| Canzés | |
| Also Known As: | Canzees |
| States: | Italy |
| Familycolor: | Indo-European |
| Fam2: | Italic |
| Fam3: | Latino-Faliscan |
| Fam4: | Romance |
| Fam5: | Italo-Western |
| Fam6: | Western Romance |
| Fam7: | Gallo-Romance |
| Fam8: | Gallo-Italic |
| Fam9: | Lombard–Piedmontese?[1] |
| Fam10: | Lombard |
| Fam11: | Western Lombard |
| Fam12: | Brianzöö |
| Isoexception: | dialect |
| Glotto: | none |
| Notice: | IPA |
Canzés (also written Canzees) is a variety of Brianzöö (a Western Lombard dialect) spoken in the commune of Canzo, Italy.
Canzés is spoken by approximately 2000 people in and near the town of Canzo. It is similar to common Brianzöö, and to varieties of Vallassina, of Como, of Lecco and of Monza, but it also shares similarities with Milanese because of historical ties with Milan. Its lexicon is partially shared with Brianzöö. In comparison with common Brianzöö, Canzés has a broader variety of stylistic registers, from peasant style to courtly style. Because Canzo is in the northernmost zone of the Brianza, Canzés preserves lexical archaisms better than modern Milanese, and has changed less under the influence of Italian.
In the Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland (AIS) of the Universities of Bern and Zurich (1928–1940)[2] and in the Acoustic Vivarium of Italian Languages and Dialects (VivALDI) of the Humboldt University of Berlin (1998–2018)[3] Canzo has been chosen as the only linguistic tracing point of a very large area, including not only the entire macro-Brianza, but also the entire provinces of Como and Milan (except for the Bustocco-Legnanese linguistic island). Indeed, Canzo has characteristics of conservation and authenticity otherwise absent in this geographic area, historically much innovative. For this reason it can be said that Canzés dialect – while preserving, in some of its registers, peculiar local features – is the reference variety for a study of the most archaic elements of the most prestigious variant of the Lombard language (see Milanese dialect).
The language descends from Latin with some influence from a Celtic substratum due to the original inhabitants of the region, the Insubres, Lambrani, Lepontii, and Orobi (local populations already merged with Gauls). Langobardic made an impact as a superstratum, as did the languages of later Spanish, French and Austrian rulers.
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| Plosive | pronounced as /ink/ ~ pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ ~ pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ ~ pronounced as /ink/ | ||||
| Affricate | pronounced as /ink/ ~ pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ ~ pronounced as /ink/ | |||||
| Fricative | pronounced as /ink/ ~ pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ ~ pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ ~ pronounced as /ink/ | ||||
| Trill | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /ink/ |
Contrasts exist between long and short vowels in stressed syllables, but in unstressed syllables the contrast is neutralized.
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as /ink/ ~ pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||
| Close-mid | pronounced as /ink/ ~ pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||
| Open-mid | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||
| Open | pronounced as /ink/ |
Phonetically, it is evident, for example, the predominance of vowel pronounced as //a// or similar (written a), instead of unstressed pronounced as //e// (written e). In Canzés, instead of Milanese nasalization of vowel, there is a velar nasal (written n) with abbreviation of the vowel. There are no geminate consonants in words, excepting half-geminate affricate (written z), that never change to pronounced as //s//. The final consonants are always voiceless. Written v have a very weak sound, almost semivocalic. There are also vowel allophones as pronounced as /[ɪ]/ and pronounced as /[ʊ]/, pronounced as /[æ]/ and pronounced as /[ɑ]/ (both written a) and more open pronounced as /[y]/ (written ü, sometimes i when variant of pronounced as //i//), in addition to basic Western Lombard vowels: pronounced as //a// (written a), pronounced as //e// (written é), pronounced as //ɛ// (written è), pronounced as //i// (written i), pronounced as //o// (written ó), pronounced as //ɔ// (written ò), pronounced as //ø// (written ö) with pronounced as //œ// (written ö, sometimes ü when variant of pronounced as //y//), pronounced as //u// (written u) and normal pronounced as //y// (written ü). Vowels pronounced as //uː// and pronounced as //oː// are inverted (for example: cóo, head; cuut, whetstone) as to many others Brianzöö and Milanese varieties. Syllables closed by pronounced as //l// and based on vowel a, often change it with pronounced as //ɔ// (written ò), that, like other rounded consonants also in other Western Lombard varieties, change to pronounced as /[u]/ when unstressed. Letter s before consonant is usually aspirated. There are many phenomena of assimilation or adaptation, caused by meeting of two words, especially in crashes of consonants. In the word culzùn, trousers, the adesinential plural, the use of pronounced as //uŋ//, not pronounced as //õ//, the conservation of z and the mutation cal- > còl- > cul- can be seen.
In the little written literature, almost totally poetry, bloomed in the 1970s basing on Brianzöö and Milanese literatures (born in the 13th century), it is used a simple orthography, adherent to the pronunciation and based on Italian and Milanese ones, using diaeresis, letter j for semivocalic i, not applying the circumflex accent but the redoubling of long vowels, or the redoubling of consonant for short vowels.
The wide oral literature is composed by proverbs, poems, legends, prayers, that have histories of several centuries. An important role of Canzés and other local languages is in toponyms, often derived from Celtic words, and traditional gentilics.
There are some examples of written and oral literature.
There are variants also within the borough, according to the social class and the zone, for influence in the first case from Milanese and from common Brianzöö, in the second case from the neighbouring villages. It can be said that every joint family has own dialect of Canzés because, until the half of 20th century, every joint family was very united and isolated in the cuurt (the local kind of courtyard) world.
Canzés, even if it has a consistent heritage of oral and written literature, besides high importance for the local identity, does not have an official recognition, so it is getting uncommon in young generations. Western Lombard has a general recognition, but none from State. UNESCO and Ethnologue consider Lombard language as union of Western Lombard, Eastern Lombard and intermediate varieties.