Legality of cannabis explained

The legality of cannabis for medical and recreational use varies by country, in terms of its possession, distribution, and cultivation, and (in regards to medical) how it can be consumed and what medical conditions it can be used for. These policies in most countries are regulated by three United Nations treaties: the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the 1988 Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.[1] Cannabis was reclassified in 2020 to a Schedule I-only drug under the Single Convention treaty (from being a Schedule I and IV drug previously), with the schedules from strictest to least being IV, I, II, and III.[2] As a Schedule I drug under the treaty, countries can allow the medical use of cannabis but it is considered to be an addictive drug with a serious risk of abuse.[3] [4]

The use of cannabis for recreational purposes is prohibited in most countries; however, many have adopted a policy of decriminalization to make simple possession a non-criminal offense (often similar to a minor traffic violation). Others have much more severe penalties such as some Middle Eastern and Far Eastern countries where possession of even small amounts is punished by imprisonment for several years.[5] Countries that have legalized recreational use of cannabis are Canada, Georgia, Germany, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, South Africa, Thailand, and Uruguay, plus 24 states, 3 territories, and the District of Columbia in the United States and the Australian Capital Territory in Australia. Commercial sale of recreational cannabis is legalized nationwide in three countries (Canada, Thailand, and Uruguay) and in all subnational U.S. jurisdictions that have legalized possession except Virginia and Washington, D.C. A policy of limited enforcement has also been adopted in many countries, in particular the Netherlands where the sale of cannabis is tolerated at licensed coffeeshops.[6]

Countries that have legalized medical use of cannabis include Albania, Argentina, Australia, Barbados, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, North Macedonia, Norway, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Thailand, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Others have more restrictive laws that allow only the use of certain cannabis-derived pharmaceuticals, such as Sativex, Marinol, or Epidiolex.[7] In the United States, 38 states, 4 territories, and the District of Columbia have legalized the medical use of cannabis, but at the federal level its use remains prohibited.[8]

By country

Country/Territory Recreational Medical Notes

See main article: Cannabis in Afghanistan. Production banned by King Zahir Shah in 1973.[9]

See main article: Cannabis in Albania. Prohibited but plants highly available throughout the country and law often unenforced.On 21 July 2023 the Albanian Parliament voted 69–23 to legalize medical cannabis.[10]

See main article: Cannabis in Algeria.

See main article: Cannabis in Andorra.

See main article: Cannabis in Angola.

See main article: Cannabis in Antigua and Barbuda.

[11] [12]

See main article: Cannabis in Argentina. Medicinal cannabis was legalized on 22 September 2017.[13] [14]

See main article: Cannabis in Armenia.

See main article: Cannabis in Australia. In September 2019, the Australian Capital Territory became the first state or territory of Australia to legalize recreational use of cannabis. Since 31 January 2020 residents have been allowed to grow two plants and possess, though sales or other transfer is prohibited, including cannabis seeds. Federal law also remains enforceable.[15]

See main article: Cannabis in Austria.

See main article: Cannabis in Azerbaijan.

See main article: Cannabis in the Bahamas.

See main article: Cannabis in Bahrain.

See main article: Cannabis in Bangladesh. Sale banned in 1989,[16] but laws are rarely enforced and cannabis is openly sold in many parts of the country.[17] [18]

See main article: Cannabis in Barbados.

See main article: Cannabis in Belarus.

See main article: Cannabis in Belgium. Up to decriminalized for adults since 2003.[19] [20]

See main article: Cannabis in Belize. Possession prohibited, but use is common and largely tolerated.[21] Possession of up to decriminalized.[22]

See main article: Cannabis in Benin.

See main article: Cannabis in Bermuda. In November 2016, the Supreme Court of Bermuda ruled in favor of allowing the medical use of cannabis.[23] As of July 2018, two doctors have been licensed to prescribe the drug.[24]

See main article: Cannabis in Bhutan. Illegal, but plants grow prolifically and have multiple traditional uses, such as feeding pigs and producing textiles.[25]

[26]

See main article: Cannabis in Bolivia.

