The captain goes down with the ship explained

"The captain goes down with the ship" is a maritime tradition that a sea captain holds the ultimate responsibility for both the ship and everyone embarked on it, and in an emergency they will devote their time to save those on board or die trying. Although often connected to the sinking of RMS Titanic in 1912 and its captain, Edward Smith, the tradition precedes Titanic by several years.^[1] In most instances, captains forgo their own rapid departure of a ship in distress, and concentrate instead on saving other people. It often results in either the death or belated rescue of the captain as the last person on board.

History

The tradition is related to another protocol from the 19th century: "women and children first". Both reflect the Victorian ideal of chivalry, in which the upper classes were expected to adhere to a morality tied to sacred honor, service, and responsibility for the disadvantaged. The actions of the captain and men during the sinking of in 1852 prompted praise from many, due to the sacrifice of the men who saved the women and children by evacuating them first. Rudyard Kipling's poem "Soldier an' Sailor Too" and Samuel Smiles's book Self-Help both highlighted the valour of the men who stood at attention and played in the band as their ship was sinking.^[2]

Social and legal responsibility

The tradition says that the captain should be the last person to leave their ship alive before its sinking, and if they are unable to evacuate the crew and passengers from the ship, the captain will refuse self-rescue even with an opportunity to do so.^[3] In a social context, especially as a mariner, the captain will feel compelled to take this responsibility as a social norm.

In maritime law, the ship's master's responsibility for their vessel is paramount, no matter what its condition, so abandoning a ship has legal consequences, including the nature of salvage rights.^[4]

Abandoning a ship in distress may be considered a crime that can lead to imprisonment. Captain Francesco Schettino, who left his ship in the midst of the Costa Concordia disaster of 2012, was not only widely reviled for his actions, but received a 16-year sentence including one year for abandoning his passengers. Abandoning ship has been recorded as a maritime crime for centuries in Spain, Greece, and Italy.^[5] South Korean law may also require captains to rescue themselves last.^[6] In Finland, the Maritime Law (Merilaki) states that the captain must do everything in their power to save everyone on board the ship in distress, and that unless the captain's life is in immediate danger, they shall not leave the vessel as long as there is reasonable hope that it can be saved.^[7] In the United States, abandoning the ship is not explicitly illegal, but the captain could be charged with other crimes, such as manslaughter, which encompass common law precedent passed down through centuries. It is not illegal under international maritime law.^[8]

