Captaincy General of Yucatán explained

Conventional Long Name:Province of Yucatán
Common Name:Yucatán
Subdivision:Colony
Nation:Spain
Status Text:Province of New Spain
Title Leader:Viceroy
Title Deputy:Governor
Year Leader1:1535–1550
Year Leader2:1821
Year Deputy1:1527–1540
Year Deputy2:1821
Legislature:Audiencia of Mexico
Capital:Mérida
20.9667°N -126°W
Motto:
Anthem:

Year Start:1527
Year End:1821
Event Start:Start of Spanish conquest
Date Start:September
Event End:Declaration of independence
Date End:September 15,
Era:Spanish conquest to Latin American independence
Flag Type:Flag
(1785–1821)
Flag:Flag of Spain
Image Map Caption:Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1794, with the Captaincy General of Yucatán shown in light yellow
P1:Maya civilization
S1:British Honduras
Flag S1:Government Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg
S2:First Mexican Empire
Flag S2:First flag of the Mexican Empire.svg
Government Type:Absolute monarchy with theocratic and oligarchic features
Divisions:Municipality

The Province of Yucatán ([1] [2] [3] ;[4] Spanish; Castilian: Provincia de Yucatán pronounced as /es/), or the Captaincy General, Governorate, Intendancy, or Kingdom of Yucatán, was a first order administrative subdivision of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in the Yucatán Peninsula.

Geography

Physical

See main article: article and Yucatán Peninsula.

The Yucatán Peninsula is a low-lying, tropical, karstic platform of circa 300000km2, bound by the Bay of Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, and the Bay of Honduras in the Caribbean Sea to the southeast.

Human

At the dawn of the sixteenth century, the Peninsula encompassed various kuchkabalo'ob or Postclassic Mayan states. At least some of these are believed to have previously been administrative districts of Chichen Itza and Mayapan.

History

Sixteenth century

Before conquest

Peninsular residents are thought to have first learnt of the Spanish in late 1502, upon Christopher Columbus's landing at Guanaja in late July or early August 1502. Spaniards are thought to have first reached the Yucatán Peninsula in the latter half of 1508, during the Pinzón–Solís voyage. The first Spanish residents of Yucatán were Gonzalo Guerrero, Jerónimo de Aguilar, and their stranded colleagues, who in 1511 had been swept towards the Peninsula from their shipwreck at the Pedro Bank, southwest of Jamaica, and thereafter impressed or enslaved by a batab or mayor of the Ekab Province.

Hispano-Mayan hostilities broke out on 5 March 1517, when the Hernández de Córdoba expedition were ambushed by the military or militia of the Ekab Province near that state's eponymous capital. The expeditionaries' reports of grand Mayan cities lead to further Cuban expeditions to the Gulf coast of the Peninsula, notably leading up to the 1519–1521 conquest of the Aztec Empire.

Spanish conquest

See main article: article and Spanish conquest of Yucatán.

On 8 December 1526, Charles I of Spain granted Francisco de Montejo a capitulación de conquista or letters patent for the conquest of the Mayan states in the Peninsula. The Salamancan conquistador was thereby granted the titles and offices of adelantado, governor, captain general, and alguacil mayor of Yucatán. Montejo, with four ships and over 250 men, embarked from Seville in late June 1527, reaching Cozumel, in the Ekab Province, in late September 1527. The Spanish conquest began in 1527, upon the founding of Salamanca de Xelha, in the Ekab Province, and protracted itself to 1544, ending with the founding of Salamanca de Bacalar in the Waymil Province.

After conquest

In 1546, state and local officers, and priests, of the (recently defeated) pre-Columbian province of Kupul began organising a coalition force for a swift military strike on Mérida, Valladolid, and Bacalar. Six neighbouring (former) provinces joined Kupul in the operation, which was scheduled for the full moon night of 8–9 November 1546. On said night, circa 500–600 non-allied Mayans, and fifteen to twenty encomenderos were massacred. The planned offensive on Mérida faltered, while that on Valladolid devolved into a siege, broken circa two weeks afterwards by a military detachment from Mérida. The strike on Bacalar likewise devolved into a blockade, broken in early 1547. The defeated coalition forces nonetheless determined on guerrilla warfare. By March 1547, most coalition troops had been defeated, exhausted by attrition, or otherwise convinced to lay down their arms. Afterwards, five or six of the principal instigators were tried and killed, circa 2,000 prisoners of war were (illegally) enslaved, a number of Spanish military captains were charged with and convicted of war crimes.