See main article: Cannabis in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2016, the Ministry of Civil Affairs formed a task force to explore the legalization of cannabis and cannabinoids for medicinal purposes.[27]

See main article: Cannabis in Botswana. Cannabis (or dagga) is illegal.[28]

or cultivation of 6 plants for personal use[29]

See main article: Cannabis in Brazil. Legislation passed in 2006 to require treatment and community service for possessing small amounts of drugs instead of jail time.[30] Possession of large amounts, as well as sale, transportation, and cultivation, are considered drug trafficking.[31]

See main article: Cannabis in Brunei.

See main article: Cannabis in Bulgaria. Cannabis is classified as a class A (High-risk) drug, together with heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, and MDMA (ecstasy). Until 2004, a loosely defined "personal dose" existed.[32]

See main article: Cannabis in Burkina Faso.

See main article: Cannabis in Burundi.

See main article: Cannabis in Cambodia. Illegal,[33] but this prohibition is lax and enforced opportunistically.[34] [35] [36] "Happy" restaurants in cities publicly offer food cooked with marijuana, or as a side garnish.

See main article: Cannabis in Cameroon.

See main article: Cannabis in Canada and Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory. Legal for medicinal purposes since 2001 and for recreational purposes since 17 October 2018. The age to buy or consume cannabis varies by province: 19 in most provinces, 18 in Alberta, and 21 in Quebec.[37]

See main article: Cannabis in Cape Verde.

See main article: Cannabis in the Central African Republic.

See main article: Cannabis in Chad.

See main article: Cannabis in Chile. Private personal use[38] and recreational cultivation[39] [40] [41] decriminalized. Medicinal cultivation legal with the authorization of The Chilean Agriculture Service (SAG)[42] and sale of medication allowed on prescription in pharmacies.[43]

(PRC)

See main article: Cannabis in China. Penalty for possession or consumption: 10–15 days' detention without prosecution and a fine.[44]

See main article: Cannabis in Colombia. Decriminalized up to for personal consumption. Individuals carrying greater amounts, or cultivating up to 20 plants, cannot be prosecuted if the drug is for personal use.[45] [46] [47]

See main article: Cannabis in Comoros. Cannabis was legal in Comoros between January 1975 and May 1978, when president Ali Soilih legalized cannabis consumption among other measures.[48] [49]

See main article: Cannabis in the Cook Islands. A non-binding referendum in August 2022 asked "Should we review our cannabis laws to allow for research and medicinal use?" 62% voted yes.[50]

See main article: Cannabis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

See main article: Cannabis in the Republic of the Congo.

See main article: Cannabis in Costa Rica. Decriminalized since police officers do not detain people for personal use, yet no amount has been defined as a minimum for possession. Use of cannabis is widespread throughout the country.

[51]

See main article: Cannabis in Croatia. Possession of small amounts is considered a misdemeanor subject to fixed fines. Medicinal cannabis legal for patients with illnesses such as cancer, multiple sclerosis, or HIV/AIDS.

See main article: Cannabis in Cuba.

See main article: Cannabis in Cyprus. Class B substance – life imprisonment is possible for use and maximum 8 years for possession (at the maximum 2 years for the first offense for people under 25).[52]

See main article: Cannabis in the Czech Republic. Possession of up to or cultivation of up to 5 plants is an infraction subject to a minor fine – mostly not enforced. Medicinal use legal and regulated since 2013.[53] [54]

See main article: Cannabis in Denmark. As with all drugs, cannabis-related offenses are punishable by a fine or imprisonment for up to 2 years. Freetown Christiania, a self-declared autonomous community in Copenhagen, is known for its cannabis trade.[55]

See main article: Cannabis in Djibouti.

See main article: Cannabis in Dominica.

See main article: Cannabis in the Dominican Republic.

See main article: Cannabis in East Timor.

See main article: Cannabis in Ecuador. Possession of up to decriminalized in 2013, but policy was repealed by President Daniel Noboa in 2023.[56]

See main article: Cannabis in Egypt. Illegal since 1925 but use is widespread. Convictions for personal use are rare. Formerly a plant of high status with several documented medicinal uses in ancient times.