Notable examples

• September 27, 1854: James F. Luce was in command of the Collins Line steamer when it collided with off the coast of Newfoundland. Captain Luce was able to escape the wreck and swim to the surface after initially going down with the ship. He was rescued two days later drifting on wreckage of the same paddle-wheel box that killed his youngest son Willie.^[9]
• September 12, 1857: William Lewis Herndon was in command of the commercial mail steamer when it encountered a hurricane. Two ships came to the rescue, but could save only a fraction of the passengers, so Captain Herndon chose to remain with the rest.
• September 17, 1894: Captain Deng Shichang, in command of the Zhiyuan during the Battle of the Yalu River, went down with the ship and refused to be rescued, after the ship was struck by a Japanese shell, causing a massive explosion.
• March 27, 1904: Commander Takeo Hirose, in command of the blockship Fukui Maru at the Battle of Port Arthur, went down with the ship while searching for survivors, after the ship sustained a direct strike from Russian coastal artillery, causing it to explode.
• April 13, 1904: Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov of the Imperial Russian Navy went down with his ship,, after his ship hit a Japanese naval mine during the early phase of the Siege of Port Arthur.
• April 15, 1912: Captain Edward Smith, in command of when it sank in the North Atlantic after striking an iceberg, was seen returning to the bridge just before the ship began its final plunge.^[10] Conflicting accounts of Smith's death followed; initial rumours claimed that Smith shot himself,^[11] while others suggest that he died on the bridge when it submerged.^{[12] [13]} Careful evidence suggests reliable^[14] accounts claim that Smith jumped overboard from the bridge, and subsequently perished in the water, possibly near lifeboat Collapsible B.^{[15] [16]}
• August 26, 1914: Captain Zimro Moore was in command of the, a U.S. cargo and passenger steamship, when it was rammed by the steamship, Princess Victoria, in fog near Seattle, Washington. He refused to leave the ship and with other crew managed to help most passengers to safety on the Princess Victoria. He went down with the ship.
• December 30, 1917: The troop transport HMT Aragon was torpedoed outside Alexandria, Egypt, after being ordered by the senior naval officer on depot ship HMS Hannibal to turn around when having just entered the entrance channel. Confusion over mine clearance and communication procedures resulted in the loss of approximately 610 men from Aragon and HMS Attack, her escort, which had just rescued approximately 700 men from Aragon. Captain Francis Bateman had overseen the full evacuation and is reported as shouting his last words demanding an inquiry as to why he was ordered out to sea after reaching safe channel. He then jumped overboard going down with his ship. Both ships were torpedoed by the same German U-boat,, within less than thirty minutes.
• May 27, 1918: HMT Leasowe Castle was torpedoed and sunk carrying ~2900 troops and ship's company 104miles out of Alexandria. Captain Edward John Holl went down with his ship with the exhortation to his crew "...they must be saved!"^[17]
• May 30, 1918: When the Italian steamer Pietro Maroncelli was torpedoed by the German submarine and started to sink, Italian Rear Admiral Giovanni Viglione, who was on board as the convoy commodore, ordered all the survivors into the lifeboats, then chose to stay aboard and to go down with the ship.^[18]
• October 25, 1927. Captain Simone Gulì went down with his ship off the coast of Brazil, five hours after a propeller shaft fractured and damaged the hull; there were 314 fatalities out of the 1,252 passengers and crew on board the ship.
• June 27, 1940. When was forced to surface by British destroyers in the Mediterranean, her commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander Lorenzo Bezzi, ordered his crew to abandon ship and then scuttled the submarine, going down with it.
• October 21, 1940. During the Action off Harmil Island, Italian destroyer Francesco Nullo was disabled by and later finished off by Royal Air Force (RAF) Blenheim bombers. Her commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander Costantino Borsini, chose to go down with his ship; seaman Vincenzo Ciaravolo, his attendant, chose to follow him.
• November 5, 1940: German pocket battleship encountered Allied Convoy HX 84 in the North Atlantic. The convoy consisted of 38 merchant ships escorted by, an ocean liner newly armed with guns of 1890s design. Her captain, Edward Fegen VC, signalled the convoy to scatter, and attacked the enemy. Jervis Bay was hopelessly outranged and outgunned, and was sunk; her captain and many of her crew went down with her. The sacrifice bought enough time for 31 of the convoy to make it to safety.
• May 24, 1941: During the Battle of the Denmark Strait, suffered a direct hit and magazine explosion, which sank the ship in three minutes. There were only three survivors; one, Ted Briggs, said in interviews after the sinking that Vice Admiral Lancelot Holland was last seen sitting in his chair, in utter dejection, making no attempt to escape.
• May 27, 1941: Captain Ernst Lindemann of the was said to be with his combat messenger, a leading seaman, and apparently trying to persuade his messenger to save himself. In this account, his messenger took Lindemann's hand and the two walked to the forward flagmast. As the ship turned over, the two stood briefly to attention, then Lindemann and his messenger saluted. As the ship rolled to port, the messenger fell into the water. Lindemann continued his salute while clinging to the flagmast, going under with the ship.^{[19] [20]}
• December 7, 1941: Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd and Captain Franklin Van Valkenburgh were killed on the bridge of the during the Attack on Pearl Harbor after an armor-piercing bomb detonated the ship's ammunition magazine.
• December 10, 1941: Admiral Sir Tom Phillips and Captain John Leach went down with after an attack by Japanese warplanes off the coast of Pahang, British Malaya.
• February 28, 1942: Rear Admiral Karel Doorman was killed in action when his flagship was torpedoed in the Battle of the Java Sea. Part of the crew was rescued before the sinking, but the Dutch admiral chose to go down with the ship. Captain Lieutenant Eugène Lacomblé also died in the sinking.