Seventeenth century

The Captaincy General of Yucatán was created in 1617 to provide more autonomy for the Peninsula, previously ruled directly by a simple governor under the jurisdiction of Audiencia of Mexico. Its creation was part of the, ultimately futile, Habsburg attempt in the late 16th century to prevent incursion into the Caribbean by foreign powers, which also involved the establishment of Captaincies General in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and neighboring Guatemala. With the addition of the title of captain general to the governor of Yucatán, the province gained greater autonomy in administration and military matters. Unlike in most areas of Spanish America, no formal corregidores were used in Yucatán, and instead the governor-captain general relied on other subordinate officials to handle the oversight of local districts. The Captaincy General remained part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, with the viceroy retaining the right to oversee the province's governance, when it was deemed necessary, and the Audiencia of Mexico taking judicial cases in appeal. The province and captaincy general covered the territory that today are the States of Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Yucatán, and nominally the northern areas of Petén and Belize.

Law IV ("Que el Governador de Yucatan guarde las ordenes del Virrey de Nueva España") of Title I ("De los Terminos, Division, y Agregación de las Governaciones") of Book V of the Recopilación de Leyes de Indias of 1680 reproduces the 2 November 1627 royal decree (real cédula) of Philip V, which established the nature of the relationship between the Governor of Yucatán and the Viceroy of New Spain: "It is convenient that the governors and captain generals of the Province of Yucatán, precisely and in a timely manner fulfill the orders that the viceroys of New Spain give them. And we order that the governors obey them and fulfill them."

Eighteenth century

In 1786, as part of the Bourbon Reforms the Spanish Crown established an Intendancy of Yucatán covering the same area as the Province. The intendancy took control of government and military finances and had broad powers to promote the local economy.

Nineteenth century

On 15 September 1821, in the Hall of Councils of the City of Mérida, Yucatán declared its independence from Spain. Almost immediately, Governor Juan María Echeverri sent two representatives to negotiate the incorporation of Yucatán into the Mexican Empire. The incorporation into the Mexican Empire took place on 2 November 1821.

Society

Religion

The letters patent of 8 December 1526, granted to Francisco de Montejo for the conquest of the Yucatán Peninsula, incorporated various provisions designed to ensure the successful conversion of Mayan residents to (Roman Catholic) Christianity. Christian proselytising efforts in the Peninsula were begun in late September 1527 by secular friars Juan Rodríguez de Caraveo, Pedro Fernández, and Carmelite friar Gregorio de San Martín, who accompanied the Montejo entrada of 1527–1528. The first known Christian baptisms in the peninsula occurred in Ekab, capital of the eponymous Postclassic Mayan province, during or shortly after an assembly of the province's mayors, held at some point during December 1527 and March 1528. Franciscans began missionary work in Chak'anputun, capital of a Postclassic Mayan province of the same name, sometime during 1535 and 1537.

Education

Hispano–Christian schooling or indoctrination of Mayan children and adults was begun by Franciscan friars at the Provincial Convent of St. Francis, Mérida, in 1547. Instruction included Roman Catholic doctrine for all Mayan children and adults, (Latin) reading and writing for children of pre-eminent Mayan families, and choral music for Mayan adults.

At least some chilamo'ob or priests (of Mayan polytheism), and members of ch'ibalo'ob or noble houses, are known to have vigorously opposed Franciscan indoctrination.

Government

The capitulaciones de conquista or letters patent for the conquest of Yucatán, granted on 8 December 1526 by Charles I of Spain to Francisco de Montejo in Granada, set out the first constitution of Spanish Yucatán.

Absolute authority was vested in the Spanish sovereign, advised and assisted by the Casa de Contratación and the Council of the Indies. Directly subordinate was the adelantado, governor, captain general, and alguacil mayor of Yucatán, who was afforded executive, legislative and judicial authority over the province. Spanish Yucatán was partitioned into municipios or municipalities, each administered by a designated cabildo or municipal-and-town council. Said municipalities were further subdivided into Mayan or encomienda settlements, administered by an encomendero and a resident cacique, and Spanish or non-encomienda settlements, administered by a cabildo.

The Real Audiencia of Mexico, established by real cédula or royal decree on 13 December 1527, was thereby set up as a superior court of judicature for Spanish Yucatán. The province was made an administrative district of the Viceroyalty of New Spain upon or shortly after the latter's formation on 17 April 1535. The New Laws of 20 November 1542 rendered null and void some parts of the adelantados letters patent. The latter were further derogated from on 13 May 1549, upon the adelantado's suspension from the offices of governor, captain general, and alguacil mayor of Spanish Yucatán.

