Low-carbon economy explained

A low-carbon economy (LCE) is an economy which absorbs as much greenhouse gas as it emits.[1] Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to human activity are the dominant cause of observed climate change since the mid-20th century.[2] There are many proven approaches for moving to a low-carbon economy, such as encouraging renewable energy transition, energy conservation, electrification of transportation (e.g. electric vehicles), and carbon capture and storage. An example are zero-carbon cities.

Shifting from high-carbon economies to low-carbon economies on a global scale could bring substantial benefits for all countries.[3] It would also contribute to climate change mitigation.

Definition and terminology

There are many synonyms or similar terms in use for low-carbon economy which stress different aspects of the concept, for example: green economy, sustainable economy, carbon-neutral economy, low-emissions economy, climate-friendly economy, decarbonised economy.

The term carbon in low-carbon economy is short hand for all greenhouse gases.

The UK Office for National Statistics published the following definition in 2017: "The low carbon economy is defined as economic activities that deliver goods and services that generate significantly lower emissions of greenhouse gases; predominantly carbon dioxide."[4]

Rationale and aims

See main article: Net zero emissions. GHG emissions due to human activity are the dominant cause of observed climate change since the mid-20th century. Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause long-lasting changes around the world, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible effects for people and ecosystems.

Nations may seek to become low-carbon or decarbonised economies as a part of a national climate change mitigation strategy. A comprehensive strategy to mitigate climate change is through carbon neutrality.[5]

Methods

See also: Climate action.

Achieving a low-carbon economy involves reducing greenhouse gas emissions in all sectors that produce greenhouse gases, for example energy, transportation, industry, and agriculture. The literature often speaks of a transition from a high-carbon economy to a low-carbon economy. This transition should take place in a just manner (this is termed just transition).[6]

There are many strategies and approaches for moving to a low-carbon economy, such as encouraging renewable energy transition, efficient energy use, energy conservation, electrification of transportation (e.g. electric vehicles), carbon capture and storage, climate-smart agriculture. This requires for example suitable energy policies, financial incentives (e.g. emissions trading, carbon tax), individual action on climate change, business action on climate change.

Actions taken by countries

See main article: Net zero emissions. On the international scene, the most prominent early step in the direction of a low-carbon economy was the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, which came into force in 2005, under which most industrialized countries committed to reduce their carbon emissions.[7] [8]

OECD countries could learn from each other and follow the examples of these countries in these sectors: Switzerland for their energy sector, UK for their industry, Netherlands for their transport sector, South Korea for their agriculture, and Sweden for their building sector.[9]

Co-benefits

See also: Economic analysis of climate change. The main benefit of a transition to low-carbon economies is that it would contribute towards climate change mitigation. Apart from that, other co-benefits can also be identified: Low-carbon economies present multiple benefits to ecosystem resilience,[10] trade, employment, health, energy security, and industrial competitiveness.[11] [12]

During the green transition, workers in carbon-intensive industries are more likely to lose their jobs. The transition to a carbon-neutral economy will put more jobs at danger in regions with higher percentages of employment in carbon-intensive industries.[13] [14] [15] Employment opportunities by the green transition are associated with the use of renewable energy sources or building activity for infrastructure improvements and renovations.[16]

Low emission industrial development and resource efficiency can offer many opportunities to increase the competitiveness of economies and companies. According to the Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP), there is often a clear business case for switching to lower emission technologies, with payback periods ranging largely from 0.5–5 years, leveraging financial investment.[17]

Energy aspects

Low-carbon electricity

Nuclear power

As of 2021, the expansion of nuclear energy as a method of achieving a low-carbon economy has varying degrees of support.[18] Agencies and organizations that believe decarbonization is not possible without some nuclear power expansion include the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,[19] the International Energy Agency (IEA),[20] the International Atomic Energy Agency,[21] and the Energy Impact Center (EIC).[22] Both IEA and EIC believe that widespread decarbonization must occur by 2040 in order mitigate the adverse effects of climate change and that nuclear power must play a role. The latter organization suggests that net-negative carbon emissions are possible using nuclear power to fuel carbon capture technology.[23]

Indices for comparison

The GeGaLo index of geopolitical gains and losses assesses how the geopolitical position of 156 countries may change if the world fully transitions to renewable energy resources. Former fossil fuel exporters are expected to lose power, while the positions of former fossil fuel importers and countries rich in renewable energy resources is expected to strengthen.[24]