• June 5, 1942: Rear Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi, on board the aircraft carrier, insisted on staying with the stricken ship during the Battle of Midway. The ship's commander, Captain Kaku, followed his example. Yamaguchi refused to allow his staff officers to stay with them. Yamaguchi and Kaku were last seen on the bridge waving to the crew who were abandoning ship.^[21] In addition, Captain Ryusaku Yanagimoto chose to remain with his ship when it was scuttled after being destroyed in the same battle.
• September 27, 1942. Captain Paul Buck of, a lightly-armed US liberty ship, went down with his ship after fighting German commerce raider to a standstill. Captain Buck was posthumously awarded the Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal.
• February 3, 1943: Captain Preston Krecker of the SS Dorchester went down with the ship after it was struck by a German U-boat. He was last seen on the deck assisting his men into lifeboats. The sinking was made famous by the story of the Four Chaplains. Captain Krecker's body was never found.
• February 7, 1943: Commander Howard W. Gilmore, captain of the American submarine, gave the order for crew to "clear the bridge" and leave the exposed deck of the submarine, as his crew was being attacked by a Japanese gunboat. Two men had been shot dead; Gilmore and two others were wounded. After all others had entered the sub and Gilmore found that time was critically short, he gave his last order: "Take her down." The executive officer, hearing his order, closed the hatch and submerged the crippled boat, saving the rest of the crew from the attack of the Japanese convoy escort. Commander Gilmore, who was never seen again, received the Medal of Honor posthumously for his "distinguished gallantry", making him the second submariner to receive this award.

• 24 July, 1943: Author Norman Franks writes that Kapitänleutnant Georg von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff was seen on the bridge of German submarine, saluting his crew before disappearing into the conning tower hatch to complete the scuttling. He seemingly made no attempt to escape, going down with his boat.^[22]
• November 19, 1943: Captain John P. Cromwell went down on the sinking sub .
• October 24, 1944: Rear Admiral Toshihira Inoguchi^[23] chose to go down with the, during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, even though he could have escaped. Over half of the ship's crew, 1,376 of 2,399, were rescued.
• October 25, 1944: Commander Ernest E. Evans, in the Battle off Samar, a part of the Battle of Leyte Gulf, captained Fletcher Class destroyer Johnston in a torpedo attack until it was sunk by a Japanese force that was vastly superior in number, firepower, and armor. Evans did not survive. Evans posthumously received the Medal of Honor.
• November 29, 1944: Captain Toshio Abe went down with the after she was torpedoed by USS Archerfish.
• December 24, 1944: Captain Charles Limbor went down with the Léopoldville after it was torpedoed and sank by U-486 5 miles from Cherbourg.
• April 7, 1945: Vice Admiral Seiichi Itō, the fleet admiral, and Captain Kosaku Aruga went down with the during Operation Ten-Go.
• December 30, 1950: Luis González de Ubieta (born 1899), exiled Admiral of the Spanish Republican Navy, went down with his ship. He refused to be rescued when Chiriqui, a merchant vessel under his command, sank in the Caribbean Sea not far from Barranquilla.^[24]
• January 10, 1952: After his ship was struck by a pair of rogue waves, Captain Kurt Carlsen of the remained aboard his ship once her passengers and crew had been evacuated in order to oversee attempts to tow the crippled vessel into port. He was eventually joined by Ken Dancy, a member of the salvage tug's crew. When the time came to abandon ship, Carlsen said to Dancy that they would jump together; Dancy refused, saying he should go first so that Carlsen could be the last to leave the ship. The Flying Enterprise sank 48 minutes later.
• July 26, 1956: Piero Calamai, the captain of the Italian liner Andrea Doria, after satisfying himself that all 1,660 passengers and crew had been safely evacuated following a collision with the had determined to go down with the ship. During his supervision of the rescue operation, one of the largest in maritime history, Calamai turned to one of his officers and said softly, "If you are saved, maybe you can reach Genoa and see my family. ... Tell them I did everything I could." His officers finally convinced him to reluctantly board a lifeboat by refusing to leave him behind; nevertheless, Calamai made certain he was the last person off his doomed ship.^{[25] [26]} Captain Calamai, who never commanded another vessel, reportedly asked repeatedly on his deathbed in 1972, "Are the passengers safe? Are the passengers off?".^[27]
• December 9, 1971: Captain Mahendra Nath Mulla,, the captain of the Indian frigate, went down with the ship after it was attacked by a submarine in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. At least 194 members of the crew died in the sinking, which reportedly took two minutes.
• September 28, 1994: Captain Arvo Andresson sank with off the coasts of Estonia and Finland. Of the 989 people on board, 137 were rescued and 95 were later found dead in freezing waters or rafts.
• July 19, 1996: Lieutenant Commander Parakrama Samaraweera, RSP, the captain of the Sri Lanka Navy ship SLNS Ranaviru, went down with the ship after it was attacked by LTTE during the first battle of Mullaitivu. Samaraweera was last seen on the bridge firing a rifle; his body was never recovered.^[28]
• October 29, 2012: Captain Robin Walbridge of the Bounty, a replica of, stayed on the ship until it capsized during Hurricane Sandy. Walbridge and one crew member died, while the fourteen crew members who made it to liferafts survived.^{[29] [30] [31]}
• October 2, 2015: Captain Michael Davidson, master of the cargo ship, was recorded on the voyage data recorder encouraging the ship's helmsman, not moving due to fear and exhaustion, to join him in abandoning the vessel, before the recording ended with both still on the bridge of the sinking ship.