Economy

Francisco de Montejo's letters patent of 8 December 1526 incorporated a number of provisions designed to attract Spanish settlers to the Yucatán peninsula, including–

  1. assignment of conquered Mayan settlements in encomiendas,
  2. authorisation for a limited slave trade in Mayan prisoners,
  3. partial tax breaks from the quinto real, almojarifazgo, and salt tax,
  4. grants of two caballerías and two solares,
  5. authorisation to employ court fines for local public works,
  6. authorisation to employ the diezmo for local missionary work.

Conquistadors had initially hoped to find significant deposits of gold and precious metals in the Yucatán peninsula. As the conquest wore on, it became increasingly apparent that none such were to be had. Consequently, agriculture was settled on as the primary economic activity of Spanish Yucatán. Some commerce, especially in dye woods, similarly developed.

Mayan cotton mantas were made legal tender in late 1542.

See also

Notes and references

Full citations

  1. Aimers . James J. . What Maya Collapse? Terminal Classic Variation in the Maya Lowlands . 17 August 2007 . Journal of Archaeological Research . 15 . 4 . 329–377 . 10.1007/s10814-007-9015-x. 145053177.
  2. Book: Alcalá Erosa . Raúl . 1998 . 2nd . Historia y vestigios de la ciudadela de San Benito . Dirección de Desarrollo Urbano del H. Ayuntamiento de Mérida . 47915779 . 968691806X.
  3. Andrews . Anthony P. . The Political Geography of the Sixteenth Century Yucatan Maya : Comments and Revisions . Journal of Anthropological Research . 1984 . 40 . 4 . 589–596 . 10.1086/jar.40.4.3629799 . 3629799 . 163743879.
  4. Web site: Arranz Márquez . Luis . Diego de Velázquez de Cuellar . Diccionario Biográfico electrónico . Real Academia de la Historia . 26 August 2021 . 2018a . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220516083037/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/5125/diego-velazquez-de-cuellar . 16 May 2022.
  5. Web site: Arranz Márquez . Luis . Pedro de Ledesma . Diccionario Biográfico electrónico . Real Academia de la Historia . 3 August 2021 . 2018b . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221008121212/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/35544/pedro-de-ledesma . 8 October 2022.
  6. Awe . Jaime J. . Helmke . Christophe . April 2015 . The Sword and the Olive Jar : Material evidence of seventeenth-century Maya-European Interaction in central Belize . Ethnohistory . 62 . 2 . 333–360 . 10.1215/00141801-2854369.
  7. Web site: Ayuntamiento de Mérida . 2007 . Datos de interés . Mérida : Un lugar lleno de historia . Ayuntamiento de Mérida . 11 April 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104004/http://www.merida.gob.mx/historia/datos.html . 16 July 2011.
  8. Book: Barrera Vásquez . Alfredo . Bastarrachea Manzano . Juan Ramón . Brito Sansores . William . Vermont Salas . Refugio . Dzul Góngora . David . Dzul Poot . Domingo . Diccionario maya Cordemex : maya-español, español-maya . 1980 . Ediciones Cordemex . Merida . 1st . 7550928.
  9. Baudot . Georges . 1986 . Dissidences indiennes et complicités flibustières dans la Yucatán du XVIIe siècle . Caravelle Cahiers du Monde Hispanique et Luso-Brésilien . 46 . 21–33 . 2272-9828.
  10. Bialuschewski . Arne . 1 January 2017 . Slaves of the Buccaneers : Mayas in captivity in the second half of the seventeenth century . Ethnohistory . 64 . 1 . 41–63 . 10.1215/00141801-3688359.
  11. Bolland . Orlando N. . June 1975 . The Formation of a Colonial Society : Belize, from conquest to Crown colony . University of Hull . Hull, Eng. . PhD . 500387462.
  12. Breuer . Kimberly H. . 1993 . Colonies of Happenstance : The English settlements in Central America, 1525–1787 . University of Texas . Arlington, TX . MA . 35313362.
  13. Bulmer-Thomas . Barbara . Bulmer-Thomas . Victor . 19 November 2016 . Los orígenes del asentamiento de Belice / The Origins of the Belize Settlement . TEMPUS Revista en Historia General . 4 . 2422-2178 . 137–160 .
  14. Book: Calderón Quijano . José Antonio . 1944 . Belice : 1663 (?) - 1821 . Escuela de Estudios Hispanoamericanos . Seville . Publicaciones de la Escuela de Estudios Hispanoamericanos de la Universidad de Sevilla . 5 . 2481064.
  15. Camille . Michael A. . Espejo-Saavedra . Rafael . 1996 . Historical Geography of the Belizean Logwood Trade . Yearbook (Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers) . 22 . 25765830 . 77–85.
