Campbell Mustafa Ağa Explained

Campbell Mustafa Ağa, also known as Ingliz Mustafa^[1] was a Scotsman who from 1775 was the chief instructor in the new Ottoman Empire naval mathematical academy, the Hendishâne, succeeding François Baron de Tott.^{[2] [3]} He later converted to Shia Islam.^[4]

Bibliography

• Christopher Ferrard: "İngiliz Mustafa: A Scotsman in the service of the Ottoman Empire“ in Yücel Dağlı Anısına, Turkuaz Yayınları, 2016

Notes and References

1. Book: Dalrymple . William . White Mughals: Love and Betrayal in Eighteenth-century India . 2003 . Viking . 978-0-670-03184-9 . 14 . en.
2. News: Elpen . Levent . The Place Where Ancestored Turkish Modernisation: Çeşme . Karavan Dergi . 17 November 2022 . tr . 6 May 2022.
3. Book: Şiviloğlu . Murat R. . The Emergence of Public Opinion: State and Society in the Late Ottoman Empire . 25 October 2018 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-107-19092-4 . 136 . 17 November 2022 . en.
4. Book: Lewis . Bernard . What Went Wrong?: Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response . 24 January 2002 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-803295-3 . 29–31 . 17 November 2022 . en.