Caofeidian, Tangshan Explained

Caofeidian
Postal Code Type:Postal code
Postal Code:063200
Area Code:0315
Settlement Type:District
Pushpin Map:China Hebei
Pushpin Label:Caofeidian
Pushpin Map Caption:Location in Hebei
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name:People's Republic of China
Subdivision Type1:Province
Subdivision Name1:Hebei
Subdivision Type2:Prefecture-level city
Subdivision Name2:Tangshan
Subdivision Type3:Township-level divisions
Subdivision Name3:3 towns
Seat Type:Seat
Area Total Km2:725
Population Total:140000
Population As Of:2003
Population Density Km2:auto
Coordinates:39.273°N 118.46°W
Elevation Ft:13
Elevation M:4
Timezone:China Standard
Utc Offset:+8

Caofeidian District, formerly known as Tanghai County, is a newly developed district located in Tangshan in the Bohai Sea coastal area of Hebei Province, China. The district spans an area of 1595km2,[1] and has a population of about 352,100 as of 2021.[2]

The district is rapidly urbanizing and was declared an important area for development by the Chinese government in the eleventh Five-Year Plan due to its strategic location in the Jing-Jin-Ji region and its proximity to the Bohai Sea. Caofeidian serves as a crucial shipping port for neighboring cities like Beijing and supports heavy industries such as manufacturing and steelworks.[3]

The district has gained recent attention due to its role as the site of the Caofeidian Eco-City, which aimed to combat the effects of urbanization, promote sustainable living, and offset the environmental impact of neighboring heavy industry.[4] However, the project has faced several challenges and delays in its implementation.[5]

Toponymy

Caofeidian was named after Caofei Temple .[6]

History

The area of present-day Caofeidian District used to be a sandy island formed by alluvial runoff from the Luan River. The island has existed for at least 5,000 years. Throughout the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, the area of present-day Caofeidian District was a major salt producing area.

As of the early years of the Republic of China the area was divided between Fengrun County (present-day Fengrun District) and Luan County (present-day Luanzhou).

In 1941, invading Japanese forces established a farm focused in part on land reclamation in the area.

Peoples Republic of China

After the surrender of Japan in 1945, the People's Liberation Army established farming offices in the area. The area remained a hodgepodge of farms and zones devoted to land reclamation for nearly 40 years. In 1982, part of the area was reorganized as Tanghai County .

Chinese economic reform permitted foreign investment in Tianjin in 1984, creating an industrial production boom in surrounding cities, including Tangshan.[7] Efforts to reduce pollution in nearby Beijing in advance of the 2008 Summer Olympics prompted the movement of heavy industry out of Beijing, with land reclamation commencing in 2000 to support the transfer of the Shougang Group steel and iron production facilities from Beijing’s core.[8] [9] These facilities were relocated to present-day Caofeidian District over the period 2005 to 2010.[10]

Reclamation transformed the small island south of Tangshan into the much larger peninsula that became Caofeidian District.[11] Reclamation was selected as a cheaper and less disruptive alternative compared to the relocation of existing rural communities, which would have otherwise been required given the region’s density.[12]

Caofeidian District was announced as a key project in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan,[13] prompting additional growth of heavy industry in the district. In 2003, the Caofeidian Port was constructed to further promote industry growth, increasing capacity to support large ships up to 300K tons.[14] Economic growth initiated a focus on urbanization to house the necessary workforce,[15] with Caofeidian being selected as the location of one of the first eco-cities in China in 2005.[16] [17]

In October 2008, the Hebei provincial government approved the creation of Caofeidian New District. On March 14, 2009, Caofeidian New District was created, although it remained under the jurisdiction of Fengnan District and Tanghai County. Caofeidian New District was composed of three primary subdivisions: the Caofeidian Eco-City, Caofeidian Industrial Area, and the Caofeidian Port, along with several divisions mostly made up of farms.[18]

On July 11, 2012, the State Council approved the abolition of Tanghai County, and the promotion of Caofeidian New District to district status.

The Caofeidian East Railway Station connects the district to the broader region, with passenger service to Tangshan starting in 2018 and to Beijing in 2019.[19] [20]

Geography

Caofeidian District is located in the center of the Bohai Rim, 80km (50miles) from the center of Tangshan, 120km (80miles) from Tianjin, 170km (110miles) from Qinhuangdao, and 220km (140miles) from Beijing.[21] The district is 400 nautical miles from Incheon, 680 nautical miles from Nagasaki, and 935 nautical miles from Kobe.

