Caryosyntrips Explained

Caryosyntrips ("nutcracker") is an extinct genus of stem-arthropod which known from Canada, United States and Spain during the middle Cambrian.[1] It was first named by Allison C. Daley and Graham E. Budd in 2010, being the type species Caryosyntrips serratus.[2]

Etymology

The scientific name Caryosyntrips comes from Greek karyon, "nut"; and syntrips, "the smasher", a spirit from Greek mythology.

Occurrence

Multiple species had been recovered from the Burgess Shale Formation, Canada, Wheeler Shale and Marjum Formation, United States, and Valdemiedes Formation, Spain.[3] The latter contain a large specimen, which was initially misidentified as a body remain of lobopodian ("Mureropodia apae").[4]

Description

Caryosyntrips is known only from its 14-segmented frontal appendages, which resemble nutcrackers, with the endite (ventral spine)-bearing margin facing each other, and the bell-shaped bases might represent movable articulations with the animal's head. Details of the endites, terminal spines, segmental boundaries and outer margins differ between species. It is thought to have used their frontal appendages in a scissor-like grasping or slicing motion, and were probably durophagous, feeding on hard-shelled organisms. Other structures remain unknown, although a specimen with paired appendages possibly contain other fragmental head sclerites as well.

The size of Caryosyntrips differed between each species. The largest species is C. serratus which is estimated around long. Other species are much smaller, with the body lengths of C. camurus and C. durus estimated up to and respectively. The largest possible specimen (MPZ 2009/1241), identified as C. cf. camurus, would have belonged to an individual measuring between long.[5]

Taxonomic affinities

As of 2010s, Caryosyntrips was long considered to be a basal radiodont of uncertain position, usually resolved in a polytomy between euarthropod and radiodont branches.[6] [7] [8] [9] [10] however more recent papers have found that it may sit outside of the monophyletic Radiodonta all together.[11] Due to the unusual morphology of the frontal appendages and the limited extent of known remains, its position within the arthropod stem-group remains uncertain.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Stephen Pates . Allison C. Daley . 2017 . Caryosyntrips: a radiodontan from the Cambrian of Spain, USA and Canada . Papers in Palaeontology . 3 . 3 . 461–470 . 10.1002/spp2.1084 . 2017PPal....3..461P . 135026011 .
  2. Allison C. Daley, Graham E. Budd . 2010 . New anomalocaridid appendages from the Burgess Shale, Canada . Palaeontology . 53 . 4 . 721–738 . 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00955.x . 2010Palgy..53..721D . free .
  3. Pates . Stephen . Lerosey-Aubril . Rudy . Daley . Allison C. . Kier . Carlo . Bonino . Enrico . Ortega-Hernández . Javier . 2021-01-19 . The diverse radiodont fauna from the Marjum Formation of Utah, USA (Cambrian: Drumian) . PeerJ . en . 9 . e10509 . 10.7717/peerj.10509 . 33552709 . 7821760 . 2167-8359 . free .
  4. Pates . Stephen . Daley . Allison . Ortega-Hernández . Javier . 2018 . Response to Comment on "Aysheaia prolata from the Utah Wheeler Formation (Drumian, Cambrian) is a frontal appendage of the radiodontan Stanleycaris" with the formal description of Stanleycaris . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica . en . 63 . 10.4202/app.00443.2017 . 0567-7920.
  5. Lerosey-Aubril . Rudy . Pates . Stephen . 2018-09-14 . New suspension-feeding radiodont suggests evolution of microplanktivory in Cambrian macronekton . Nature Communications . 9 . 1 . 3774 . 10.1038/s41467-018-06229-7 . 2041-1723 . 6138677 . 30218075. 2018NatCo...9.3774L . Dryad Data
  6. Jakob Vinther . Martin Stein . Nicholas R. Longrich . David A. T. Harper . amp . 2014 . A suspension-feeding anomalocarid from the Early Cambrian . Nature . 507 . 7493 . 496–499 . 10.1038/nature13010 . 24670770. 2014Natur.507..496V . 205237459 .
  7. Cong . Peiyun . Ma . Xiaoya . Hou . Xianguang . Edgecombe . Gregory D. . Strausfeld . Nicholas J. . September 2014 . Brain structure resolves the segmental affinity of anomalocaridid appendages . Nature . en . 513 . 7519 . 538–542 . 10.1038/nature13486 . 25043032 . 2014Natur.513..538C . 4451239 . 1476-4687.
  8. Van Roy . Peter . Daley . Allison C. . Briggs . Derek E. G. . June 2015 . Anomalocaridid trunk limb homology revealed by a giant filter-feeder with paired flaps . Nature . en . 522 . 7554 . 77–80 . 10.1038/nature14256 . 25762145 . 2015Natur.522...77V . 205242881 . 1476-4687.
  9. Liu . Jianni . Lerosey-Aubril . Rudy . Steiner . Michael . Dunlop . Jason A . Shu . Degan . Paterson . John R . 2018-06-01 . Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontan . National Science Review . 5 . 6 . 863–869 . 10.1093/nsr/nwy057 . 2095-5138. free .
  10. Moysiuk . J. . Caron . J.-B. . 2019-08-14 . A new hurdiid radiodont from the Burgess Shale evinces the exploitation of Cambrian infaunal food sources . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . en . 286 . 1908 . 20191079 . 10.1098/rspb.2019.1079 . 0962-8452 . 6710600 . 31362637.
  11. McCall . Christian . 13 December 2023 . A large pelagic lobopodian from the Cambrian Pioche Shale of Nevada . Journal of Paleontology . 1–16 . 10.1017/jpa.2023.63 . 266292707 . 13 December 2023.

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