  16. Cerón Grajales . Russell . January–June 2014 . Las instituciones jurídicas en la conquista de Yucatán y fundación de Mérida . Revista de la Facultad de Derecho de México . 64 . 261 . 219–242 . 10.22201/fder.24488933e.2014.261.60287 . free.
  17. Book: Chamberlain . Robert S. . 1948 . The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550 . Carnegie Institution of Washington . Washington, DC . Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication . 582 . 2027/mdp.39015014584406.
  18. Chuchiak IV . John F. . 2003 . By faith, not arms : The role of franciscan reducciones and the frontier mission experience in the subjugation of the Maya hinterland of colonial Yucatán, 1602–1672 . Svensk Missionstidskrift . 91 . 2 . 0346-217X . 215–248.
  19. Book: Clendinnen . Inga . 2003 . 2nd . Ambivalent Conquests : Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan, 1517–1570 . Cambridge Latin American Studies . 61 . Cambridge University Press . Cambridge . 0521820316.
  20. Conover Blancas . Carlos . 2013 . Llave y custodia de esta provincia : el presidio de San Felipe Bacalar ante los asentamientos británicos del sur - oriente de la Península de Yucatán (1779 - 1798) . MA . Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México . Mexico City .
  21. Contreras Sánchez . Alicia del C. . 1 July 1987 . El palo de tinte, motivo de un conflicto entre dos naciones, 1670-1802 . Historia Mexicana . 37 . 1 . 49–74 . 2448-6531.
  22. Craig . Alan K. . April 1969 . Logwood as a Factor in the Settlement of British Honduras . Caribbean Studies . 9 . 1 . 53–62 . 25612108.
  23. Web site: Curiosity Media . 2021a . Provincia . SpanishDict . SpanishDict.com . 23 August 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230831023812/https://www.spanishdict.com/pronunciation/provincia . 31 August 2023.
  24. Web site: Curiosity Media . 2021b . De . SpanishDict . SpanishDict.com . 23 August 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230204222611/https://www.spanishdict.com/pronunciation/de . 4 February 2023.
  25. Web site: Curiosity Media . 2021c . Yucatán . SpanishDict . SpanishDict.com . 23 August 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210824030523/https://www.spanishdict.com/pronunciation/yucatan . 24 August 2021.
  26. Book: Demarest . Arthur A. . Rice . Prudence M. . Rice . Don S. . The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse, Transition and Transformation . 2004 . University Press of Colorado . Boulder, CO . 0870817396.
  27. Book: Fancourt . Charles St. John . 1854 . The History of Yucatan : From its discovery to the close of the seventeenth century . John Murray . London . 6914420M .
  28. Finamore . Daniel R. . 1994 . PhD . Sailors and Slaves on the Wood-Cutting Frontier : Archaeology of the British bay settlement, Belize . Boston University . Boston, MA . 35313422.
  29. Galvin . Peter R. . December 1991 . The Pirates' Wake : A geography of piracy and pirates as geographers in colonial Spanish America, 1536–1718 . PhD . Louisiana State University . Baton Rouge, LA . 753888354.
  30. Web site: García Bernal . Manuela Cristina . 2018 . Francisco de Montejo . Diccionario Biográfico electrónico . Real Academia de la Historia . 10 August 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230608112949/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/13067/francisco-de-montejo . 8 June 2023.
  31. Book: Gerhard . Peter . 1993 . The Southeast Frontier of New Spain . Rev. . University of Oklahoma Press . Norman, OK . 0806125438.
  32. Web site: González Hernández . Cristina . Gonzalo Guerrero . Diccionario Biográfico electrónico . Real Academia de la Historia . 3 August 2021 . 2018a . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230324101520/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/85636/gonzalo-guerrero . 24 March 2023.
  33. Web site: González Hernández . Cristina . Jerónimo de Aguilar . Diccionario Biográfico electrónico . Real Academia de la Historia . 31 August 2021 . 2018b . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230530045105/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/5343/jeronimo-de-aguilar . 30 May 2023.
  34. Book: Graham . Elizabeth . 2011 . Maya Christians and their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize . Maya Studies . University Press of Florida . Gainesville, FL . 9780813036663.