Climate

Caofeidian District lies in a temperate semi-humid continental climate.[22] The average temperature is 11 °C (51.8 °F) and the district experiences 600-900mm of rainfall per year.

Coastal land reclamation has made the district more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The region is arid, and the area faces water supply challenges.[23] [24]

Administrative divisions

Caofeidian District administers 3 towns, 12 township-level farms, and 4 other township-level divisions.[25]

The district's 3 towns are,, and .

The district's 12 township-level farms are,,,,,,,,,,, and .

The district's 4 other township-level divisions are Tangshan International Tourism Island,,, and Caofeidian New City .

Demographics

Caofeidian District had a population of 352,100 as of 2021. A 2012 population estimate put the district's population at 270,000.

Economy

Caofeidian’s economy is dependent on shipping and heavy industry,[26] particularly coal, steel,[27] [28] chemical manufacturing, and oil,[29] with many of these industries relocated to the area from Beijing.[30]

The district’s strategic location allows it to serve as a connection for the nearby cities of Beijing and Tianjin to the Bohai Sea,[31] making it an important port and industrial zone in the Jing-Jin-Ji region and a major economic growth center for Tangshan and Heibei.[32] The port is one of the largest in China by cargo output and serves as a domestic and international trade hub, primarily supporting energy and ore.

In 2019, the district was approved as a free-trade zone.

Eco-City

Background

The Caofeidian Eco-City, also known as the Tangshan Bay Eco-City,[33] is a planned sustainable city located in the Caofeidian District.[34] In 2005, the Chinese government selected the site as a national demonstration project for a circular economy.[35] [36] The selection was based on its proximity to four of the ten most polluted cities in China and the district’s reliance on heavy industry and steel production, which are significant sources of pollution in the region.[37]

Planning commenced in 2007, with the aim of promoting sustainable resource use and energy efficiency to offset the neighboring industrial zones through various efforts including recycling industrial waste heat for use as a heating source and land reclamation to improve environmental conditions of the area’s tidal land.

The project was part of a broader movement of eco-cities in China, where rapid urbanization has prompted the development of over 100 similar projects, with Caofeidian Eco-City serving as one of the first.[38] The project’s objectives included reducing emissions and energy consumption, as well as accommodating the rapidly growing urban population in the country.

Concept

The new development’s concept included several sustainability measures to address the environmental challenges faced by the surrounding industrial zones. It was intended to be a model for other eco-cities in China and around the world, with its design aimed at reducing emissions, energy consumption, and promoting sustainable resource use and energy efficiency. City performance was planned to be monitored through 141 indicators to measure the success of these efforts.

The city was designed to house up to 500,000 residents by 2016 and eventually one million residents,[39] with several measures planned to reduce the ecological impact of residents.

Planning included projects to alleviate water challenges, including the use of recycled water and desalination plants to meet 50% of the city’s water needs and reuse 100% of domestic water usage. Renewable energy was planned to account for over half of energy consumption, powered by solar, natural gas, wind, and geothermal production.

City design featured mixed-use development supported by a bus network supplemented by light rail, with the aim of promoting transit and walkability, targeting 90% of transportation needs met through sustainable transportation.

Amenities included government offices, business centers, industrial factories, housing, parks, and a wetland area. Other features included a waste recycling system and affordable housing.

Implementation and challenges

Initially, the Caofeidian Eco-City was intended to be a joint venture between China and Singapore, but the bid was lost to the Tianjin Eco-City located just to the South.[40] Nevertheless, local officials independently financed the development, and construction began in 2008 with a targeted completion date of 2020. The estimated cost of the project was US$15B.

Planning for the eco-city was a joint venture with Sweden, which contributed its expertise and experience in eco-city planning.[41] The Swedish design firm Sweco assisted in the planning and drew inspiration from eco-cities in Malmö and Hammarby.

Funding challenges have delayed construction of the project,[42] which has been described by one observer as “essentially bankrupt.”[43] The high cost of land reclamation required significant investments, but the local government struggled to find sufficient funding and resorted to financing the project itself. The lack of amenities and the district’s heavy industry-based economy instead of high-tech office jobs made it difficult to attract residents and investors.[44] As a result, the eco-city has been criticized as a “ghost city,”[45] with many buildings remaining unfinished, and numerous residences and commercial spaces remaining empty.

