Candidula Explained

Candidula is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae,.^{[1] [2]} the hairy snails and their allies.

The genus is characterized by the presence of a big dart sac, a sac containing an arrow-like structure found on a land snail's reproductive organs.

Species

Species within the genus Candidula s.l. include:^[3]

• Candidula candidescens A. J. Wagner, 1928 (taxon inquirendum)
• Candidula castriota Soós, 1924
• Candidula cavannae (Paulucci, 1881)
• Candidula codia (Bourguignat, 1859)
• Candidula eustricta (Bourguignat, 1863) ^[4]
• Candidula lernaea Hausdorf, 1991
• Candidula rhabdotoides (Wagner, 1928)
• Candidula rugosiuscula (Michaud, 1831)
• † Candidula soosi (Gaál, 1910)
• Candidula syrensis (Pfeiffer, 1846) species-complex! (taxon inquirendum)
• Candidula unifasciata (Poiret, 1801) - type species
• Candidula verticillata (Pfeiffer, 1871) (taxon inquirendum, generic affiliation unclear)

Species brought into synonymy:

• Candidula arganica (Servain, 1880): synonym of Zarateana arganica (Servain, 1880) (invalid combination)
• Candidula belemensis (Servain, 1880): synonym of Xeroplexa belemensis (Servain, 1880)
• Candidula camporroblensis (Fez, 1944): synonym of Backeljaia camporroblensis (Fez, 1944) (invalid combination)
• Candidula corbellai Martínez-Ortí, 2011: synonym of Backeljaia corbellai (Martínez-Ortí, 2011) (original combination)
• Candidula coudensis Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010: synonym of Xeroplexa coudensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010) (original combination)
• Candidula fiorii (Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938): synonym of Xerogyra fiorii (Alzona & Alzona Bisachii, 1938) (invalid combination)
• Candidula gigaxii (Pfeiffer, 1847): synonym of Backeljaia gigaxii (L. Pfeiffer, 1847) (invalid combination)
• Candidula grovesiana (Paulucci, 1881): synonym of Xerogyra grovesiana (Paulucii, 1881) (invalid combination)
• Candidula intersecta (Poiret, 1801): synonym of Xeroplexa intersecta (Poiret, 1801) (invalid combination)
• Candidula najerensis (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950): synonym of Backeljaia najerensis (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) (invalid combination)
• Candidula olisippensis (Servain, 1880): synonym of Xeroplexa olisippensis (Servain, 1880) (invalid combination)
• Candidula rocandioi (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950): synonym of Zarateana rocandioi (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) (invalid combination)
• Candidula setubalensis (Pfeiffer, 1850): synonym of Xeroplexa setubalensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1850) (invalid combination)
• Candidula spadae (Calcara, 1845): synonym of Xerogyra spadae (Calcara, 1845) (invalid combination)
• † Candidula striataformis (Lörenthey, 1906): synonym of † Helicella striataformis (Lörenthey, 1906)
• Candidula ultima (Mousson, 1872): synonym of Orexana ultima (Mousson, 1872) (invalid combination)

Taxonomy

Molecular phylogenetic studies revealed the polyphyly of the genus being divided into at least six genera^[5]

The species of Candidula s.l. should be classified as follows:

• Backeljaia
  • Backeljaia camporroblensis (Fez, 1944)
  • Backeljaia corbellai (Martínez-Ortí, 2011)
  • Backeljaia gigaxii (Pfeiffer, 1847) type species
  • Backeljaia najerensis (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)
• Candidula
• Orexana
  • Orexana ultima (Mousson, 1872) type species
• Xerogyra
  • Xerogyra fiorii (Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938)
  • Xerogyra grovesiana (Paulucci, 1881)
  • Xerogyra spadae (Calcara, 1845)
• Xeroplexa
  • Xeroplexa arrabidensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
  • Xeroplexa belemensis (Servain, 1880): synonym of Xeroplexa belemensis (Servain, 1880)
  • Xeroplexa carrapateirensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
  • Xeroplexa coudensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010)
  • Xeroplexa intersecta (Poiret, 1801)
  • Xeroplexa olisippensis (Servain, 1880)
  • Xeroplexa ponsulensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
  • Xeroplexa scabiosula (Locard, 1899)
  • Xeroplexa setubalensis (Pfeiffer, 1850) type species
  • Xeroplexa strucki (Maltzan, 1886)
• Zarateana
  • Zarateana arganica (Servain, 1880) type species
  • Zarateana rocandioi (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)

References

• Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16, 2017.

External links

• Monterosato, T. A. di. (1892). Molluschi terrestri delle isole adiacenti alla Sicilia. Atti della Reale Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Belle Arti di Palermo. 3rd Series, 2: 1-34
• Chueca, L. J., Gómez-Moliner, B. J., Madeira, M. J. & Pfenninger, M. (2018). Molecular phylogeny of Candidula (Geomitridae) land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 357-368

Notes and References

1. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Candidula Kobelt, 1871. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426353 on 2020-07-25
2. Razkin. Oihana. Gómez-Moliner. Benjamín Juán. Prieto. Carlos Enrique. Martínez-Ortí. Alberto. Arrébola. José Ramón. Muñoz. Benito. Chueca. Luis Javier. Madeira. María José. February 2015. Molecular phylogeny of the western Palaearctic Helicoidea (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 83. 99–117. 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.014. 25485783.
3. Welter Schultes F.(2009). "Genus summary for Candidula". AnimalBase, Accessed 14 November 2014.
4. https://www.bagniliggia.it/WMSD/HtmFamily/HYGROMIIDAEN.htm WMSDB: Candudula eustricta
5. Chueca. Luis J.. Gómez-Moliner. Benjamín J.. Madeira. María José. Pfenninger. Markus. January 2018. Molecular phylogeny of Candidula (Geomitridae) land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118. 357–368. 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.022. 29107619.