| Location Map: | Italy |
| Campo Moro dams | |
| Name Official: | Dighe di Campo Moro |
| Country: | Italy |
| Status: | in use |
| Purpose: | Hydroelectric power |
| Location: | Lanzada (SO) |
| Operator: | Enel |
| Owner: | Enel |
| Lower Res Capacity Total: | 11000000m³ |
| Dam Length: | 530m (1,740feet) |
| Dam Height: | 174m (571feet) |
| Dam Type: | Gravity dam |
| Dam Crosses: | Cormor, Val Confinale Creek, Campo Moro Creek |
| Spillway Count: | 2 |
| Spillway Length: | 620m (2,030feet) |
| Spillway Volumetric Flow Rate: | 100m³/s |
| Spillway Type: | Howell-Bunger |
| Dam Volume: | 1700000m³ |
| Res Capacity Total: | 68000000m³ |
| Dam Width Base: | 180m (590feet) |
| Dam Width Crest: | 528m (1,732feet) |
| Lower Dam Type: | Gravity dam |
| Lower Dam Length: | 180m (590feet) |
| Lower Dam Height: | 96m (315feet) |
| Lower Spillway Length: | 133m (436feet) |
| Plant Name: | Campo Moro power station |
| Plant Commission: | 1965 |
| Plant Annual Gen: | 33'000'000 KwH |
| Plant Type: | Conventional |
The Campo Moro dams are a pair of hydroelectric-gravity dams situated in Lanzada, in the province of Sondrio, Lombardy (Northern Italy). The two dams are called Alpe Gera dam and Campo Moro dam. Alpe Gera, the largest of the pair, was constructed with approximately 1,800,000 m³ of concrete to create the Alpe Gera reservoir (in Italian: Bacino di Alpe Gera). The lower dam, Campo Moro, was created to form the Campo Moro reservoir (in Italian: Bacino di Campo Moro).[1]
The dams of Campo Moro are located in Valmalenco, which is a valley in the Bernina range, a subrange of the Rhaetian Alps, approximately north of Milan. The closest municipality to the dams is Lanzada (SO), although Chiesa in Valmalenco is the largest and best known nearby. The Campo Moro dams are accessible by car.
The Campo Moro dam is a huge structure composed of two distinct gravity dams, split by a rocky spur. The western side has a stone-built dam, reaching 32m (105feet) in height and spanning 150m (490feet) in length. In contrast, the eastern dam is made of concrete, with a height of 96m (315feet) and extending across 180m (590feet) .The reservoir formed by Campo Moro holds a maximum capacity of 11 million m³ of water. It is fed by the waters collected in the Alpe Gera basin, at an altitude of 2125m (6,972feet). As this water makes its way towards the Campo Moro power plant, it goes down an average descent of approximately 133m (436feet).[2]
The Alpe Gera dam is an imposing concrete gravity structure with a rectilinear shape that extends for 530m (1,740feet) and reaches a height of 174m (571feet), containing a total volume of 1,700,000 m³. The body of the dam is divided by contraction joints equally separated by 12m (39feet).
On the upstream side of the dam, walls are covered with a coating of sheet metal panels 2m (07feet) wide, 1.4m (04.6feet) high and thick. Behind them, drainage pipes have been arranged to prevent infiltration, thus completing the drainage system, which also includes a series of holes in the rock. Inside the dam, seventy-two instruments constantly monitor temperatures, while many other devices keep structural stresses under control. Movements on the plane and in height are verified through specific triangulations.The dam is crossed by ten tunnels connected to each other longitudinally. At its highest point, the dam is equipped with one of the highest systems of elevators in Europe, which move vertically for .[3] [4]
Prior to the construction of the dams the Lanzada power station was built in 1955. The Campo Moro dam, the first and lower of the two dams, was built between 1956 and 1958. It consists of two parts, the east dam and the smaller west dam, separated by a single rocky spur. Following the construction of the Sondrio power station in 1960, the upper dam, Alpe Gera, was erected between 1961 and 1964 at an altitude of a.s.l. Just a year later, in 1965, the central Campo Moro power station was built within an artificial cave and represents the highest in the series built in the Valmalenco and Sondrio area.[5]
Later projects utilized “micro-stations” to assist with the conversion of energy in areas such as Chiareggio in 1995, and on the Lanterna stream in Tornadri in 2001. In 2002 a further three power stations were constructed on: the Basci stream, Giummellini; the San Giuseppe Entovascos stream; and, near the Franscia on the Scerscen stream.
