CAESAR self-propelled howitzer explained

CAESAR
Origin:France
Wars:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Cambodian–Thai border stand-off
Operation Serval
Operation Chammal
Battle of Mosul (2016–17)
Battle of Baghuz
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Type:Self-propelled howitzer
Is Vehicle:yes
Manufacturer:GIAT Industries (now Nexter Systems)
Design Date:1992–1999
Production Date:2004–present
Service:2008–present
Length:10m (30feet)
12.3m (40.4feet) (8x8)[1]
Width:2.55m (08.37feet)
2.8m (09.2feet) (8x8)
Height:3.7m (12.1feet)
3.1m (10.2feet) (8x8)
Weight:17.7 tonnes (6×6)
28.7-30.2 tonnes (8×8)
Suspension:6x6 wheel
Speed:On-road: 100km/h
Off-road: 50km/h
Vehicle Range:600km (400miles)
Primary Armament:155 mm/52-calibre
Secondary Armament:None
Range:42km (26miles) with Extended Range, Full Bore (ERFB) shell
Engine:Diesel
Crew:5-6 (3, emergency)

The Camion Équipé d'un Système d'Artillerie (English: "Truck equipped with an artillery system") or CAESAR[2] is a French 155 mm, 52-caliber self-propelled howitzer that can fire 39/52 caliber NATO-standard shells. It is installed on a 6x6 or 8x8 truck chassis. Equipped with an autonomous weapon network incorporating an inertial navigation system and ballistic computer, the CAESAR can accurately strike targets more than 40km (30miles) away using "Extended Range, Full Bore" (ERFB) ammunition with base bleed,[3] or targets over 55km (34miles) away using rocket-assisted or smart ammunition.

The CAESAR was developed by French defense contractor GIAT Industries (now Nexter Systems) and has been exported to various countries. Units manufactured for the French Army use a 6x6 Renault Sherpa 5 chassis,[4] [5] while some export customers have opted for systems integrated on a 6x6 Unimog U2450L or 8x8 Tatra 817 chassis.[6]

In February 2022, the French government awarded Nexter a contract for the development of a new generation CAESAR system. Marketed by the company as the CAESAR Mark II (also commonly referred to as CAESAR NG in France), 109 systems are to be delivered to the French Army between 2026 and 2030.

Development

In the early 1990s, the French Army operated two artillery systems designed and manufactured by the state-owned company GIAT: the AuF1 tracked self-propelled howitzer, which had reached the end of its production run, and the TRF1 towed howitzer, which was beginning to be delivered, but in reduced numbers. Absent further orders for its products, GIAT might have had to shut down its artillery program for unprofitability, permanently losing an important industrial capability. Since the French Ministry of Defence had expressed no interest in acquiring or funding new artillery designs at the time, the firm had to use its own funds to develop a 155 mm system that could attract export customers.[7]

Per the then-emerging NATO standard, the new design would need a 52-caliber barrel, which would offer greater accuracy and longer range than the 39-caliber barrels on GIAT's existing models. For strategic mobility, the system would have to be air-transportable on a C-130 along with an entire gun crew and 18 rounds of ammunition. Using the TRF1 and its usual tow vehicle, the Renault TRM 10000, as a baseline, the project team determined that mounting the gun directly on a truck bed would reduce overall material costs. After designing a subframe and a rear anchoring platform to filter and dissipate the gun's recoil, the team chose to adapt the Unimog U 2450 truck as the system's base. In cooperation with Unimog importer Lohr Industrie (now Soframe), which supplied the cab and helped design the interface between the truck and the subframe, GIAT produced the first prototype in less than a year and displayed it at the Eurosatory defense industry fair in June 1994.

