| Cao County | |
| Settlement Type: | County |
| Image Map1: | ChinaShandongHeze.png |
| Map Caption1: | Heze in Shandong |
| Coordinates: | 34.826°N 115.542°W |
| Subdivision Name: | People's Republic of China |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name1: | Shandong |
| Subdivision Type1: | Province |
| Subdivision Type2: | Prefecture-level city |
| Subdivision Name2: | Heze |
| Subdivision Type3: | Township-level divisions |
| Unit Pref: | Metric |
| Area Footnotes: | [1] |
| Area Total Km2: | 1974 |
| Population Footnotes: | [2] |
| Population Total: | 1421200 |
| Population As Of: | 2019 |
| Population Density Km2: | auto |
| Timezone1: | China Standard |
| Utc Offset1: | +8 |
| Postal Code Type: | Postal Code |
| Postal Code: | 274400 |
| P: | Cáoxiàn |
| W: | Tsao Hsien |
Cao County or Caoxian is a county in Heze City in southwestern Shandong Province, China. It borders Henan Province to the west.
Bo, one of the capitals of the Shang dynasty, lay in what is now Cao .
Prior to the Boxer Rebellion, Cao was an area noted for its lawlessness. When local garrisons were weakened during the First Sino-Japanese War, a militia known as the Dadaohui ("Great Sword Company") was set up. It operated until 1895 and may have inspired some of the Boxer Rebellion.
As of 2012, this County is divided to 5 subdistricts, 19 towns, 1 ethnic town and 2 townships.[3]
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Cao County, under Heze City in Shandong Province, China, according to the latest statistics, had a population of 1,682,369. The county covers an area of approximately 1,970 square kilometers with a population density of 854 people per square kilometer. The population comprises mainly the Han Chinese ethnic group; however, it also has other ethnic groups. Cao County is an extensive agricultural producer from wheat and cotton to an expanding industrial base of manufacturing and textiles.