsletter-Winter2011/44Winter2011.ashx.
390. Scientia. Harding. Hugh W.. 1950. Advocates Under the Code de Rohan and the Present Laws. 3. 2. 121. https://web.archive.org/web/20170520111517/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20%28Malta%29/Scientia.%2016%281950%293%28Jul.-Sept.%29/02.pdf. 20 May 2017.
391. Book: Valletta: Humillissima Civitatis Vallettæ. Miller Distributors Limited. Miller House, Luqa. 71. 978-99932-86-67-7.
392. Melita Historica. Cassar. Paul. 1972. The Cult and Iconography of Saints Cosmas and Damian in the Maltese Islands. 6. 1. 25–49. 14 August 2019. 6 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190606105233/http://maltahistory.eu5.net/mh2/19723.html.
393. Book: Zammit, William. Kissing the Gallows: A Cultural History of Crime, Torture and Punishment in Malta, 1600–1798. Book Distributors Limited. 2016. 978-99957-67-12-9. https://web.archive.org/web/20161217225515/http://www.bdlbooks.com/heritage/6132-kissing-the-gallows.html. 17 December 2016. 107.
394. Book: Ciantar. Giovannantonio. Malta Illustrata. 1780. Malta. 343. it. Mallia. 314366997.
395. Book: Zammit, William. Kissing the Gallows: A Cultural History of Crime, Torture and Punishment in Malta, 1600–1798. Book Distributors Limited. 2016. 978-99957-67-12-9. https://web.archive.org/web/20161217225515/http://www.bdlbooks.com/heritage/6132-kissing-the-gallows.html. 17 December 2016. 236.
396. Book: Guillaumier. Alfie. Bliet u Rħula Maltin. 2005. Klabb Kotba Maltin. 978-99932-39-40-6. 937.
397. Il-Bizzilla. Borg. Richard. January 2018. The Fountains of Valletta. 61. 40–43.
398. Book: Zammit, William. Kissing the Gallows: A Cultural History of Crime, Torture and Punishment in Malta, 1600–1798. Book Distributors Limited. 2016. 978-99957-67-12-9. https://web.archive.org/web/20161217225515/http://www.bdlbooks.com/heritage/6132-kissing-the-gallows.html. 17 December 2016. 108, 246.
399. Book: Zuccagni-Orlandini. Attilio. Corografia fisica, storica e statistica dell'Italia e delle sue isole corredata di un atlante. 1842. Pr. Gli Editori. it. 667. 12.
400. Book: Proclami, notificazioni ed altri avvisi ufficiali, pubblicati dal governo dell'isola di Malta. Dalli 5 ottobre 1813 (alli 31 decembre 1835). 1830. it. from Oxford University. 36. Malta.
401. Book: Buttigieg, Noel. Proceeding of History Week. 2009. Is Bread Male or Female? Gender and Power Relations. 12. 7. 101. https://web.archive.org/web/20160301142710/http://mhs.eu.pn/hw/hw200907.html. 1 March 2016. 978-99932-7-400-1.
402. Book: Buttigieg, Noel. Journal of the History of the Order of St John. 2014. Cassar George. Bread and the City: 1740–1798. 13. 4. 9787999016069. 2306-8272. https://web.archive.org/web/20171223223009/http://www.mireva.com/DetailPanel.aspx?Id=25519691. 23 December 2017.
403. Storja. Vella. Yosanne. 1998. Earthly Madonna's?: Women troublemakers in 18th Century Malta. 3. 4. 34.
404. News: Vella. Yosanne. 2017. Il-kontribut tan-nisa fis-soċjetà tas-Seklu 18 kien sinjifikanti. inews Malta. mt. https://web.archive.org/web/20180420173407/http://www.inewsmalta.com/articles/article59561.html. 20 April 2018.
405. Book: Vella, Yosanne. 2017. Women in 18th Century Malta. Criminals. http://www.bdlbooks.com/history/6505-women-in-the-18th-century-malta.html. SKS. 97. 9789993217534. https://web.archive.org/web/20171229191732/http://www.bdlbooks.com/history/6505-women-in-the-18th-century-malta.html. 29 December 2017.
406. Symposia Melitensia. Buttigieg. Noel. 2011. The early modern licensed ridotto: an attempt to 'domesticate gambling'? (1650–1798). 7. 66. https://web.archive.org/web/20170808181735/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46603841.pdf. 8 August 2017.
