Casbah of Algiers explained

Whs:Kasbah of Algiers
Criteria:Cultural: ii, v
Id:565
Location:Algiers, Algeria
Coordinates:36.7833°N 3.0603°W
Year:1992
Area:54.7 ha
Relief:1

The Casbah (Arabic: [[wikt:قصبة|قصبة]], qaṣba, meaning citadel) is the citadel of Algiers in Algeria and the traditional quarter clustered around it. In 1992, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) proclaimed Kasbah of Algiers a World Cultural Heritage Site, as "There are the remains of the citadel, old mosques and Ottoman-style palaces as well as the remains of a traditional urban structure associated with a deep-rooted sense of community."[1]

Etymology

More generally, a kasbah is the walled citadel of many North African cities and towns.[2] The name made its way into English from French in the late 19th century (the Oxford English Dictionary states 1895), and can be spelled "kasbah" or "casbah".[3]

History

The Casbah of Algiers is founded on the ruins of old Icosium in the 10th century. It was a city built on a hill, stretching towards the sea, divided into the "High city" and the "Low city". One finds there masonry and mosques dating from the 17th century: Ketchaoua Mosque (built in 1794 by the Dey Baba Hassan) flanked by two minarets; Djama’a al-Djedid (1660, at the time of the Ottomans) with its large finished ovoid cupola points some and its four cupolas; Djamaâ el Kebir (the oldest of the mosques), built by Almoravid ruler Yusuf ibn Tashfin; and Ali Bitchin Mosque (Raïs, 1623). The Casbah also contained several palaces, including Dar Aziza, Dar Mustapha Pacha, Palace of the Dey, and Dar Hassan Pacha which was built in 1791 to house the Pasha, who lived there for eight years.[4]

In 1839, shortly after the French conquest, the French governor moved into Dar Hassan Pacha. In 1860, Napoleon III and Eugénie de Montijo visited. Before French rule, the casbah contained around 13 Jama Masjids, 109 mosques, 32 mausoleums and 12 Zawiyas, total of 166 religious-related buildings. However, the majority of these religious buildings were destroyed during the occupation. In 1862, there were only nine Jama Masjids, 19 mosques, 15 mausoleums and five Zawiyas left. Many mosques such as Ketchauoua Mosque and Berrani Mosque were converted into buildings with non-Islamic purposes, such as military barracks and churches.[5]

The Casbah played a central role during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962). During the early years of the war, the Casbah was the epicenter of the insurgency planning of the National Liberation Front (FLN), from which it planned and executed attacks against French citizens and law enforcement agents in Algeria at the time. In order to counter their efforts, the French authorities launched operations in the Casbah during the Battle of Algiers.

Current condition

The ANSS, the conservation agency of the Algerian government, reported that 373 buildings in the Casbah have collapsed. Of the 1816 buildings that remain, 40% are ruined or in a critical state, and 10% are boarded up.[6]

Reuters reported in August 2008 that the Casbah was in a state of neglect and certain areas were at risk of collapse.[7]

Algerian authorities list age, neglect and overpopulation as the principal contributors to the degeneration. Overpopulation makes the problem especially difficult to solve because of the effort it would take to relocate the residents. Estimates range from 40,000 to 70,000 people, although it is difficult to be certain due to the number of squatters in vacant buildings.[8] One reason that the government wants to improve the condition of the Casbah is that it is a potential hideout for criminals and terrorists. In the late 1950s and during the civil insurrection and struggle against French colonial rule it was the hideout for the National Liberation Army (Algeria).

Preservationist Belkacem Babaci described the situation as difficult, but not insurmountable, saying: “I still believe it’s possible to save it, but you need to empty it and you need to find qualified people who will respect the style, the materials. It’s a huge challenge.”[9] Restoration projects have been plagued by delays and endemic corruption.[6]

Climate change

See main article: Sea level rise. Since the Casbah of Algiers is a coastal landmark, it is vulnerable to sea level rise. In 2022, the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report included it in the list of African cultural sites which would be threatened by flooding and coastal erosion by the end of the century, but only if climate change followed RCP 8.5, which is the scenario of high and continually increasing greenhouse gas emissions associated with a warming of over 4°C.,[10] and is no longer considered very likely.[11] [12] The other, more plausible scenarios result in lower warming levels and consequently lower sea level rise: yet sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years in all of them.[13] Even if the warming is limited to 1.5°C, global sea level rise is still expected to exceed NaN0NaN0 after 2000 years (and higher warming levels will see larger increases by then), consequently exceeding 2100 levels of sea level rise under RCP 8.5 (~0.750NaN0 with a range of NaN0NaN0) well before the year 4000. Thus, it is a matter of time before the Casbah of Algiers is threatened by water levels, unless it can be protected by adaptation efforts such as sea walls.[14]

In popular culture

Notable people

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. [UNESCO]
  2. http://arabicnametranslatorrxab.wordpress.com/ Arabic Name Translator
  3. Tanya Reinhart Israel/Palestine: How to End the War of 1948 2011- Page 151 "The Jenin refugee camp and the Casbah in Nablus were considered by the Israeli army to be the toughest areas to conquer. Preparations to seize these areas began long in advance. In January 2002, Amir Oren reported in Ha'aretz that the ..."
  4. Web site: Interior of Governors Palace, Algiers, Algeria . . 1899 . 2013-09-25 . 2018-01-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180109181236/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/8768/ . live .
  5. http://elmihwar.com/ar/index.php/mobile/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA/18168.html دويرات القصبة تحتضّر ومساجدها العتيقة مهدّدة بالاندثار.. فهل من مغيث؟
  6. Layli Foroudi, The Algerians battling to save the Casbah from crumbling, Apollo (March 19, 2020).
  7. News: William Maclean . REUTERS, William Maclean, Aug 31, 2008 . Reuters . 2008-09-01 . 2010-06-19 . 2021-06-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202755/https://www.reuters.com/article/inDepthNews/idUSLB44107820080901?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 . live .
  8. Web site: Algeria Channel . Algeria.com . 2010-06-19 . 2021-06-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210629105014/https://www.algeria.com/blog/renewal-of-the-algiers-casbah/ . live .
  9. Web site: Wall Street Journal Blogs, The Informed Reader, July 5, 2007, 9:39 AM ET . Blogs.wsj.com . 2007-07-05 . 2010-06-19 . 2012-03-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120330134140/http://blogs.wsj.com/informedreader/2007/07/05/the-casbah-crumbles-amid-algerias-turmoil/ . live .
  10. Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: Chapter 9: Africa . In Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121
  11. Hausfather . Zeke . Peters . Glen . Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading . Nature . 29 January 2020 . 577 . 7792 . 618–620 . 10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3 . 31996825 . 2020Natur.577..618H . free.
  12. Hausfather . Zeke . Peters . Glen . RCP8.5 is a problematic scenario for near-term emissions . PNAS . 20 October 2020 . 117 . 45 . 27791–27792 . 10.1073/pnas.2017124117 . free . 7668049.
  13. Book: Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . August 2021 . IPCC . TS14 . 12 November 2021 . 9 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210809080054/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf . live .
  14. IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers . In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001.
  15. Book: TCM Film Guide . The 50 Most Unforgettable Actors of the Studio Era: Leading Men . . San Francisco, California . 2006. 29.
  16. Book: Boller, Jr., Paul F. . George, John . They Never Said It: A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, and Misleading Attributions . 1989 . Oxford University Press . New York . 0-19-505541-1 .
  17. Book: TCM Film Guide . The 50 Most Unforgettable Actors of the Studio Era: Leading Men . . San Francisco, CA . 2006 . 31.

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