Cao Miao language explained

Cao Miao
States:	China
Region:	Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi
Date:	2000
Ref:	e18
Familycolor:	Kradai
Fam2:	Kam–Sui
Fam3:	Kam
Iso3:	cov
Glotto:	caom1238
Glottorefname:	Cao Miao

Cao Miao (; autonym: pronounced as /mjiu55 ɲaŋ33/^[1]) is a variety of Dong (Kam) according to Shi Lin (2012).^[2] Dialects include Liushi ("Sixty") Miao 六十苗, Sishi ("Forty") Miao 四十苗, and Ershi ("Twenty") Miao 二十苗 (also known as Flowery Miao 花苗). The Flowery Miao 花苗 do not consider themselves to be Cao Miao 草苗, although their language is similar to Sixty Miao and Forty Miao (Shi 2012).

Subdivisions

There are various ethnic subgroups within Cao Miao (Shi 2015:7).

• Inner Miao 内部苗 (or 内岗苗 / 内堺苗) (pronounced as /kaŋ42 kau31/): 2 subgroups
  • Sixty (60) Miao 六十苗 (pronounced as /mjiu55 ljok22 ɕəp22/^[3])
  • Forty (40) Miao 四十苗 (pronounced as /mjiu55 si53 ɕəp22/^[3]), also called Diao 刁族 (pronounced as /tjau13/)^[4]
• Middle Miao 中部苗 (or 中岗苗 / 中堺苗) (pronounced as /kaŋ42 ta53/), also called Twenty (20) Miao 二十苗 (pronounced as /mjiu55 ȵi33 ɕəp22/^[3]) or Flowery Miao 花苗 (pronounced as /mjiu55 ken53/^[3]).
• Outer Miao 外部苗 (or 外岗苗 / 外堺苗) (pronounced as /kaŋ42 pak33/), also called Old Miao 老苗 or Black Miao 黑苗.

Other ethnolinguistic groups living near the Cao Miao include the Han 汉族, Dong 侗族, Yao 瑶族, Suantang 酸汤人, Sanqiao 三撬人,^[5] Tongdao Pinghua speakers, Hakka 客家人, Chuanmin 船民 (a Guibei 桂北 Yue Chinese lect^[6]), Naxi 那溪人, Liujia 六甲人,^[7] and Liuse 六色人.^[8]

Population

There is a total of 58,900 Cao Miao people (Shi 2015:9). The following population statistics are from Shi (2015:9).

By ethnic subgroup:

• 60 Miao: 49,300 people (in 126 villages^[9])
• 20 Miao (Flowery Miao): 5,930 people
• 40 Miao (also called Diao 刁族): 3,620 people (in 18 villages of Liping and Tongdao counties^[10])

By county:

• Liping County, Guizhou: 19,000 people (consisting of 60 Miao, 40 Miao, and 20 Miao)
• Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County, Guangxi: 31,600 people (consisting of only 60 Miao)
• Tongdao Dong Autonomous County, Hunan: 6,800 people (consisting of 60 Miao and 20 Miao, but no 40 Miao)
• Congjiang County, Guizhou: 1,020 people (consisting of only 40 Miao)
• Jingzhou, Hunan: 500+ people (consisting of 20 Miao and Outer Miao)

Distribution

Below are languages and their respective locations studied by Shi Lin (2012).^[2]

• Liushi (60) Miao 六十苗: Qifan 起凡 (in Liping), Dagaoping 大高坪 (in Tongdao), Gaoyu 高宇 (in Sanjiang)
• Sishi (40) Miao 四十苗: Tanghua 堂华 (in Tongdao)
• Ershi (20) Miao 二十苗: Kenxi 肯溪 (in Tongdao)
• Southern Dong: Longcheng 陇城 (in Tongdao), Chengyang 程阳 (in Sanjiang)
• Northern Dong: Xiudong 秀洞 (in Jinping), Sanmentang 三门塘 (in Tianzhu)

Ethnic Cao Miao also live in the following townships.^[11]

• Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County, Guangxi
  • Tongle 同乐乡
  • Bajiang 八江乡
  • Liangkou 良口乡
  • Yangxi 洋溪乡
  • Dudong 独峒乡
  • Linxi 林溪乡
• Liping County, Guizhou
  • Shuikou 水口镇
  • Zhaoxing 肇兴乡
  • Hongzhou 洪洲镇
  • Long'e 龙额乡
  • Deshun 德顺乡
  • Shunhua 顺化乡
  • Diping 地坪乡
  • Leidong 雷洞乡
• Tongdao Dong Autonomous County, Hunan
  • Dagaoping 大高坪
  • Yatunbao 牙屯堡
  • Dupo 独坡乡