  35. Book: Jones . Grant D. . 1989 . Maya Resistance to Spanish Rule : Time and history on a colonial frontier . University of New Mexico Press . Albuquerque, NM . 082631161X . 1st.
  36. Book: Jones . Grant D. . 1998 . The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom . Stanford University Press . Stanford, CA . 0804733171.
  37. Web site: Lázaro de la Escosura . Pilar . 17 May 2004 . Audiencia de Guatemala . Censo-Guía de Archivos de España e Iberoamérica . Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte del Gobierno de España . 29 August 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210830041444/http://censoarchivos.mcu.es/CensoGuia/fondoDetailSession.htm?archivoId=10&id=957812&eventDescendiente=descendienteDetail . 30 August 2021.
  38. Web site: Lehmann . Christian . Ortografía . La lengua maya de Yucatán . Christian Lehmann . 5 August 2021 . 16 December 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230831025621/https://www.christianlehmann.eu/ling/sprachen/maya/sistema_expres/ort/ . 31 August 2023.
  39. León Pinelo . Antonio de . Solórzano Pereira . Juan de . 1681 . Recopilacion de leyes de los reynos de la Indias : mandadas imprimir y pvblicar por la Magestad Catolica del Rey Don Carlos II nuestro señor . 2 . Ivlian de Paredes . Madrid . 367528936 . 6757246M.
  40. Book: Levene . Ricardo . 1938 . Colaboraciones (sección historia política) . IIº Congreso Internacional de Historia de América reunido en Buenos Aires en los días 5 a 14 de julio de 1937 : conmemoración del IV centenario de la fundación de la ciudad de Buenos Aires . 2 . Buenos Aires . Academia Nacional de la Historia . 252893403.
  41. Lutz . Wolfgang . Prieto . Leonel . Sanderson . Warren . July 2000 . Population, Development, and Environment on the Yucatán Peninsula : From ancient Maya to 2030 . International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis . Vienna . 3704501387 . IIASA Research Report . RR-00-14 .
  42. Marcus . Linda C. . 1990 . English Influence on Belize and the Petén Region of Northern Guatemala, 1630 to 1763 . PhD . Southern Methodist University . Dallas, TX . 24080926.
  43. Book: Marley . David F. . 2008 . Wars of the Americas : A chronology of armed conflict in the western hemisphere, 1492 to the present . 2nd . ABC-CLIO . Santa Barbara, CA . 9781598841008.
  44. Book: Marley . David F. . 2010 . Pirates of the Americas . 1 . ABC-CLIO . Santa Barbara, CA . 9781598842012.
  45. McJunkin . David M. . 1991 . PhD . Logwood : An inquiry into the historical biogeography of Haematoxylum campeachianum L. and related dyewoods of the neotropics . University of California . Los Angeles, CA . 24057056.
  46. Book: Molina Solís , Juan Francisco . 1896 . Historia del descubrimiento y conquista de Yucatán, con una reseña de la historia antigua de esta península . Mérida de Yucatán . Impr. y lit. R. Caballero . 6955452 . 1st . 23361775M.
  47. Book: Molina Solís . Juan F. . 1904 . Historia de Yucatán durante la dominación española . 1 . Imprenta de la Lotería del Estado . Merida, Yuc. . 1181744392.
  48. Book: Molina Solís . Juan F. . 1910 . Historia de Yucatán durante la dominación española . 2 . Imprenta de la Lotería del Estado . Merida, Yuc. . 835497317.
  49. Book: Molina Solís . Juan F. . 1913 . Historia de Yucatán durante la dominación española . 3 . Imprenta de la Lotería del Estado . Merida, Yuc. . 1181268171.
  50. Book: Alan E. M . Nairn . Francis G . Stehli . 1975 . The Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean . Springer . Boston, MA . 10.1007/978-1-4684-8535-6 . The Ocean Basins and Margins . 3. 978-1-4684-8537-0 .
  51. Ojeda . Jorge Victoria . July 2019 . El arribo de los españoles a la Peninsula de Yucatán y el inicio del cambio en el paisaje biocultural de la región, siglo XVI . Boletín americanista . 78 . 175–195 . 10.1344/BA2019.78.1010. 3 May 2024 .
  52. Ordaz Tamayo . Marisol del C. . 3 May 2004 . Arquitectura religiosa virreinal de Yucatán : el conocimiento històrico-técnico de las iglesias con estructura espacial conventual : el conocimiento de la arquitectura histórica como condicionante de la restauración . PhD . Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya . 2117/93427 . Barcelona . 8468881554.
  53. Book: Orosa Díaz . Jaime . 1999 . Historia de Yucatán . Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán . Merida, Yuc. . 9686160000 . 48366615 . 16th reprint.