Four years later, a second pre-production model underwent trials with the French Army in 1998 and the Malaysian Army in 1999. Based on this early performance, the French: [[Ministry of Armed Forces (France)#DGA|Direction Générale de l'Armement]] (DGA) ordered five additional prototypes for further testing in September 2000. After delivery was completed in June 2003, the French Army formed an "experimental" artillery section that used the prototypes to develop military doctrine for future CAESAR-equipped units. The findings convinced the French Army to order more CAESARs instead of continuing to upgrade its AuF1 self-propelled howitzers to the AuF2 standard. Thus, in December 2004, the DGA awarded GIAT a €300 million contract to produce 72 new CAESARs, upgrade the five vehicles already delivered, supply an initial amount of ammunition, and provide maintenance to the fleet for five years. The new systems would have a new purpose-built truck chassis, the Sherpa 5 by Renault Trucks Defense (RTD), instead of the Unimog-Soframe chassis of the prototypes.[8] [9] [10] [11]

In 2006, the year that the company was reorganized and renamed to Nexter, GIAT received the first export orders for the CAESAR, from the Royal Thai Army (RTD chassis) and the Saudi Arabian National Guard (Unimog-Soframe chassis).[12] [13] [14] Well before the French, Thai, or Saudi orders were completely fulfilled, the French Army began to use the CAESAR in combat, deploying eight systems to Afghanistan in 2009.

In peacetime the production rate at Nexter was reportedly 10 CAESARs per year.[15] The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine boosted demand. By early 2023 Nexter's factory in Bourges was producing between two and four units per month in continuous operation. The next milestone expected is to produce eight CAESARs a month by December 2023.[16]

Optimized ammunition

GIAT and its successor companies have developed and produced 155 mm rounds designed to maximize the range of the CAESAR, such as the LU 211,[17] which is manufactured at Les Forges de Tarbes,[18] within the confines of the town arsenal.[19] The forge was privatized in November 2021 by a French firm which had recently been recapitalized by €100 million.[19] [20] In 2020, the Minister of the Armed Forces signed a contract worth €25 million for the plant to supply shells to the French Army for the decade. The privatization furnished €9 million each year for the 2021–2024 period. In autumn 2021, the firm supplied an extra €2 million to modernize the plant, which also produces 120 mm ammunition for the Leclerc tank.[21]

Design

CAESAR 6x6 Mark I

The CAESAR is a wheeled, 155 mm 52-caliber self-propelled howitzer. It holds 18 rounds and is typically operated by a crew of five, though if necessary the CAESAR can be operated by a crew of three.[22] It can be transported by a C-130 or an A400M aircraft. It has a firing range of approximately 42km (26miles) using an Extended Range, Full Bore (ERFB) shell,[23] and more than 50km (30miles) using rocket-assisted shells. The CAESAR has an autonomous weapon system featuring an inertial navigation system (the SIGMA 30), a ballistic computer and an optional muzzle velocity radar; the system is adaptable to any C4I system (fully integrated with the ATLAS FCS). At Eurosatory 2016, the CAESAR was exhibited with an automated laying system based on the SIGMA 30.[24] Tailored for shoot-and-scoot tactics, the CAESAR is fast to set up, taking around 60 seconds for the crew to be ready to fire and 40 seconds to leave after the shots. It can fire six rounds per minute.[22] [1]

CAESAR 8x8

The CAESAR 8x8 uses a modified Tatra 817 8x8 chassis, allowing a higher degree of mobility.[25] It is fitted with an unarmoured forward control four-person cabin as standard, with an optional fully-armoured cabin. Gross vehicle weight would depend on the level of armour protection but is about 30 tonnes. It is powered by a 410 hp diesel engine[26] and can hold 36 rounds.[27] It was unveiled by Nexter at DSEI 2015.

New generation

CAESAR 6x6 Mark II

In February 2022, Nexter was awarded an initial €600 million contract by the French defence procurement agency (the DGA) for the development and acquisition of the CAESAR 6x6 Mark II new generation artillery system.[28] The deal initiated a four-year development phase, after which the CAESAR Mark II (or CAESAR NG) is planned to enter production. In January 2024, the DGA announced that it had awarded Nexter an additional €350 million contract on December 30, 2023. 109 CAESAR NG systems are to be produced for the French Army.[29] [30] Nexter, the industrial prime contractor, will be working in particular with Arquus (chassis) and Safran (electronics), the main partners involved in the development and implementation of this program.[31]