Counter-examples

In some cases the captain may choose to scuttle the ship and escape danger rather than die as it sinks. This choice is usually available only if the damage does not immediately imperil a vast portion of the ship's company and occupants. If a distress call was successful and the crew and occupants, the ship's cargo, and other items of interest are rescued, then the vessel may not be worth anything as marine salvage and be allowed to sink. In other cases a military organization or navy might wish to destroy a ship to prevent it being taken as a prize or captured for espionage, such as occurred in the incident. Commodities and war materiel carried as cargo might also need to be destroyed to prevent capture by the opposing side.

In other cases a captain may decide to save themselves to the detriment of their crew, the vessel, or its mission. A decision that shirks the responsibilities of the command of a vessel will usually bring upon the captain a legal, criminal, or social penalty, with military commanders often facing dishonor.

• July 17, 1880: The captain and crew of abandoned the ship and their passengers in a storm expecting it would sink, but the ship was found with all passengers alive three days later. A key part of Joseph Conrad's 1899–1900 novel Lord Jim is based on this incident; Conrad had been a captain in the merchant marine before turning to writing.
• September 8, 1934: When a fire broke out on the SS Morro Castle, First Officer William Warms, in command after the death of Captain Robert Wilmott, led the crew in abandoning ship. 137 people died, mostly passengers.
• September 10, 1941: When the German submarine U-501 was forced to surface alongside a Canadian corvette, Korvettenkapitän Hugo Förster surrendered himself by jumping onto the Canadian ship. The First Watch Officer took over and had the U-boat scuttled just as the Canadians boarded. One Canadian and 11 Germans died.
• May 8, 1942: The USS Lexington was sunk during the Battle of the Coral Sea. The Lexington was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes. Lexington listed but was still afloat. A previously undetected leak of aircraft fuel resulted in multiple explosions and uncontrollable fires, dooming the ship. In the afternoon, Captain Frederick C. Sherman gave the order to abandon ship. So Lexington would not be captured as a war prize for the Japanese, the USS Phelps was ordered to scuttle the Lexington with torpedoes. Frederick Sherman abandoned ship as well and would later be promoted to flag rank. He was onboard the USS Missouri when the Japanese surrendered.
• June 7 1942: Captain Elliot Buckmaster had the USS Yorktown evacuated except a skeleton crew to try to control damage and keep the listing ship afloat after repeated attacks during the Battle of Midway. Yorktown along with the USS Hammann were later torpedoed and sunk by the Japanese submarine I-168. Buckmaster was promoted to Rear Admiral after the Battle of Midway. He later played a pivotal role in the rescue of the survivors of the USS Indianapolis after it too was sunk by a Japanese submarine.
• September 15, 1942: The USS Wasp was scuttled after being attacked by Japanese submarine I-19. After conferring with his commander, Admiral Leigh Noyes, Captain Forrest Sherman gave the order to abandon ship. He was the last one to leave the ship once he was certain no survivors were left on board. Wasp was later scuttled by the USS Lansdowne. Sherman retired from the Navy at the rank of Admiral after having served as the Chief of Naval Operations.
• October 27, 1942: The USS Hornet was attacked during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands by Japanese naval aircraft. Hornet had been ordered abandoned by Captain Charles P. Mason and US Navy destroyers tried scuttling her afterwards but the faulty Mark 14 torpedoes wouldn't detonate. The US fleet gave up and fled when Japanese destroyers approached then successfully scuttled the Hornet with their Type 93 torpedoes. Charles Mason retired at the rank of Vice Admiral and would later serve as the Mayor of Pensacola, Florida twice.