See main article: Cannabis in El Salvador.

See main article: Cannabis in Equatorial Guinea.

See main article: Cannabis in Eritrea.

See main article: Cannabis in Estonia. Up to is considered an amount for personal use, and is punished with a fine. Large amounts and distribution are criminal offenses punishable with a custodial sentence of up to 5 years.

See main article: Cannabis in Eswatini.

See main article: Cannabis in Ethiopia. Despite being the spiritual homeland of the Rastafari movement, possession of cannabis can result in up to six months imprisonment.

See main article: Cannabis in Fiji.

See main article: Cannabis in Finland. Personal use is generally not prosecuted in court but subject to summary fine. Medicinal cannabis possible under a special license since 2006; in 2014, 223 licenses were issued.[57]

See main article: Cannabis in France. Possession up to entails a €200 fine since November 2018,[58] although a judge is still legally able to pronounce a stricter sentence.[59] Medical use of some cannabinoid drugs legalized in 2013.[60] [61]

See main article: Cannabis in Gabon.

See main article: Cannabis in the Gambia.

See main article: Cannabis in Georgia (country).

See main article: Cannabis in Germany. On 23 February 2024, the German Bundestag passed the Act on the Controlled Use of Cannabis, legalizing possession of outside the home, at home, and private cultivation of three plants, for adults 18 and over, beginning on 1 April 2024. Collective, noncommercial cultivation will be allowed in cultivation associations (i.e. cannabis social clubs) from 1 July 2024.[62] [63] [64]

See main article: Cannabis in Ghana.

See main article: Cannabis in Greece.

(Kalaallit Nunaat)

See main article: Cannabis in Greenland.

See main article: Cannabis in Grenada.

See main article: Cannabis in Guatemala. In 2016 a constitutional commission rejected proposals to legalize medicinal or recreational use of cannabis.[65] [66]

See main article: Cannabis in Guyana. Possession of or over can result in charges of drug trafficking.[67]

See main article: Cannabis in Haiti.

See main article: Cannabis in Honduras. The possession, sale, transportation, and cultivation of cannabis is illegal.[68]

See main article: Cannabis in Hong Kong. Possession, sale, transportation, and cultivation illegal under the Dangerous Drug Ordinance. (Chapter 134 of the Law of Hong Kong)

See main article: Cannabis in Hungary. There is no distinction in Hungarian law between illicit drugs according to dangers. Heroin use has the same legal consequences as cannabis use.

See main article: Cannabis in Iceland. Banned in 1969.[69] Possession of small amounts is subject to arrest and fine but no threat of jail time.[70]

See main article: Cannabis in India. Albeit illegal, usage is prevalent and some government-owned shops sell cannabis in the form of bhang. States have their own laws regarding cannabis, locally known as ganja.

See main article: Cannabis in Indonesia. Banned in 1927.[71] Minimum sentence of 4 years in prison (additional fines may apply) if caught dealing / distributing. Rehabilitation or maximum sentence of 4 years if caught in possession alone.[72] [73]

See main article: Cannabis in Iran. Maximum of capital punishment to possess hashish over [74] but unenforced.[75]

See main article: Cannabis in Iraq.

[76]

See main article: Cannabis in Ireland. The National Drugs Strategy of 2009–2016 did not favor decriminalizing cannabis.[77] A new strategy was planned for 2017.[78] Cannabis-derived medicines may be licensed since 2014.[79] [80] A review of policy on medicinal cannabis was announced in November 2016,[81] and a private member's bill to legalize it passed second stage in the Dáil in December 2016.[82] [83] [84]

See main article: Cannabis in Israel. As of April 2019, public possession of small amounts is a non-criminal offense punished by escalating fines. A third offense can result in criminal charges, however. Possession in the privacy of one's home is not punished.[85]

See main article: Cannabis in Italy. Possession of small amounts for personal use is a misdemeanor subject to fines and the suspension of documents (passports or driver's licenses). Sale is punishable by imprisonment, even if in small amounts. Licensed cultivation for medicinal and industrial use strictly regulated.[86]

See main article: Cannabis in Ivory Coast.