Sishi Miao 四十苗 is spoken in these townships:^[2]

• Liping County

Shuikou 水口镇 (including Qifan 起凡村), Zhaoxing 肇兴乡, Yongcong 永从乡

• Rongjiang County

Luoxiang 洛香镇

The Flowery Miao live in Luoxiang 洛香镇, Congjiang County; Guochong 锅冲乡 and Dagaoping 大高坪, Tongdao County; Deshun 德顺乡, Liping County. In Liping County, they are also known as the "Flowery-Clothed Miao" (花衣苗) (Liping County Gazetteer 1989:153). According to Shi Lin (2012), Flowery Miao 花苗 (Ershi Miao 二十苗) is spoken in these townships:^[2]

• Liping County

Deshun 德顺乡

• Tongdao County

Guochong 锅冲乡 (including Kenxi 肯溪村), Dagaoping 大高坪乡, Boyang 播阳乡, Xianxi 县溪镇

• Jingzhou County

Xinchang 新厂镇

Other Cao Miao locations include:^[12]

• Liping County, Guizhou
  • Tangbi Village 塘婢村, Leidong Township 雷洞乡
  • Jiujue Village 九厥村, Hongzhou Township 洪州镇
  • Guigong 归公, Diping Township 地坪乡
  • Guibai 归白, Diping Township 地坪乡
  • Pingsong 平松, Shuikou Township 水口镇
  • Bashan 八善, Shuikou Township 水口镇
  • Gaoze Village 高泽村, Shunhua Township 顺化乡
• Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County, Guangxi
  • Fenshui 汾水, Bajiang Township 八江乡
  • Gaoya 高亚, Dudong Township 独峒乡
• Rongshui Miao Autonomous County, Guangxi^[13]
  • Rongtang Village 荣塘村, Sirong Township 四荣乡

Bibliography

• Shi Lin [石林]. 2015. Xiang-Qian-Gui bianqu de san ge zuqun fangyandao [湘黔桂边区的三个族群方言岛] / Three language varieties of the Hunan-Guizhou-Guangxi border region. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press [中国社会科学出版社].

Notes and References

1. Shi (2015:1)
2. Shi Lin [石林] (2012). The Cao Miao language of three provinces and its relationship to Dong [三省坡草苗的语言及其与侗语的关系]. In Minzu Yuwen [民族语文] 2012, no. 4. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy [中国社会科学院].
3. Shi (2015:42)
4. Shi (2015:43)
5. Web site: 三锹人与清水江中下游的山地开发——以黔东南锦屏县岑梧村为中心的考察 - 豆丁网 . zh . Docin.com . 2012-03-13 . 2016-02-11 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051940/http://www.docin.com/p-361267415.html . 2016-03-04 .
6. Web site: 桂南置家话的归属 . Cllc.gxnu.edu.cn . 2016-02-11 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085729/http://www.cllc.gxnu.edu.cn/wenzixue/uploadfiles/baiyun/%E6%A1%82%E5%8D%97%E7%96%8D%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%92%E5%B1%9E.pdf . 2016-03-04 .
7. Web site: Hou Jingrong [侯井榕]. 2009. Phonological System and Linguistic Typology of Liujia Chinese Dialect in Sanjiang of Guangxi Autonomous Region [广西三江县六甲话的语言特点]]. Comonca.org. 2016-02-11.
8. Web site: 三省坡草苗的语言及其系属调查研究-《贵州民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2013年01期 . Cnki.com.cn . 2016-02-11.
9. Shi (2015:8)
10. Shi (2015:44)
11. Web site: 草苗/草苗之窗/草苗论坛 . Caomiao.net . 2016-02-11 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130825181606/http://www.caomiao.net/cz/ . 2013-08-25 .
12. Web site: 草苗之窗是草苗人的精神网络家园 . 2015-09-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150813155455/http://www.caomiao.net/ . 2015-08-13 . dead .
13. Li . Hui 李辉 . Li . Xin 李昕 . Yang . Ningning 杨宁宁 . Wen . Bo 文波 . Hou . Jingrong 侯井榕 . Huang . Xingqiu 黄兴球 . Jin . Jianzhong 金建中 . Jin . Li 金力 . 2003 . Yíchuán hé tǐzhí fēnxī cǎo miáo de qǐyuán . zh:遗传和体质分析草苗的起源 . Origin of Grass Hmong as Revealed by Genetics and Physical Anthropology . dead . Fùdàn xuébào (Zìrán kēxué bǎn) / Journal of Fudan University (Natural Science) . zh . 42 . 4 . 621–629 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110726040057/http://comonca.org.cn/lh/Doc/A13.pdf . 2011-07-26 . 2017-11-22.