References

Sources

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Three steps to a low-carbon economy: THE GOAL OF ZERO NET EMISSIONS CAN BE ACHIEVED .
  2. Web site: IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 22 March 2016. 23 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181123104020/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf. live.
  3. Koh, Jae Myong (2018). Green Infrastructure Financing: Institutional Investors, PPPs and Bankable Projects. London: Palgrave Macmillan. .
  4. Web site: Low carbon and renewable energy economy, UK - Office for National Statistics . 2024-01-17 . www.ons.gov.uk.
  5. Chen . Lin . Msigwa . Goodluck . Yang . Mingyu . Osman . Ahmed I. . Fawzy . Samer . Rooney . David W. . Yap . Pow-Seng . Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review . Environmental Chemistry Letters . 2022 . 20 . 4 . 2277–2310 . 10.1007/s10311-022-01435-8 . 35431715 . 8992416 . free. 2022EnvCL..20.2277C .
  6. M. Pathak, R. Slade, P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Pichs-Madruga, D. Ürge-Vorsatz,2022: Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.002.
  7. Web site: Low-Carbon Society Research Project . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150519003626/http://2050.nies.go.jp/ . 19 May 2015 . 30 May 2015.
  8. Towards a low carbon economy . Margot Wallström . 11 March 2004 . Brussels . 2008-08-19 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080921222229/http://www.europaworld.org/week168/speechwalstrom12304.htm . 21 September 2008.
  9. Web site: Building a prosperous world with fewer emissions . 2024-01-11 . Brookings . en-US.
  10. Web site: Boost ecosystem resilience to realize the benefits of low emission development . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160816195517/http://ledsgp.org/resource/leds-practice-boost-ecosystem-resilience/?loclang=en_gb . 16 August 2016 . 8 July 2016 . Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP).
  11. Web site: Presenting the benefits of low emission development strategies. 27 June 2016 . Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP). 8 July 2016. 16 August 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160816172104/http://ledsgp.org/2016/06/presenting-co-benefits-of-leds/?loclang=en_gb. live.
  12. Wang . Jingtian . Zhou . Yi . Cooke . Fang Lee . Low-carbon economy and policy implications: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis . Environmental Science and Pollution Research . 2022 . 29 . 43 . 65432–65451 . 10.1007/s11356-022-20381-0 . 35486269 . 2022ESPR...2965432W .
  13. Web site: 5 facts about the EU's goal of climate neutrality . 2022-08-16 . www.consilium.europa.eu . en.
  14. Web site: The employment impact of climate change adaptation .
  15. Web site: Assessing the Implications of Climate Change Adaptation on Employment in the EU .
  16. Web site: Press corner . 2022-08-16 . European Commission - European Commission . en.
  17. Web site: Gain the competitive edge to realize the benefits of low emission development. Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP). 8 July 2016. 14 August 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160814041719/http://ledsgp.org/resource/leds-practice-gain-competitive-edge/?loclang=en_gb. live.
  18. News: Meyer . Robinson . November 10, 2021 . Nuclear Is Hot, for the Moment . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211117051454/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/11/nuclear-power-hot-moment/620665/ . November 17, 2021 . November 23, 2021 . The Atlantic.
  19. News: August 11, 2021 . Global climate objectives fall short without nuclear power in the mix: UNECE . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211122181724/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/08/1097572 . November 22, 2021 . November 23, 2021 . United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
  20. News: Johnson . Jeff . September 23, 2019 . Can nuclear power help save us from climate change? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211122005421/https://cen.acs.org/energy/nuclear-power/nuclear-power-help-save-us/97/i37 . November 22, 2021 . November 23, 2021 . Chemical & Engineering News.
  21. News: Ingersoll . Eric . Gogan . Kirsty . Kirsty Gogan . September 2020 . Driving deeper decarbonization with nuclear energy . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210816125101/https://www.iaea.org/nuclear-power-and-the-clean-energy-transition/driving-deeper-decarbonization-with-nuclear-energy . August 16, 2021 . November 23, 2021 . International Atomic Energy Agency.
  22. News: Takahashi . Dean . February 25, 2020 . Last Energy raises $3 million to fight climate change with nuclear energy . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210112122823/https://venturebeat.com/2020/02/25/last-energy-raises-3-million-to-fight-climate-change-with-nuclear-energy/ . January 12, 2021 . November 23, 2021 . VentureBeat.
  23. News: Chestney . Nina . May 18, 2021 . End new oil, gas and coal funding to reach net zero, says IEA . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211117161210/https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/radical-change-needed-reach-net-zero-emissions-iea-2021-05-18/ . November 17, 2021 . November 23, 2021 . Reuters.
  24. Overland . Indra . Bazilian . Morgan . Ilimbek Uulu . Talgat . Vakulchuk . Roman . Westphal . Kirsten . 2019 . The GeGaLo index: Geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition . Energy Strategy Reviews . en . 26 . 100406 . 10.1016/j.esr.2019.100406 . free . 2019EneSR..2600406O . free . 11250/2634876.

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