See main article: Cannabis in Jamaica. Decriminalized since 2015, and in 2018 the first medical cannabis dispensary opened.[87]

See main article: Cannabis in Japan. Restricted in 1948.[88] Use and possession are punishable by up to 5 years imprisonment and a fine. Cultivation, sale, and transport are punishable by 7–10 years imprisonment and a fine.

See main article: Cannabis in Jordan.

See main article: Cannabis in Kazakhstan.

See main article: Cannabis in Kenya.

See main article: Cannabis in Kiribati.

(DPRK)

See main article: Cannabis in North Korea. Cannabis is listed in Appendix 1 Narcotics in the DPRK. Narcotics Control Law (2005) states that narcotics may be used when prescribed.[89] There are conflicting reports on the legal status of cannabis in North Korea. Multiple reports from defectors and tourists claim there is no law regarding the possession of cannabis in North Korea or if there is, it is mostly unenforced. However, other reports claim that cannabis is illegal.[90]

[91]

See main article: Cannabis in South Korea. Medical use of cannabis was legalized in November 2018. The plant itself, however, remains unavailable due to a policy implemented by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety.[92]

See main article: Cannabis in Kosovo.

See main article: Cannabis in Kuwait.

See main article: Cannabis in Kyrgyzstan.

See main article: Cannabis in Laos.

See main article: Cannabis in Latvia. Possession of up to can result in a €280 fine; for second offenses within a year period, criminal charges are applied. Larger quantities can be punished with up to 15 years in prison.

See main article: Cannabis in Lebanon. Hashish banned in 1926;[93] cultivation banned in 1992.[94] Large amounts of cannabis are still grown within the country illicitly, however. Cultivation of cannabis for medical use was legalized in April 2020.[95]

See main article: Cannabis in Lesotho. Licensed cultivation allowed for export to other countries. Also widely grown for illicit purposes.[96] [97]

See main article: Cannabis in Liberia.

See main article: Cannabis in Liechtenstein.

See main article: Cannabis in Lithuania. Medical cannabis is illegal in Lithuania, but a law allowing seriously ill patients to use drugs made from synthetic cannabinoids was passed by the Seimas on 11 October 2018.

See main article: Cannabis in Luxembourg. Decriminalized in 2001. Home use and cultivation legal since 21 July 2023.[98]

, SAR of China

See main article: Cannabis in Macau.

See main article: Cannabis in Madagascar.

See main article: Cannabis in Malawi. Illegal but widely used and cultivated; Malawian cannabis is famed internationally for its quality.[99] Chamba is grown mainly in central and northern regions like Mzuzu.[100]

See main article: Cannabis in Malaysia. Mandatory death penalty for convicted drug traffickers, legally defined as individuals possessing more than of cannabis.

See main article: Cannabis in the Maldives.

See main article: Cannabis in Mali.

See main article: Cannabis in Malta. On 30 March 2021, Prime Minister Robert Abela announced a proposal to legalize possession of up to and the cultivation of up to 4 plants, and for people charged with possession in the past to have it expunged from their criminal records.[101] In December 2021, legislation was passed by the Maltese Parliament and signed into law by President George Vella.[102] [103]

See main article: Cannabis in the Marshall Islands.

See main article: Cannabis in Mauritania.

See main article: Cannabis in Mauritius.

[104]

See main article: Cannabis in Mexico. Possession of was decriminalized in 2009.[105] In 2015 the Supreme Court voted 4–1 that prohibiting people from growing the drug for personal use was unconstitutional.[106] In 2018 the Supreme Court reaffirmed the ruling and requested that the legislature update the country's laws regarding cannabis.[107] [108] After the legislature failed to act, the Supreme Court in 2021 invalidated laws regarding the personal possession and cultivation of cannabis.

See main article: Cannabis in Micronesia.

See main article: Cannabis in Moldova.

See main article: Cannabis in Monaco.

See main article: Cannabis in Mongolia.