In 2019, Caofeidian District was approved as a free trade zone, spurring renewed investment and the resumption of construction on some projects. However, the eco-city remained incomplete as of 2020 and its future remains uncertain.

Criticism

As one of the first eco-city projects in China, Caofeidian has been the subject of several case studies on the implementation of eco-cities.

The construction process has been criticized as being environmentally harmful. The use of land reclamation has been seen as detrimental to the marine and coastal environment.[46] Emissions from construction, which are not calculated in the city’s eco-indicators, may offset the benefits of a sustainable city. Some researchers have also argued that repurposing existing cities could have provided greater benefits.

The city’s eco-indicators have also been criticized as insufficient. For instance, the goal of reducing per capita domestic water consumption is only slightly better than other Chinese cities.

One study described the eco-city as an “eco-enclave” with limited impact on the surrounding area. The emissions savings from the city have been considered insufficient to offset Caofeidian’s carbon-intensive heavy industry as well as the wider region’s development.

Critics have also noted a disconnect with the local community. The use of Western architectural styles rather than influences from Chinese culture and the top-down planning style may not build buy-in from residents. Further, residents may not be properly educated on how to use technologies implemented in city development, which could negate their presence.

Transportation

Major railroads that run through the district include the Beijing–Shanhaiguan railway, the Beijing–Qinhuangdao railway, and the .

