Cardinals created by Eugene III explained

Pope Eugene III (1145–1153) created sixteen cardinals in nine consistories:[1]

Consistories

9 March 1145

21 September 1145

25 February 1149

16 December 1149

22 September 1150

2 March 1151

21 December 1151

21 February 1152

23 May 1152

"Presumed cardinals"

The following other persons are also listed as cardinals created by Eugene III,[2] but they should be excluded from that list because they were never promoted to the cardinalate or are confused with another cardinals ("presumed cardinals"):[3]

NameAlleged cardinalateNotes
GuyCardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Portico 1145–ca.1159He is the same as Guido di Crema, future Antipope Paschalis III[4]
Rainiero MarescottiCardinal-deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco in 1145This cardinal appears only in the falsehoods of the 16th century[5]
BercarcoCardinal-deacon in 1145He subscribed a bull on 14 March 1145[6] but this is certainly the same person as cardinal-deacon Berardo created by Lucius II,[7] whose name has been corrupted on some copies of this bull[8]
GuidoCardinal-deacon in 1145Guido S.R.E. diaconus card. subscribed papal bulls between 14 March and 12 May 1145, but he is the same as Guido de Castro Ficeclo, created by Innocent II, not a separate individual [9]
Bernard, O.S.B.Cas.Cardinal-priest in 1146He did not subscribe any papal bulls[10]
GregorioCardinal-deacon 1146–1153He did not subscribe any papal bulls[11]
GuidoCardinal-bishop of Ostia 1148/49–1150He is the same as Guido de Summa, who was created cardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso by Celestine II in 1143; Eugene III promoted him to cardinal-bishop of Ostia in 1149[12]
GiovanniCardinal-priest of S. Marco 1149–1151He did not subscribe any papal bulls.[13] The title of S. Marco was occupied by Gilberto from 1143 until 1150 and then by Rolando from March 1151.[14]
Galfroy, bishop of St.Asaph 1152–1154Cardinal-deacon 1149–ca.1175He did not subscribe any papal bulls[15] and the great majority of the sources doubt or ignore his alleged promotion to the cardinalate[16]
GualterioCardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Portico 1149–1155The existence of this cardinal is not possible at that time because the deaconry of S. Maria in Portico was occupied by Guido di Crema from 1145 until 1158[17]
Sylvester, O.S.B., abbot of SubiacoCardinal-priest or deacon in 1150Neither the cardinal nor the abbot of Subiaco with this name is attested at that time.[18] Apparently he is confused with Simone Borelli, abbot of Subiaco 1149/52–1183/84,[19] created cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Domnica by Hadrian IV[20]
Jean, O.S.B.Clun.Cardinal-deacon in 1150He did not subscribe any papal bulls[21]
Ardizzone, bishop of CumaCardinal-priest in 1150Bishop Ardicius of Cuma is well attested at that time but there is no evidence that he was promoted to the cardinalate.[22]
Matteo, archpriest of the Liberian BasilicaCardinal in 1150–1153 Matteo, archpriest of the Liberian Basilica, is attested in January 1153 but he was not a cardinal[23]
AlbertoCardinal-deacon of S. Eustachio in 1151 and then cardinal-priest of SS. Apostoli in 1153He did not subscribe any papal bulls.[24]
GregorioCardinal-deacon of SS. Vito e Modesto 1152–1159, joined the obedience of Antipope Victor IV in 1159He did not subscribe any papal bulls[25] and is not attested among the adherents of Victor IV in 1159.[26] The cardinal with this name and title lived under Callixtus II[27]

Besides, it is often claimed that cardinals Jordan of S. Susanna, Bernardo of S. Clemente and Cinzio of SS. Sergio e Bacco were created by Eugene III, but they were all promoted by Lucius II as "cardinal-deacons of the Holy Roman Church"; Eugene III only gave them the titular churches.[28]