To this day, Valmalenco, 'the valley of water', provides fresh water and energy to its region, representing 17% of the regional supply.
The Campo Moro lake is one of two artificial sources of hydroelectricity produced in Valmalenco, and the Campo Moro power station is one of three local power stations. The other two are at Lanzada (1000 meters a.s.l) and Sondrio (altitude 300 meters a.s.l).
The water catchment area of the Campo Moro dams comes from the Fellaria and Scersen glaciers in the Bernina range, the largest glacial mountain range in Italy, located east of the Gotthard Pass (Switzerland). The range includes summits such as Mount Cevedale (3779 meters a.s.l.), Mount Adamello (3539 meters a.s.l.), and Piz Bernina (4049 meters a.s.l.). The Piz Bernina is the source of the Fellaria glacier in the upper reached of Valmalenco on the plateau of Fellaria, with a maximum altitude of 3500m (11,500feet) a.s.l. This glacier's ice melts into Lake Gera and provides the water used by the power stations.[6] [7]
The Scerscen Glacier, located on the border between Switzerland and Italy, is another water resource of the Alpe Gera basin.[8]
The Campo Moro power station is situated at 2000m (7,000feet) a.s.l. and was constructed in 1965. It was built inside an artificial cave that is linked to the outside by a 570adj=midNaNadj=mid gallery. It produces approximately 33 million Kilowatt-hours (kWh) of energy a year, which provides for the needs of 14,000 households.[9] The water used in the electricity generation unit is returned to the Campo Moro reservoir and redirected towards the Lazanda power station by an 8000m (26,000feet) tunnel.[10] The energy production of the two artificial reservoirs makes Valmalenco and the Sondrio region Italy’s largest producers of hydroelectric energy, with 12% of the national supply, and provides energy to Milan and its province.[11]
The 'Alfredo Pizzoli' hydroelectric plant, also called Lanzada power station, is situated in Lanzada at 1000m (3,000feet) altitude a.s.l. It is the second component of the Valmalenco hydroelectric system, which derives its energy from the Alpe Gera and Campo Moro dams.[12] The Lanzada power station is owned by Enel and has a capacity of 190.7 megawatts (MW) and can produce on average around 300 gigawatt-hours (GWh) per year, which can supply 111,000 families. The power station was constructed between 1957 and 1962 and is still active today. The power station has three turbines. It uses the two reservoirs and the water coming from the Compo Moro power station to produce electricity.[13]
The Sondrio power station was designed by the architect Giovanni Muzio and constructed between 1959 and 1960. It was commissioned by the Società Edison and is now used by Enel Energy. The hydroelectric power station was designed by Muzio to combine functionality and aesthetics, to integrate the structure into the surrounding mountainous landscape. The building emerges as a grand glass portal, serving as the terminus for the entire system connected to the Campo Moro reservoir, linked to the Lanzada power station.[14]
The lake of Alpe Gera supplies the Valmalenco power stations with water. It is located in Italy's upper Valmalenco region, is one of the country's largest man-made reservoirs, and is placed at an altitude of over a.s.l. with a surface area of .[15]
Constructed in 1929 and renovated in 2007, Rifugio Zoia stands at a.s.l. in the Bernina Range. The Refuge is accessible by a 5-minute walk from the parking area near the lower Campo Moro dam. It is a starting point for climbers and walkers, and connects to trails of varying difficulty in Valmalenco.[16]
Rifugio Bignami is located above Lake Gera and overlooks the eastern Fellaria glacier. It is frequented by mountain walkers, mountaineers and alpine skiers.[17]
Rifugio Poschiavino is located in Campo Moro and it is a starting point for mountain excursions in the Bernina group.[18]
Campo Moro is the starting point for a large number of mountain excursions: