Carbohydrate–insulin model explained

The carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM) posits that obesity is caused by excess consumption of carbohydrate, which then disrupts normal insulin metabolism leading to weight gain and weight-related illnesses. It is contrasted with the mainstream energy balance model (EBM), which holds that obesity is caused by an excess in calorie consumption compared to calorie expenditure. According to the carbohydrate–insulin model, low-carbohydrate diets would be the most effective in causing long-term weight loss. Notable proponents of the carbohydrate–insulin model include Gary Taubes and David Ludwig.[1] [2] The CIM has been tested in mice[3] and humans.[4] Although some experts consider that these studies falsified the CIM, proponents disagree.[5] Available evidence does not support the existence of a long-term advantage in weight loss for low-carbohydrate diets.[5]

Notes and References

  1. Ludwig . David S . Aronne . Louis J . Astrup . Arne . de Cabo. Rafael . Cantley . Lewis C . Friedman . Mark I . Heymsfield . Steven B . Johnson . James D . King . Janet C . Krauss . Ronald M . Lieberman . Daniel E . Taubes . Gary . Volek . Jeff S . Westman . Eric C . Willett . Walter C . Yancy . William S . Ebbeling . Cara B . The carbohydrate-insulin model: a physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition . 2021 . 114 . 6 . 1873–1885 . 10.1093/ajcn/nqab270. 34515299 . 8634575 .
  2. Taubes . Gary . The energy balance model compared with the carbohydrate-insulin model . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition . 2022 . 116 . 2 . 612–614 . 10.1093/ajcn/nqac162. 35675308 . free .
  3. Hu . Sumei . Wang . Lu . Togo . Jacques . Yang . Dengbao . Xu . Yanchao . Wu . Yingga . Douglas . Alex . Speakman . John R. . The carbohydrate-insulin model does not explain the impact of varying dietary macronutrients on the body weight and adiposity of mice . Molecular Metabolism . 2019 . 32 . 27–43 . 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.010 . 32029228 . 6938849 . 2212-8778.
  4. Hall . K. D. . A review of the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition . 2017 . 71 . 3 . 323–326 . 10.1038/ejcn.2016.260 . 28074888 . 1476-5640.
  5. Sievenpiper . John L . Low-carbohydrate diets and cardiometabolic health: the importance of carbohydrate quality over quantity . Nutrition Reviews . 2020 . 78 . Supplement_1 . 69–77 . 10.1093/nutrit/nuz082 . 32728757 . 7390653 . Systematic reviews with pairwise and network meta-analyses of the best available evidence have failed to show the superiority of low-carbohydrate diets on long-term clinical weight loss outcomes or that all sources of carbohydrate behave equally..

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