In management accounting, the Cash conversion cycle (CCC) measures how long a firm will be deprived of cash if it increases its investment in inventory in order to expand customer sales.[1] It is thus a measure of the liquidity risk entailed by growth.[2] However, shortening the CCC creates its own risks: while a firm could even achieve a negative CCC by collecting from customers before paying suppliers, a policy of strict collections and lax payments is not always sustainable.
CCC is days between disbursing cash and collecting cash in connection with undertaking a discrete unit of operations.[3]
| CCC | = | Inventory conversion period | + | Receivables conversion period | - | Payables conversion period | |
| = | + | - |
Cashflows insufficient. The term "Cash Conversion Cycle" refers to the timespan between a firm's disbursing and collecting cash. However, the CCC cannot be directly observed in cashflows, because these are also influenced by investment and financing activities; it must be derived from Statement of Financial Position data associated with the firm's operations.
Equation describes retailer. Although the term "cash conversion cycle" technically applies to a firm in any industry, the equation is generically formulated to apply specifically to a retailer. Since a retailer's operations consist of buying and selling inventory, the equation models the time between
(1) disbursing cash to satisfy the accounts payable created by purchase of inventory, and
(2) collecting cash to satisfy the accounts receivable generated by that sale.
Equation describes a firm that buys and sells on account. Also, the equation is written to accommodate a firm that buys and sells on account. For a cash-only firm, the equation would only need data from sales operations (e.g. changes in inventory), because disbursing cash would be directly measurable as purchase of inventory, and collecting cash would be directly measurable as sale of inventory. However, no such 1:1 correspondence exists for a firm that buys and sells on account: Increases and decreases in inventory do not occasion cashflows but accounting vehicles (payables and receivables, respectively); increases and decreases in cash will remove these accounting vehicles (receivables and payables, respectively) from the books. Thus, the CCC must be calculated by tracing a change in cash through its effect upon receivables, inventory, payables, and finally back to cash—thus, the term cash conversion cycle, and the observation that these four accounts "articulate" with one another.
| Label | Transaction | Accounting (use different accounting vehicles if the transactions occur in a different order) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Suppliers (agree to) deliver inventory →Firm owes $X cash (debt) to suppliers |
→Create accounting vehicle (increasing accounts payable by $X) | |
| B | Customers (agree to) acquire that inventory →Firm is owed $Y cash (credit) from customers |
→Create accounting vehicle (increasing accounts receivable of $Y) | |
| C | Firm disburses $X cash to suppliers →Firm removes its debts to its suppliers |
→Remove accounting vehicle (decreasing accounts payable by $X) | |
| D | Firm collects $Y cash from customers →Firm removes its credit from its customers. |
→Remove accounting vehicle (decreasing accounts receivable by $Y.) |
Taking these four transactions in pairs, analysts draw attention to five important intervals, referred to as conversion cycles (or conversion periods):
Knowledge of any three of these conversion cycles permits derivation of the fourth (leaving aside the operating cycle, which is just the sum of the inventory conversion period and the receivables conversion period.)
Hence,
In calculating each of these three constituent conversion cycles, the equation Time = Level/Rate is used (since each interval roughly equals the Time needed for its Level to be achieved at its corresponding Rate).
An exception is made when calculating this interval: although a period average for the Level of inventory is used, any increase in inventory contributes to its Rate of change. This is because the purpose of the CCC is to measure the effects of inventory growth on cash outlays. If inventory grew during the period, this would be important to know.
The aim of studying cash conversion cycle and its calculation is to change the policies relating to credit purchase and credit sales. The standard of payment of credit purchase or getting cash from debtors can be changed on the basis of reports of cash conversion cycle. If it tells good cash liquidity position, past credit policies can be maintained. Its aim is also to study cash flow of business. Cash flow statement and cash conversion cycle study will be helpful for cash flow analysis.[4] The CCC readings can be compared among different companies in the same industry segment to evaluate the quality of cash management.[5]