See main article: Cannabis in Montenegro.

See main article: Cannabis in Morocco. Morocco is among the world's top producers of hashish.

See main article: Cannabis in Mozambique.

See main article: Cannabis in Myanmar.

See main article: Cannabis in Namibia. Cannabis is illegal; in 2007 the government proposed but declined a 20-year jail sentence for any drug possession.

See main article: Cannabis in Nepal. All cannabis licenses canceled in 1973.

See main article: Cannabis in the Netherlands. Personal possession decriminalized and sale allowed only in certain licensed coffeeshops in the continental Netherlands.[109] Cultivation often tolerated but growers can still have their plants and equipment confiscated[110] and face eviction[111] or cancellation of their mortgage[112] for one single plant.[113] Zero tolerance policy in the Caribbean Netherlands.[114]

See also: Cannabis in New Zealand. Banned in 1927.[115] Possession over is presumed for supply. Medical use was legalized in 2018.[116] In 2020, a referendum to legalize recreational use failed by a 50.7% to 48.4% margin.[117]

See main article: Cannabis in Nigeria.

See main article: Cannabis in North Macedonia. If one possesses large amounts, a jail sentence of anywhere from 3 months to 5 years may be given. Medicinal cannabis legalized since 2016.[118]

See main article: Cannabis in Norway. Illegal since 1965. As of 2022, use and possession of up to are punished with heavy fines and possible loss of driver's license.[119] [120] [121] Solberg's Cabinet proposed a decriminalization bill in 2021 that would remove all sanctions for illegal drug use, including possession of up to of cannabis. Six parties (43,8%) voted for, while three parties (56,2%) voted against. As a result, the bill did not pass the parliament.[122] [123]

See main article: Cannabis in Pakistan. Prohibited, but the smoking of hashish in Peshawar and the northern parts of Pakistan tends to be tolerated. One may be sent to jail for up to six months if found with charas in other parts of the country. CBD legalized by cabinet announcement in September 2020.

See main article: Cannabis in Palau.

See main article: Cannabis in Panama.

See main article: Cannabis in Papua New Guinea.

See main article: Cannabis in Paraguay. The possession of up to of cannabis is not punishable.[124] [125]

See main article: Cannabis in Peru. Possession of up to is not punished.[126] [127] [128] [129] Cultivation, production, and sale are punished with 8–15 years in prison.[130] [131]

See main article: Cannabis in the Philippines. Medical use of cannabis is possible with a special permit from the Food and Drugs Authority for use by individuals with serious or terminal illness.[132]

See main article: Cannabis in Poland. Since 2011, prosecutors can choose not to prosecute possession of small quantities of cannabis for personal use if it is a first offense or if the person is drug dependent.[133] Possession of large quantities of drugs can result in up to 10 years in prison.

See main article: Cannabis in Portugal. In 2001, Portugal became the first country in the world to decriminalize the use of all drugs.

See main article: Cannabis in Qatar.

See main article: Cannabis in Romania. Small quantities punishable by a large fine for first offenders or 6 months to 2 years in prison if the person has been convicted before. Possession of large amounts or trafficking is punishable by 2–7 years of jail time. Decriminalization proposed. Limited medical use approved in 2013.[134] [135]

See main article: Cannabis in Russia. Possession of up to of cannabis (or of hashish) is an administrative offense, punishable by a fine of ₽5,000 or detention of up to 15 days. Possession of larger amounts is a criminal offense. Foreign nationals and stateless individuals who violate the law are subject to deportation regardless of the amount.[136]

See main article: Cannabis in Rwanda.

See main article: Cannabis in Saint Kitts and Nevis.

See main article: Cannabis in Saint Lucia.

[137] [138] [139]

See main article: Cannabis in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

See main article: Cannabis in Samoa.

See main article: Cannabis in San Marino.

See main article: Cannabis in São Tomé and Principe.

See main article: Cannabis in Saudi Arabia. Use and possession for personal use of any kind of recreational drugs is punishable by imprisonment if caught. Imprisonment for personal use can entail jail time of six months or more. Dealing and smuggling high amounts of drugs usually result in harsher prison time or even execution, although recently executions have been rare. Foreigners who use drugs might be deported.