• October 1944: Lieutenant Commander Richard O'Kane of the was one of nine survivors of the Tang during its sinking by its own torpedo. With his submarine scuttled, he was one of three survivors to have made it off the bridge and up to the surface, before being captured by a Japanese destroyer crew later that morning. O'Kane was at first secretly held captive at the Ōfuna navy detention center, then later moved to the regular army Omori POW camp. Following his release, O'Kane was awarded the Medal of Honor for "conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity" during his submarine's final operations against Japanese shipping.
• November 12, 1965: When a fire broke out aboard, Captain Byron Voustinas was on the first lifeboat, which had only crew and no passengers aboard. 90 people died.
• April 7, 1990: Having been erroneously informed the ship was evacuated, Captain Hugo Larsen abandoned after arson caused the ship to burn. 159 people died.
• August 3–4, 1991: Captain Yiannis Avranas of the cruise ship abandoned ship without informing passengers that the ship was sinking. All 571 people on the ship survived. A Greek board of inquiry found Avranas and four officers negligent in their handling of the disaster.
• September 26, 2000: Captain Vassilis Giannakis and the crew abandoned the after the ship hit the rocks off the Portes Inlets. 82 people died. The captain was sentenced to 16 years in prison while the first officer received a 19-year sentence.
• January 13, 2012: Captain Francesco Schettino abandoned his ship before hundreds of passengers had been evacuated during the Costa Concordia disaster. 32 people died in the accident. Schettino was sentenced to 16 years in prison for his role in the disaster.
• April 16, 2014: Captain Lee Joon-seok abandoned the South Korean ferry MV Sewol. The captain and much of the crew were saved, while hundreds of students from Danwon High School embarked for their trip remained in their cabins, according to instructions provided by the crew.^{[32] [6]} Many passengers apparently remained on the sinking vessel and died. Following this incident, the captain was arrested and put on trial beginning in early June 2014, when video footage filmed by some survivors and news broadcasters showed him being rescued by a coast guard vessel. Orders to abandon ship never came, and the vessel sank with all life rafts still in their stowage position. The captain was subsequently sentenced to 36 years in prison for his role in the deaths of the passengers, and was also given a life sentence, after being found guilty of murder of the 304 passengers that did not survive.
• June 1, 2015: The Chinese captain of the river cruise ship left the ship before most passengers were rescued. In the end, 442 deaths were confirmed with 12 rescued among 454 on board.^[33]

Extended or metaphorical use

When used metaphorically, the "captain" may be simply the leader of a group of people, "the ship" may refer to some other place that is threatened by catastrophe, and "going down" with it may refer to a situation that implies a severe penalty or death. It is common for references to be made in the case of the military and when leadership during the situation is clear. So when a raging fire threatens to destroy a mine, the mine's supervisor, the "captain", may perish in the fire trying to rescue their workers trapped inside, and acquaintances might say that they went down with their ship or that they "died trying".

In other metaphorical use, the phrase "Going down with the ship" may imply a person who is displaying stubborn defiance in a hopeless situation, even if this situation is not a matter of life and death. For example a stockholder might say "This company is on the verge of going bankrupt, but I'm not selling my stock. I'm going down with the ship."

In aviation

The concept has been explicitly extended in law to the pilot in command of an aircraft, in the form of laws stating that they "[have] final authority and responsibility for the operation and safety of the flight".^{[34] [35]} Jurisprudence has explicitly interpreted this by analogy with the captain of a sea vessel.