  54. Web site: Oxford University Press . 2021 . Yucatán . UK English Dictionary . Lexico.com . 23 August 2021 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706043927/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Yucatan . 6 July 2022.
  55. Book: Quezada . Sergio . 2011 . La colonización de los mayas peninsulares . Biblioteca Básica de Yucatán . 9786077824275 . 18 . Secretaría de Educación del Gobierno del Estado de Yucatán . Merida, Yuc..
  56. Book: Quezada . Serio . Robles Castellanos . Fernando . Andrews . Anthony P. . 2014 . Yucatán en el orden colonial, 1517–1811 . Historia General de Yucatán . 2 . Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán . Merida, Yuc. . 9786079405014.
  57. Reichert . Rafal . January–June 2017 . El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII . Tzintzun Revista de Estudios Históricos . 65 . 1870-719X . 9–40 .
  58. Book: Rice , Prudence M. . Maya Political Science : Time, Astrology, and the Cosmos . Linda Schele Series in Maya and Pre-Columbian Studies . Austin, TX . University of Texas Press . 2004 . 1st . 0292702612.
  59. Book: Roys . Ralph L. . The Political Geography of the Yucatan Maya . 1957 . Carnegie Institution of Washington . Washington, DC . 1st . Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication . 613 . 1851713.
  60. Book: Rubio Mañé . José I. . 1938 . El Concept Histórico de Capitanía General : Revillagigedo y Yucatán . Pamphlet . Compañía Tipográfica Yucateca . Merida, Yuc. . 970564941.
  61. Rushton . Elizabeth A. C. . December 2014 . PhD . Under the Shade I Flourish : An environmental history of northern Belize over the last three thousand five hundred years . University of Nottingham . Nottingham, Eng. . 1064648060.
  62. Book: Saucedo González . José I. . 10 October 2014 . Poder político y jurídico en Yucatán en el siglo XVI . Doctrina Jurídica . Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán . Mexico City . 9786070255298 .
  63. Saville . Marshall H. . November 1918 . The Discovery of Yucatan in 1517 by Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba . Geographical Review . 6 . 5 . 436–448 . 10.2307/207701 . 207701.
  64. Book: Semboloni Capitani . Lara . 2014 . La construcción de la autoridad virreinal en nueva España, 1535-1595 . El Colegio de México . j.ctt15hvw3p . Mexico City . 9786074626674 . subscription.
  65. Book: Sharer . Robert J. . Traxler . Loa P. . The ancient Maya . 2006 . Stanford University Press . Stanford, CA . 0804748160 . 6th.
  66. Torre Revello . José . 1 October 1956 . El viaje de Yañez Pinzón y Díaz de Solís (1508) . Historia Mexicana . 6 . 2 . 233–246 . 0185-0172 .
  67. Web site: Varela Marcos . Jesús . Juan Díaz de Solís . Diccionario Biográfico electrónico . Real Academia de la Historia . 3 August 2021 . 2018a . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221207030615/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/5892/juan-diaz-de-solis . 7 December 2022.
  68. Web site: Varela Marcos . Jesús . Vicente Yáñez Pinzón . Diccionario Biográfico electrónico . Real Academia de la Historia . 3 August 2021 . 2018b . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221208053700/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/9717/vicente-yanez-pinzon . 8 December 2022.
  69. Vazquez Barke . Gabriela . August 2012 . Bacalar en el siglo XVII : colonización y resistencia . MA . Mexico City . Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230831030455/https://ciesas.repositorioinstitucional.mx/jspui/handle/1015/761 . 31 August 2023.
  70. Vazquez Barke . Gabriela . 2016 . Los poderes y los hombres : El Golfo de Honduras en tiempos de disputa . PhD . Mexico City . Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230831030048/https://ciesas.repositorioinstitucional.mx/jspui/handle/1015/336 . 31 August 2023.

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Yucatán . . . 26 July 2019 . July 26, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190726172308/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/yucatan . live .
  2. 26 July 2019.
  3. 26 July 2019.
  4. Yucatán . Lexico UK English Dictionary . Oxford University Press.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Captaincy General of Yucatán".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.