From mobility to connectivity, and from ballistic protection to increased firing efficiency, as well as accuracy further refined by artificial intelligence,[32] the improvements remain those set out in 2022 when the program was launched.[30] The CAESAR Mark II will feature a new six-wheel chassis provided by Arquus, a new cabin with improved armor and, this time, four doors for improved agility.[30] The system will also feature a new 460 hp engine, more than twice as powerful as the previous one (215 hp), as well as a new automatic gearbox. It will incorporate a new version of its velocity radar and new fire control software, as well as Safran's Geonyx inertial navigation system to replace the SIGMA 30, which promises enhanced geolocation and pointing accuracy in environments with no GNSS signal. Another differentiating feature is a more powerful hydraulic pump, enabling the stabilizer to be lowered and raised more quickly. This development could, in theory, shave a few precious seconds off engagement and disengagement maneuvers.[30] Finally, the cabin will be predisposed to receive the vetronics of the SCORPION combat information network, such as the NCT-t (noeud de communication tactique - terre) software radio from the CONTACT program and the ECLIPSE anti-IED jammer from Thales, a technology that could be extended to anti-drone warfare, and which Belgium has chosen to integrate natively.[30] The new armored cabin to protect against mines and ballistic projectiles is expected to raise the CAESAR Mark II's weight to 25 tonnes (27.56 tons) but the system will remain air-transportable, an indispensable French requirement.[29]

All 109 units ordered for the French Army are expected to be delivered between 2026 and 2030.[29] Belgium and Lithuania are the first export customers of the new system and have respectively ordered 28 and 18 units.[30] [33]

Operational deployment

Eight CAESARs were sent to Afghanistan during the summer of 2009 to support French operations. They were deployed on 1 August 2009 by the 3rd Marine Artillery Regiment (French: 3è RAMa), followed by five others, deployed as a firebase in FOB Tora, Tagab and Nijrab. They were fitted with cabin armor add-ons, with fireports.[34] [35]

The French Army deployed this system in southern Lebanon as part of the UNIFIL peacekeeping force.

During Operation Serval in Mali, four CAESARs were deployed by the French: 68<sup>e</sup> régiment d'artillerie d'Afrique (68th African Artillery Regiment).[36]

In April 2011, the Royal Thai Army used the CAESAR against Cambodia's BM-21. The Thai Army claimed that they destroyed two or more BM-21 systems.[37]

Several CAESARs were deployed in Mali by France during Operation Serval, in which they saw action in the Battle of Ifoghas, amongst others. France also deployed four CAESARs to Iraq for the Battle of Mosul, where French forces supported the Iraqi Army's operation to reclaim Mosul from ISIS from October 2016 to July 2017.[38] Multiple CAESARs were deployed to Iraq on the Syrian border from 8 November 2018 to April 2019 to support the Syrian Democratic Forces in the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani, the ultimately successful operation to capture the final town held by the Islamic State group. They were deployed to Firebase Saham, a base freshly constructed by the United States Army to provide fire support during the battle, especially during cloudy days when U.S. aircraft could not see to conduct airstrikes.[39]

CAESAR howitzers may have been used by the Saudi Arabia National Guard during the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen along the Saudi-Yemeni frontier, conducting defensive shelling of Houthi forces as well as backing up Yemeni government troops and Saudi armed forces in their progression into Yemeni territory.[40]

France provided the CAESAR 6x6 howitzer to Ukraine from May 2022 onwards in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian War,[41] delivering a total of 30 units.[42] [43] Denmark also announced that it had delivered all 19 of its CAESAR 8x8 howitzers to Ukraine by the end of April 2023.[44] As of January 2024, 5 CAESARs were confirmed to have been destroyed (4 CAESAR 6x6 and 1 CAESAR 8x8) and a further 2 damaged and repaired.[45] [46]

Operators

Operators(September 2023)OrdersDeliveriesDonation[+ / - ]Known Losses[- ]Operational
Caesar (Mk1)Caesar NG (Mk2)Sherpa 5 6×6Unimog U2450L6×6Tatra 817 8×8Caesar NG (Mk2)

6×6

Armenia36–––––––0
Belgium–28––––––0
Czechia52 + 10–––– –––0
Denmark15 + 4–––19–- 19[47] -- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->–0
Estonia12–––––––0
France77 + 30109[48] 77 –––[49] -- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->46
Indonesia37 + 18–55–––––55
Lithuania–18––––––0
Morocco36–36–––––36
Saudi Arabia156––156––––156
Thailand6–6–––––6
UkraineUkraine: 6 France: 24–6–––6×6: 8×8: 6×6: 8×8: [50] 49
TOTAL5191551801561900rowspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black" - 7348
674355