See main article: Cannabis in Senegal.

[140]

See main article: Cannabis in Serbia. Possession of small amounts is punishable by fine or imprisonment of up to 3 years. Sale and transportation punishable by imprisonment of 3–12 years. Cultivation punishable by imprisonment from 6 months to 5 years. Higher penalties for organized crime.

See main article: Cannabis in Seychelles.

See main article: Cannabis in Sierra Leone. Cannabis banned in 1920.[141]

See main article: Cannabis in Singapore. Banned in 1870.[142] Cannabis is a Class A drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act, making it illegal to cultivate, sell, or possess. Those who are caught with of cannabis or more are considered drug traffickers and are punished with a possible death penalty.[143] In rare cases, permission has been granted to use cannabis-derived pharmaceuticals for treatment of epilepsy.[144]

See main article: Cannabis in Slovakia. Possession of small amounts punishable by up to 8 years in prison.[145] [146] In April 2012, The Wall Street Journal reported that Robert Fico, the incoming Slovak prime minister, might push for partial legalization of cannabis possession, and has argued for the legalization of possession of up to three doses of cannabis for personal use.

See main article: Cannabis in Slovenia. Cannabis-based drugs are legal for medicinal use, but not cannabis itself.[147] [148] Possession of any drug for personal use is decriminalized.[149]

See main article: Cannabis in the Solomon Islands.

See main article: Cannabis in Somalia.

See main article: Cannabis in South Africa. Private use and cultivation have been legal since September 2018.[150] [151] [152] [153]

See main article: Cannabis in Spain. All actions related to cannabis for own consumption aren't considered criminal offenses,[154] but misdemeanors punishable by a fine.[155] Cannabis trafficking, including sale, import, or cultivation for sale, is punishable by jail time. Legalized in Catalonia in 2017,[156] but that law was challenged by the state and declared unconstitutional.[157] Cultivation in private areas for own consumption is allowed if the plants cannot be seen from the street or other public spaces.[158]

[159]

See main article: Cannabis in Sri Lanka. The sale of cannabis is decriminalized for traditional medicine vendors and it is commonly used in Ayurvedic traditional medicines.

See main article: Cannabis in Sudan.

See main article: Cannabis in Suriname. Cannabis was banned in Suriname in the early 20th century, having been popularized there by Asian immigrants.[160]

See main article: Cannabis in Sweden. All cannabis-related activity illegal. The national police runs a "disturb and annoy" program aimed at users supported by the national "zero tolerance" policy.

See main article: Cannabis in Switzerland. Since 2017, consuming cannabis in Switzerland may result in a fine, but possession of up to without evidence of consumption is not penalized; and as of 2023, confiscated amounts under this limit must be returned to the individual.[161] [162]

See main article: Cannabis in Syria. If someone is considered an addict by the Syrian government then they face no criminal penalties for drug possession.[163]

See main article: Cannabis in Taiwan. Cannabis is a schedule 2 narcotic in the ROC, and possession can result in up to 3 years imprisonment.

See main article: Cannabis in Tajikistan.

See main article: Cannabis in Tanzania.

See main article: Cannabis in Thailand. Criminalized in 1935, medical use legalized in 2018, and recreational use legalized in 2022 for those aged 20 and over.[164] Import and export of cannabis are still highly regulated. Cannabis smoking in public areas is prohibited.[165] [166]

See main article: Cannabis in Togo.

See main article: Cannabis in Tonga.

See main article: Cannabis in Trinidad and Tobago. Banned in 1925.[167] Decriminalized in 2019.[168]

See main article: Cannabis in Tunisia. Banned in 1953.[169] Using or possessing entails 1–5 years of imprisonment and 1000–3000 dinars (around $500–1500).[170] [171] [172]

See main article: Cannabis in Turkey. Medical cultivation legal in 19 provinces.[173] With permission, this can also be conducted in other provinces as well.[174] Consuming any drug is illegal and requires juridical process. Possessing, purchasing, or receiving any illegal drug is punishable by 1–2 years of prison, treatment, or probation. Sale and supply is punishable by a prison term of 5–10 years, and production or trafficking by a minimum term of 10 years.