This is particularly relevant when an aircraft is forced to ditch in the ocean and becomes a floating vessel that will almost certainly sink. For example, following the water landing of US Airways Flight 1549 on the Hudson River in 2009, pilot in command Chesley Sullenberger was the last person to exit the partially submerged aircraft, and performed a final check for any others on board before doing so. All 155 passengers and crew survived.^{[36] [37] [38]}

Similarly, on October 16, 1956, Pan Am Flight 6 was a Boeing 377 Stratocruiser (en route from Honolulu to San Francisco) that was forced to ditch in the Pacific Ocean due to multiple engine failures. The airliner broke apart when one of its wings collided with a wave swell. Airline Captain Richard N. Ogg was the last to exit the airplane during the successful mid-ocean ditching and rescue of all 31 on board by the US Coast Guard cutter .^[39] The airplane fuselage sank with no one on board a few minutes later.

Kohei Asoh, the captain of a Douglas DC-8 conducting Japan Air Lines Flight 2, gained notoriety for his honest assessment of his mistake (the "Asoh defense") in the 1988 book The Abilene Paradox. Asoh was the pilot in command during the 1968 accidental ditching in San Francisco Bay a few miles short of the runway.^[40] With the plane resting on the shallow bottom of the bay, he was the last one of the 107 occupants to exit the airplane; all survived with no injuries.^[41]

On June 2, 1983, Air Canada Flight 797, a Douglas DC-9, was enroute from Dallas-Fort Worth to Toronto when a fire began in the washroom, filling the cabin with smoke, forcing the pilots to divert to Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport. Captain Donald Cameron was the last to leave the plane before a flash fire engulfed the cabin 90 seconds after the plane came to a stop, killing 23 out of the 46 passengers and crew that had yet to exit the plane.

During the 2024 Haneda Airport runway collision, the captain was the last to leave the on-fire Japan Airlines Airbus A350 on runway 34R at Haneda Airport. All 367 passengers and 12 crew members on board Flight 516 survived, with 15 people on board surviving with minor injuries. ^[42]

In academia

After a major sexual assault scandal at Baylor University, the university fired President Kenneth Starr and appointed him chancellor. A week later, Starr resigned as chancellor and "willingly accepted responsibility" for the actions at Baylor that "clearly fell short". He stated that his resignation for the scandal was "a matter of conscience", and said, "The captain goes down with the ship."^[43] He indicated that his resignation was necessary even though he "didn't know what was happening".

See also

• Barratry (admiralty law)
• Desertion
• Don't Give Up the Ship (disambiguation)
• Last words
• Man overboard
• Mutiny
• Women and children first