407. Book: Cumbo. F.. QR code for Repertorio di proclami, ordinanze, notificazioni ecc. 1844. F. Cumbo. 181.
408. Book: Zammit, William. Kissing the Gallows: A Cultural History of Crime, Torture and Punishment in Malta, 1600–1798. Book Distributors Limited. 2016. 978-99957-67-12-9. https://web.archive.org/web/20161217225515/http://www.bdlbooks.com/heritage/6132-kissing-the-gallows.html. 17 December 2016. 164–166.
409. Journal of the Mediterranean Studies. Muscat. Joseph. 1999. Ship Graffiti – a Comparative Study. 9. 1. 74–105. 1016-3476.
410. Web site: ERBA' EPOKI TA' DOKUMENTAZZJONI. 30 October 2019.
411. Book: Bonney. Thomas George. 1907. The Mediterranean: Its Storied Cities and Venerable Ruins. J. Pott. University of Michigan. 292. Justice .. https://web.archive.org/web/20170715184105/http://bennetdictionary.com/malta/. 15 July 2017.
412. Knepper. Paul. Sandra. Scicluna. 23 November 2010. Historical criminology and the imprisonment of women in 19th-century Malta. . 14 . 4 . 407–424 . 1362-4806 . 10.1177/1362480610376156 . 145618432. 823105776.
413. Web site: Lia. Carmen. Melitensia. Malta Book World. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228202814/http://maltabookworld.yolasite.com/page-2-melitensia.php. 28 December 2016. 2.
414. Web site: Protection of Antiquities Regulations 21st November, 1932 Government Notice 402 of 1932, as Amended by Government Notices 127 of 1935 and 338 of 1939 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20160419101304/https://www.mepa.org.mt/file.aspx?f=2627 . 19 April 2016 .
415. 28 March 2008. The Malta Government Gazette. Att ta" l-1992 Dwar l-Ippjanar ta' l-Izvilupp (Artikolu 46). https://web.archive.org/web/20170322165430/http://www.doi-archived.gov.mt/EN/gazetteonline/2008/03/gazts/GG%2028.3.pdf. 22 March 2017. 273. 5333.
416. Castellania. National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. https://web.archive.org/web/20160315032321/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01132.pdf. 15 March 2016. 28 December 2012. 1132.
417. News: 125 properties on National Inventory of the Cultural Property. The Malta Independent. 30 December 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130102121755/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2012-12-30/news/125-properties-on-national-inventory-of-the-cultural-property-605618179/. 2 January 2013. 958646023.
418. . February 2015. Annual Report 2015. National Archives of Malta. Rabat, Malta. 1997-6348. 32.
419. The staff of the National Archives, volunteers and members of the Friends of the National Archives. 2018. Annual Report 2017. https://parlament.mt/media/93577/01340.pdf. Legal Documentation Section. National Archives of Malta. 1997-6348. 29–31.
420. Book: Mallia-Milanes, Victor. 1988. The British colonial experience, 1800–1964: the impact on Maltese society. 4. Mireva Publications. 978-1-870579-01-8.
421. Osservatorio per le Arti Decorative in Italia. 1. Balzan. Francesca. 2010. The Jewellery History of Malta: some observations on its study. https://web.archive.org/web/20131225125137/http://www.unipa.it/oadi/oadiriv/?page_id=101. 25 December 2013. 10.7431/RIV01072010. 2038-4394. 780067125.
422. Book: Cassar, Carmel. 2000. Society, culture and identity in early modern Malta. Mireva. 978-1-870579-56-8. xxiii.
423. Book: Farrugia, Charles J.. 60th anniversary of the Malta Historical Society: a commemoration. Zabbar. Joseph F. Grima. Veritas Press. 2010. 978-99932-0-942-3. 779340904. 41–58. http://mhs.eu.pn/60/60_08.html. Towards Virtual Access to Archives. https://web.archive.org/web/20170616012616/http://mhs.eu.pn/60/60_08.html. 16 June 2017.
424. Cassar Pullicino. Joseph. The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory. Scientia. October–December 1949. 15. 4. 160. https://web.archive.org/web/20160417173522/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20%28Malta%29/Scientia.%2015%281949%294%28Oct.-Dec.%29/01.pdf. 17 April 2016.