See main article: Cannabis in Turkmenistan.

See main article: Cannabis in Tuvalu.

See main article: Cannabis in Uganda.

See main article: Cannabis in Ukraine. In December 2023, Parliament adopted a bill to legalize medical cannabis on second reading.[175] It was signed into law by President Zelensky on 15 February 2024.[176]

See main article: Cannabis in the United Arab Emirates. In 2008, even the smallest amounts of the drug could lead to a mandatory 4-year prison sentence.[177]

See main article: Cannabis in the United Kingdom. Banned in 1928.[178] A class B drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.[179] Limited medical use legal since 1 November 2018[180] when prescribed by a specialist consultant, not a GP. Guidance: only prescribe when clearly beneficial and no other option available.

See also: Cannabis on American Indian reservations. Cannabis remains a Schedule I drug at federal level, prohibiting even its medical use. The Rohrabacher–Farr amendment prevents federal enforcement in states that have legalized medical, however. No such protections exist regarding recreational, but the federal government has so far generally not intervened. Recognized Indian reservations are allowed to legalize for either use under a policy announced in 2014.[181] Every U.S. state that has legalized recreational use has set a mandatory legal minimum age of 21 for purchase, possession, and use.[182] In 2024, the Drug Enforcement Administration and the Department of Justice indicated they were planning to reschedule cannabis to Schedule III.[183]

See main article: Cannabis in Uruguay. Legal since late 2013. Buyers must be eighteen or older, residents of Uruguay, and must register with the authorities. Authorities grow the cannabis that can be sold legally.[184] [185] [186] Non-profit Cannabis Clubs can also operate.[187] The minimum age to purchase or obtain cannabis in Uruguay is 18.[188]

See main article: Cannabis in Uzbekistan. Opiates, cannabis and other plants containing psychotropic substances are illegal.[189]

See main article: Cannabis in Vanuatu.

See main article: Cannabis in Venezuela. Possession of up to of marijuana or of genetically modified marijuana for commercial purposes is punishable by 1–2 years in prison at judge's discretion. If deemed to be for personal consumption, the user is subject to security measures involving rehabilitation and detoxification procedures.

See main article: Cannabis in Vietnam.

See main article: Cannabis in Yemen.

See main article: Cannabis in Zambia.

See main article: Cannabis in Zimbabwe.

Country/Territory Recreational Medical Notes

Notes and References

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  2. News: Chappell . Bill . U.N. Commission Removes Cannabis From Its Most Strict Drug Control List . 26 April 2024 . NPR . 2 December 2020.
  3. Web site: Classification of controlled drugs . . 5 December 2020 . 8 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210108164743/https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/topic-overviews/classification-of-controlled-drugs/html_en . live .
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  5. News: Powell . Burgess . The 7 Countries with the Strictest Weed Laws . 21 July 2018 . . 24 February 2018 . 26 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201126132111/https://hightimes.com/guides/countries-strictest-weed-laws/ . live .
  6. News: Haines . Gavin . Everything you need to know about marijuana smoking in the Netherlands . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/netherlands/amsterdam/articles/everything-you-need-to-know-about-smoking-marijuana-in-the-netherlands/ . 11 January 2022 . subscription . live . 22 July 2018 . . 21 February 2017.
  7. News: Ruddick . Graham . GW signs Sativex cannabis-based drug deal with Novartis . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/8443914/GW-signs-Sativex-cannabis-based-drug-deal-with-Novartis.html . 11 January 2022 . subscription . live . . 17 October 2018. 11 April 2011 .
  8. Web site: State Medical Marijuana Laws. National Conference of State Legislatures. 5 March 2019. 26 March 2019. 11 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181211125951/http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx. live.
  9. Book: Martin Booth. Cannabis: A History. 30 September 2011. Transworld. 978-1-4090-8489-1. 325–.
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