Notes and References

1. [Alice Jones (author)|Alice Jones]
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5. Web site: In a cruise ship crisis, what should happen? . Katia . Hetter . CNN . 19 January 2012 . 6 June 2015.
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7. Web site: Merilaki 6 Luku 12 §. 15.7.1994/674 - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö . FINLEX, database of Finnish Acts and Decrees . 2015 . 6 June 2015 . fi.
8. News: Longstreth . Andrew . Cowardice at sea is no crime – at least in the U.S. . 20 January 2012 . Reuters . 13 June 2013.
9. Book: Shaw, David. The Sea Shall Embrace Them. 2002. Simon & Schuster. New York. 256. 9780743235037.
10. Web site: Day 9 - Testimony of Edward Brown (First Class Steward, SS Titanic) . British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry . 16 May 1912 . 6 June 2015.
11. Encyclopedia: Capt. Smith Ended Life When Titanic Began To Founder (Washington Times) . Encyclopedia Titanica . 19 April 1912 . 6 June 2015.
12. Book: Bartlett, W.B.. 2011. Titanic: 9 Hours to Hell, the Survivors' Story. Amberley Publishing. Stroud, Gloucestershire. 978-1-4456-0482-4. registration. 224.
13. Book: Spignesi, Stephen. The Titanic for Dummies. 2012. John Wiley & Sons. November 6, 2012. 207. 9781118206508.
14. Web site: Day 14 - Testimony of Harold S. Bride, recalled . United States Senate Inquiry . 4 May 1912 . 6 June 2015.
15. https://books.google.com/books?id=67R5gy-fZhEC&pg=PT87 A Night to Remember
16. On a Sea of Glass: The Life & Loss of the RMS Titanic by Tad Fitch, J. Kent Layton & Bill Wormstedt. Amberley Books, March 2012. p 335
17. Book: Knight, Edward Frederick . The Union-Castle and the War 1914-1919 . Union-Castle Mail Steamship Company . 1920 . 32.
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19. Book: Grützner, Jens. 2010. Kapitän zur See Ernst Lindemann: Der Bismarck-Kommandant – Eine Biographie. Captain at Sea Ernst Lindemann: The Bismarck-Commander – A Biography. VDM Heinz Nickel. Zweibrücken. 978-3-86619-047-4. de. 202.
20. Book: McGowen, Tom. 1999. Sink the Bismarck: Germany's Super-Battleship of World War II. Twenty-First Century Books. Brookfield, Connecticut. 978-0-7613-1510-0. registration. Archive.org. 58–59.
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24. Book: García Fernández, Javier (coord.) . 25 militares de la República; "El Ejército Popular de la República y sus mandos profesionales . Ministerio de Defensa . Madrid . 2011 .
25. Web site: The Sinking of Andrea Doria. Evan. Andrews. History. May 8, 2023 .
26. Web site: In Andrea Doria wreck, a captain who shone. Samuel . Pecota. CNN. 18 January 2012 .
27. Web site: Some captains show bravery, others cowardice in face of maritime disasters. Rasmussen. Frederick N.. The Baltimore Sun. 2012-02-26. 2023-01-12.
28. News: Gentle giant who fought to the death . July 12, 2021 . The Island . 8 March 2023.
29. News: Witness recounts Claudene Christian's last minutes on Bounty . Beverley . Ware . . . 15 February 2013 . 6 June 2015.
30. News: . Bounty crew member's body found, captain still missing . 29 October 2012 . 2012-10-29.
31. Coast Guard suspends search for missing captain of HMS Bounty. 1 November 2012. United States Coast Guard. 2012-11-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20121103034103/http://www.uscgnews.com/go/doc/4007/1593871/Coast-Guard-suspends-search-for-missing-captain-of-HMS-Bounty. 3 November 2012. dead.
32. News: 참사 2주째 승무원도 제대로 파악 안돼 . Exact Number of Crew still not known 2 weeks after the ferry disaster . 3 May 2014 . . 20 April 2014 . ko.
33. Web site: Yangtze River Ship Captain Faces Questions on Sinking . The Wall Street Journal . June 2, 2015 .
34. Web site: Title 14 Chapter I Subchapter A Part 1 §1.1 . . 2015 . 6 June 2015.
35. Web site: ICAO Annex 2 – "Rules of the Air". International Civil Aviation Organization.
36. Web site: Sturcke . James . Chesley 'Sully' Sullenberger: US Airways crash pilot . . 29 March 2021 . 16 January 2009.
37. Web site: McFadden . Robert D. . Robert D. McFadden . Pilot Is Hailed After Jetliner's Icy Plunge . . 29 March 2021 . 16 January 2009.
38. Web site: Goldman . Russell . US Airways Hero Pilot Searched Plane Twice Before Leaving . . 29 March 2021 . en . 15 January 2009.
39. https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/16-october-1956/ This Day in Aviation, 16 October 1956
40. Web site: The DC-8 that was too young to die. Silagi. Richard. Airliners.net. March 9, 2001. August 25, 2016. March 24, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160324070139/http://www.myabx.com/flightweb/abx%20air%20history/abx_air/dc8_bay.htm. dead.
41. News: 107 On Board Uninjured As Jetliner Lands In Bay . . AP . 22 November 1968 . Toledo Blade . 12 October 2016.
42. Web site: Muntean . Pete . 2024-01-03 . Japan coast guard plane not cleared for takeoff before runway crash, traffic control transcript suggests . 2024-01-08 . CNN . en.
43. Web site: Starr won't be Baylor chancellor, will teach. June 1, 2016. ESPN.com.