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 2015-05-27 . zh:曹妃甸区概况地图 . Caofeidian District Overview . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230722235723/https://www.xzqh.org/html/show/he/3292.html . 2023-07-22 . 2024-01-26 . xzqh.org . zh.
  2. Web site: 曹妃甸区人口数据 . Population data of Caofeidian District . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230501064024/https://www.hongheiku.com/xianjirank/hbsxsq/9345.html . 2023-05-01 . 2023-05-01.
  3. Joss . Simon . Molella . Arthur P. . April 2013 . The Eco-City as Urban Technology: Perspectives on Caofeidian International Eco-City (China) . Journal of Urban Technology . en . 20 . 1 . 115–137 . 10.1080/10630732.2012.735411 . 111174988 . 1063-0732.
  4. Web site: Chen . Mansha . Dastur . Arish . Zhang . Yabei . Filewood . Richard . Al-Jamal . Khairy . Randale . Monali . Pinnoi . Nat . Peterson . Charles . Baeumler . Axel . 2009-11-01 . Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City (SSTEC) : a case study of an emerging eco-city in China . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230501064341/https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/776301468029076278/sino-singapore-tianjin-eco-city-sstec-a-case-study-of-an-emerging-eco-city-in-china . 2023-05-01 . 2023-05-01 . World Bank . en.
  5. Yu . Li . 2014-10-01 . Low carbon eco-city: New approach for Chinese urbanisation . Habitat International . en . 44 . 102–110 . 10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.05.004 . 0197-3975.
  6. Web site: 2015-06-25 . zh:曹妃甸区历史沿革 . Caofeidian District Organizational History . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230722235723/https://www.xzqh.org/html/show/he/3291.html . 2023-07-22 . 2024-01-26 . xzqh.org . zh.
  7. Choi . Young Rae . Sengupta . Dhritiraj . 2020 . "Whenever they say eco, they plant trees": China's flagship eco-cities as a model and the shades of eco-urbanism . The Journal of Modern China Studies . 22 . 3 . 371 . 10.35820/JMCS.22.3.9 . 241766244 . 1598-821X . https://web.archive.org/web/20230501063259/https://www.academia.edu/45174408/_Whenever_they_say_eco_they_plant_trees_China_s_flagship_eco_cities_as_a_model_and_the_shades_of_eco_urbanism . 2023-05-01.
  8. Web site: Yang . Li . 2014-04-09 . Caofeidian zone faces competition . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230501063621/http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2014-04/09/content_17419746.htm . 2023-05-01 . 2023-05-01 . usa.chinadaily.com.cn.
  9. Joss . Simon . Molella . Arthur P. . April 2013 . The Eco-City as Urban Technology: Perspectives on Caofeidian International Eco-City (China) . Journal of Urban Technology . en . 20 . 1 . 115–137 . 10.1080/10630732.2012.735411 . 111174988 . 1063-0732.
  10. Book: Hu, Richard . Reinventing the Chinese City . 2023 . . 978-0-231-21101-7 . New York.
  11. Web site: Molella . Art . 2010-10-01 . Caofeidian—China's City of the Future or Urban Laboratory? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206043819/https://invention.si.edu/caofeidian-chinas-city-future-or-urban-laboratory . 2023-02-06 . 2023-05-01 . Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation . en.
  12. Zhu . Gaoru . Xie . Zhenglei . Li . Tuoyu . Ma . Zongwen . Xu . Xuegong . 2017-04-19 . Assessment ecological risk of heavy metal caused by high-intensity land reclamation in Bohai Bay, China . PLOS ONE . en . 12 . 4 . e0175627 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0175627 . 28422982 . 1932-6203 . 5397030 . 2017PLoSO..1275627Z . free .
  13. Web site: 2006 . 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) for National Economic and Social Development ESCAP Policy Documents Management . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230203082209/https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/node/115 . 2023-02-03 . 2023-05-01 . policy.asiapacificenergy.org.
  14. The 4th International Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU), 2009 Amsterdam/Delft . The New Urban Question – Urbanism beyond Neo-Liberalism . Qiang . Ma . 2009 . ECO-CITY AND ECO-PLANNING IN CHINA: TAKING AN EXAMPLE FOR CAOFEIDIAN ECO-CITY . 189803558. http://newurbanquestion.ifou.org/proceedings/4%20Urban%20Technologies%20and%20Sustainability/full%20papers/C023_Ma_Qiang_Eco-city%20and%20%20Eco-Planning%20in%20China-Taking%20An%20Example%20for%20Caofeidian%20Eco-city.pdf . en.
  15. Yu . Li . 2014-10-01 . Low carbon eco-city: New approach for Chinese urbanisation . Habitat International . en . 44 . 102–110 . 10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.05.004 . 0197-3975.
  16. Web site: Chen . Mansha . Dastur . Arish . Zhang . Yabei . Filewood . Richard . Al-Jamal . Khairy . Randale . Monali . Pinnoi . Nat . Peterson . Charles . Baeumler . Axel . 2009-11-01 . Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City (SSTEC) : a case study of an emerging eco-city in China . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230501064341/https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/776301468029076278/sino-singapore-tianjin-eco-city-sstec-a-case-study-of-an-emerging-eco-city-in-china . 2023-05-01 . 2023-05-01 . World Bank . en.
  17. Book: Dong . Changgen . Zhen . Cuimin . Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Economy, Judicature, Administration and Humanitarian Projects (JAHP 2019) . Promoting the Development of Caofeidian District Through Interactions Between Port and City, Industry and City, School and City and City, Industry and City, School and City . September 2019 . en . Atlantis Press . 94 . 630–633 . 10.2991/jahp-19.2019.129 . 978-94-6252-789-8. free .
  18. Web site: zh:2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：饶阳县 . http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/13/02/130230.html . dead . https://archive.today/20121127202812/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/13/02/130230.html . November 27, 2012 . 2012-07-21 . National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China . zh.