425. Book: Sammut, Frans. Frans Sammut. 2015. La Malta Revo. Mondial. eo. 273–275. 978-1-59569-064-7.
426. Festa Santa Marija. Attard. Anton F. 2012. Il-Castrum Terre Gaudisii u l-Origini tal-Matrici tal-Assunta f'Ghawdex. 9. 72. Leone Philharmonic Society.
427. Periodici le Monnier. Carlo Salvioni. 1898. Archivio glottologico italiano. it. 6–8. 63. 0004-0207. 1513918.
428. Cachia. Pierre. 2012. Maltese: Arabic Roots and Sundry Grafts. Exploring Arab Folk Literature. 178–189 . Edinburgh Scholarship Online. 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748640867.003.0015. 9780748640867 .
429. Book: Cachia. Pierre. Exploring Arab Folk Literature. 2011. Edinburgh University Press. 978-0-7486-5407-9. 774002238. 183.
430. Journal of Maltese Studies. Cachia. Pierre. 1964. Cultural Cross-Currents in Maltese Idioms. 232. 2. https://web.archive.org/web/20170815031751/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/handle/123456789/21053/Cultural%20Cross-Currents%20in%20Maltese%20Idioms%20by%20P.%20Cachia.%20Journal%20of%20Maltese%20Studies.%202%281964%29%28226-237%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=n. 15 August 2017.
431. Book: Zammit, Themistocles. 1937. Ktieb Gdid Ghall-Qari Malti – Gabra ta' Kitba Maltija. Censa u c-Cine. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/handle/123456789/48/Gabra%20ta%20kitba%20-%20Zammit.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. 2. Empire Press. mt. https://web.archive.org/web/20190331212125/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/handle/123456789/48/Gabra%20ta%20kitba%20-%20Zammit.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. 31 March 2019. 11–15.
432. Cassar Pullicino. Joseph. The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory. Scientia. October–December 1949. 15. 4. 173. https://web.archive.org/web/20160417173522/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20%28Malta%29/Scientia.%2015%281949%294%28Oct.-Dec.%29/01.pdf. 17 April 2016.
433. Book: Sammut, Joseph C.. Currency in Malta. 2001. Publishers Enterprises Group (PEG). San Gwann. 47, 177, 312. 99909-975-3-5. https://web.archive.org/web/20190501170744/http://llrc.mcast.edu.mt/digitalversion/table_of_contents_19894.pdf. 1 May 2019.
434. Web site: Europa Programme 2009 bit-tema 'Wirt Kulturali' ‑ Castellania. 2009. Central Bank of Malta. mt.
435. Quarterly Review. Quarterly Review 2009. 42. 2. 56. 0008-9273. 17 July 2009. 15 January 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170115183721/https://www.centralbankmalta.org/files/publications/quarterly/qr_2009_2.pdf. 7600556.
436. 26 February 2010. Annual Report and Statement of Accounts – Central Bank of Malta. Central Bank of Malta. Annual Report 2009: Forty-Second Annual Report and Statements of Accounts 2009. 0577-0653. 42. 1–4. 81. 15 January 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170115172952/https://www.centralbankmalta.org/file.aspx?f=66. Valletta. 5253146.
437. News: Issue Of collector coins featuring 'La Castellania'. The Malta Independent. 23 June 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20160730125955/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2009-06-23/news/issue-of-collector-coins-featuring-la-castellania-226736/. 30 July 2016. 958646023.
438. News: Coins for culture. Times of Malta. 25 June 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20160907174412/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20090625/local/coins-for-culture.262359. 7 September 2016. 220797156.
439. Book: Cuhaj, George S.. 2015 Standard Catalog of World Coins 2001-Date. F+W Media, Inc.. 2014. 978-1-4402-4040-9. 714.
440. Book: Cuhaj. George S.. Michael. Thomas. 2010. 2011 Standard Catalog of World Coins 2001-Date. Krause Publications. 354. 978-1-4402-1471-4.
441. Book: Morana. Martin. Bejn kliem u storja: glossarju enċiklopediku dwar tradizzjonijiet – toponimi – termini storiċi Maltin. Diritto Municipale. September 2011. Best Print. Malta. 978-99957-0-137-6. 908059040. https://web.archive.org/web/20161005162338/https://sites.google.com/site/kliemustorja/home/titlu/introduzzjoni/dwar-l-awtur/a/b/c/c/d. 5 October 2016. mt. 57–58.