Notes

  1. Reconstruction based on Horn, pp. 184–188; cfr. Zenker, pp. 224-225; Brixius, pp. 53-57
  2. Full list on The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church by Salvador Miranda; retrieved on 25 September 2009
  3. About the "presumed cardinals" in general see A. Paravicini Bagliani: Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie dal 1227 al 1254, Padova 1972, p. 519 ff. and Elfriede Kartusch, Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181-1227, Wien 1948, p. 428-438. After the publications of Hierarchia Catholica by Konrad Eubel (1st edition in 1898) and of the dissertation of Brixius (1910, printed in 1912), it is generally accepted that for 12th and 13th centuries the cardinals listed in the older literature (e.g. A. Ciacconius, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, ed. A. Oldoini, Rome 1677; or Lorenzo Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome 1792), who did not subscribe any papal bulls, should be eliminated from the catalogs of cardinals, unless other contemporary sources attest their promotion. Brixius, p. 40–60, identified only three such cardinals promoted between 1130 and 1159, one of them (Bernardo of Pisa, future Pope Eugene III) probably erroneously, cf. Horn, pp. 42-45.
  4. Brixius, p. 108.
  5. H. Tillmann: Ricerche sull’origine dei membri del collegio cardinalizio nel XII secolo, Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia, XXIV, 1970, p. 450–452.
  6. Jaffé, p. 20: Bercharchus
  7. cf. Brixius, p. 51 no. 1; Zenker, p. 184 no. 151.
  8. The edition by Migne, col. 1015-1017, has signature Berardus, diac. card. sanctae Rom. Ecclesiae ss.
  9. Cf. Luchesius Spätling, Kardinal Guido und seine Legation in Böhmen-Märe, in: Mitteilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung, Universitäts Wien Institut für Geschichtsforschung und Archivwissenschaft in Wien, 1958, pp. 306–330
  10. Jaffé, p. 20–21. Brixius, Zenker and Horn do not mention him among the cardinals created by Eugene III. Even Cardella, p. 67, questions the existence of this cardinal
  11. Jaffé, p. 20–21, 89–90. Brixius, Zenker and Horn do not mention him among the cardinals created by Eugene III.
  12. The evidence confirming this identification by Brixius, p. 97–98
  13. Jaffé, p. 20. Brixius, Zenker and Horn do not mention him among the cardinals created by Eugene III
  14. Zenker, p. 85; Brixius, p. 138.
  15. Jaffé, p. 20–21
  16. http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1148-1149.htm#Galfroy The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
  17. Brixius, p. 143; Zenker, p. 168; cf. Jaffé, p. 20–21, 89–90, 102–103.
  18. Jaffé, p. 20–21; Placido Lugano, L'Italia benedictina, Rome 1929, p. 146
  19. Placido Lugano, L'Italia benedictina, Rome 1929, p. 146
  20. Brixius, p. 59-60 no. 11; Zenker, p. 140–141 no. 113.
  21. Jaffé, p. 20–21. Brixius, Zenker and Horn do not mention him among the cardinals created by Eugene III
  22. http://bsbdmgh.bsb.lrz-muenchen.de/dmgh_new/app/web?action=loadBook&bookId=00000456 MGH DDF I
  23. Cf. G. Ferri, Le carte dell'Archivio Liberiano dal secolo X al XV, Archivio della Societa Romana di storia patria, vol. 27, 1904, p. 444
  24. Jaffé, p. 20–21. Brixius, Zenker and Horn do not mention him among the cardinals created by Eugene III. Lorenzo Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome 1792, vol. I, pt. 2, p. 81, lists him but considers his promotion doubtful. He may be confused with cardinal Ildebrando Grassi, who was at first deacon of S. Eustachio and then priest of SS. Apostoli.
  25. Jaffé, pp. 20–21, 89–90, 102–103. Brixius, Zenker and Horn do not mention him among the cardinals created by Eugene III
  26. cf. Brixius, p. 24
  27. Rudolf Hüls: Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130 Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag 1977, p. 244
  28. About Jordan see Brixius, p. 52 no. 7; Zenker, pp. 104-106 no. 72. About Bernardo and Cinzio see Horn, p. 385 and 387

Bibliography

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