  19. Web site: 21 August 2019 . 唐山曹妃甸至北京动车开通 . Tangshan Caofeidian to Beijing opened . 27 March 2021 . gov.cn . zh.
  20. Web site: 14 January 2019 . 唐曹铁路客运开通，影响唐山深远(组图) . Tangshan-Caofeidian railway passenger transport opened, the impact of Tangshan far-reaching (group picture) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190526224848/http://tangshan.huanbohainews.com.cn/system/2019/01/14/011831510.shtml . 26 May 2019 . 27 March 2021 . zh.
  21. Web site: zh:地理位置 . Geographical Location . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130117233402/http://www.caofeidian.gov.cn/cfdportal/Default.aspx?TabID=66&DocumentLangID=36 . 2013-01-17 . 2024-01-26 . www.caofeidian.gov.cn . zh.
  22. Zhu . Gaoru . Xie . Zhenglei . Li . Tuoyu . Ma . Zongwen . Xu . Xuegong . 2017-04-19 . Assessment ecological risk of heavy metal caused by high-intensity land reclamation in Bohai Bay, China . PLOS ONE . en . 12 . 4 . e0175627 . 2017PLoSO..1275627Z . 10.1371/journal.pone.0175627 . 1932-6203 . 5397030 . 28422982 . free.
  23. Choi . Young Rae . Sengupta . Dhritiraj . 2020 . "Whenever they say eco, they plant trees": China's flagship eco-cities as a model and the shades of eco-urbanism . The Journal of Modern China Studies . 22 . 3 . 371 . 10.35820/JMCS.22.3.9 . 1598-821X . 241766244 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230501063259/https://www.academia.edu/45174408/_Whenever_they_say_eco_they_plant_trees_China_s_flagship_eco_cities_as_a_model_and_the_shades_of_eco_urbanism . 2023-05-01.
  24. Web site: Chen . Mansha . Dastur . Arish . Zhang . Yabei . Filewood . Richard . Al-Jamal . Khairy . Randale . Monali . Pinnoi . Nat . Peterson . Charles . Baeumler . Axel . 2009-11-01 . Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City (SSTEC) : a case study of an emerging eco-city in China . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230501064341/https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/776301468029076278/sino-singapore-tianjin-eco-city-sstec-a-case-study-of-an-emerging-eco-city-in-china . 2023-05-01 . 2023-05-01 . World Bank . en.
  25. Web site: 2023 . zh:2023年统计用区划代码（曹妃甸区） . 2023 Statistical Division Codes (Caofeidian District) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240123084206/https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2023/13/02/130209.html . 2024-01-23 . 2024-01-26 . . zh.
  26. Joss . Simon . Molella . Arthur P. . April 2013 . The Eco-City as Urban Technology: Perspectives on Caofeidian International Eco-City (China) . Journal of Urban Technology . en . 20 . 1 . 115–137 . 10.1080/10630732.2012.735411 . 111174988 . 1063-0732.
  27. Web site: Zhang . Yangfei . 2019-09-27 . Caofeidian district to take advantage of FTZ: official . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230501063706/https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201909/27/WS5d8e0670a310cf3e3556df6d.html . 2023-05-01 . 2023-05-01 . global.chinadaily.com.cn.
  28. Web site: Lee . Amanda . 2020-09-11 . Chinese ghost town rumbling back to life as free-trade zone . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230501064648/https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3101159/chinese-ghost-town-rumbling-back-life-free-trade-zone-second . 2023-05-01 . 2023-05-01 . South China Morning Post . en.
  29. Web site: Chen . Mansha . Dastur . Arish . Zhang . Yabei . Filewood . Richard . Al-Jamal . Khairy . Randale . Monali . Pinnoi . Nat . Peterson . Charles . Baeumler . Axel . 2009-11-01 . Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City (SSTEC) : a case study of an emerging eco-city in China . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230501064341/https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/776301468029076278/sino-singapore-tianjin-eco-city-sstec-a-case-study-of-an-emerging-eco-city-in-china . 2023-05-01 . 2023-05-01 . World Bank . en.
  30. Web site: Molella . Art . 2010-10-01 . Caofeidian—China's City of the Future or Urban Laboratory? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206043819/https://invention.si.edu/caofeidian-chinas-city-future-or-urban-laboratory . 2023-02-06 . 2023-05-01 . Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation . en.
  31. Book: Dong . Changgen . Zhen . Cuimin . Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Economy, Judicature, Administration and Humanitarian Projects (JAHP 2019) . Promoting the Development of Caofeidian District Through Interactions Between Port and City, Industry and City, School and City . September 2019 . en . Atlantis Press . 94 . 630–633 . 10.2991/jahp-19.2019.129 . 978-94-6252-789-8. free .
  32. Web site: 国务院关于同意新设6个自由贸易试验区的批复（国函〔2019〕72号）_政府信息公开专栏 . Reply of the State Council on agreeing to the establishment of 6 new pilot free trade zones National Letter [2019] No. 72 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404093713/http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2019-08/26/content_5424518.htm . 2023-04-04 . 2023-05-01 . www.gov.cn.
  33. Yu . Li . 2014-10-01 . Low carbon eco-city: New approach for Chinese urbanisation . Habitat International . en . 44 . 102–110 . 10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.05.004 . 0197-3975.
  34. Joss . Simon . Molella . Arthur P. . April 2013 . The Eco-City as Urban Technology: Perspectives on Caofeidian International Eco-City (China) . Journal of Urban Technology . en . 20 . 1 . 115–137 . 10.1080/10630732.2012.735411 . 111174988 . 1063-0732.
  35. Web site: Chen . Mansha . Dastur . Arish . Zhang . Yabei . Filewood . Richard . Al-Jamal . Khairy . Randale . Monali . Pinnoi . Nat . Peterson . Charles . Baeumler . Axel . 2009-11-01 . Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City (SSTEC) : a case study of an emerging eco-city in China . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230501064341/https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/776301468029076278/sino-singapore-tianjin-eco-city-sstec-a-case-study-of-an-emerging-eco-city-in-china . 2023-05-01 . 2023-05-01 . World Bank . en.
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