Current operators

Future deliveries

Potential operators

Former operators

Failed bids

Evaluation only

References

Citations

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: CAESAR 8x8: 155 mm self-propelled gun-howitzer . Genys . Andrius . Military Today . 21 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180523115324/http://www.military-today.com/artillery/caesar_8x8.htm . 23 May 2018 . dead.
  2. Web site: Caesar self propelled gun. 26 July 2006. Defense Update. dead. 21 June 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20071021193521/http://defense-update.com/products/c/caesar.htm. 21 October 2007.
  3. Web site: 155 mm HE ER FB-BB (OFd M3-DV) . MSM GROUP . 29 July 2022 . 15 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220715081144/https://www.msm.sk/en/what-we-do/defence/ammunition/artillery-ammo/155-mm-he-er-fb-bb-ofd-m3-dv/ . dead .
  4. Web site: Renault Sherpa chassis chosen for CAESAR. ResearchGate.
  5. Izard . Laurent . Ronan Planchon . Pulls militaires fabriqués au Maroc: «Le gouvernement a le devoir moral de choisir, à qualité d'offre équivalente, des producteurs français» . fr . Military sweaters made in Morocco: “Given products of equal quality, the government has the moral duty to choose French producers” . . 5 November 2021 . . Paris, France . 21 June 2024 . Le canon automoteur Caesar (que nous venons de vendre à la Belgique) produit par Nexter, en constitue une parfaite illustration : son châssis, français, est un Renault Sherpa 5 d'Arquus (ex-Renault Trucks Defense)...En revanche, le châssis «export» est un Mercedes-Benz Unimog. . The Caesar self-propelled cannon (which we have just sold to Belgium), produced by Nexter, constitutes a perfect example: its French chassis is a Renault Sherpa 5 from Arquus (ex-Renault Trucks Defense)...On the other hand, its "export" chassis is a Mercedes-Benz Unimog..
  6. Book: Foss , Christopher Frank . Christopher F Foss. 2011. Jane's Armour and Artillery 2011-2012. registration. London, England. IHS Global Limited. 879-881. 978-0-7106-2960-9.
  7. Girard . Philippe . 28 March 2023 . Le CAESAR, ou la genèse atypique d'un matériel d'armement . The CAESAR, or the unusual genesis of a weapon system . fr . Le magazine des ingénieurs de l'armement . Paris, France . . 20 June 2024.
  8. . April 2001 . Caesar à l’honneur . Caesar in the spotlight . dead . fr . GIAT Magazine . Paris, France . GIAT Industries . 4 . https://web.archive.org/web/20010305103449fw_/http://www.giat-industries.fr/giat/actu/img/giatmag.pdf . 5 March 2001 . 22 June 2024.
  9. . 20 September 2000 . Commande de canons CAESAR à Giat Industries . Order for Caesar howitzers from Giat Industries . dead . fr . Paris, France . Délégation à l’Information et à la Communication de la Défense . https://web.archive.org/web/20010611014440/http://www.giat-industries.fr/giat/actu/actu33.htm . 11 June 2001 . 22 June 2024.
  10. . 24 June 2003 . Delivery of Caesar artillery systems to the French Army . dead . Versailles-Satory, France . GIAT Industries . https://web.archive.org/web/20030802094702/http://www.giat-industries.fr/asp/us/acccommu_detail.asp?id=60 . 2 August 2003 . 21 June 2024.
  11. . 13 December 2004 . La France commande 72 canons d'artillerie Caesar® à Giat Industries . France orders 72 Caesar artillery cannons from Giat Industries . dead . fr . Versailles-Satory, France . GIAT Industries . https://web.archive.org/web/20050119191936/http://www.giat-industries.fr/asp/fr/acccommu_detail.asp?id=82 . 19 January 2005 . 21 June 2024.
  12. . 3 April 2006 . First export contract for CAESAR artillery systems . dead . Versailles-Satory, France . GIAT Industries . https://web.archive.org/web/20060616033851/http://www.giat-industries.fr/asp/us/acccommu_detail.asp?id=98 . 16 June 2006 . 21 June 2024.
  13. . 20 July 2006 . CAESAR® artillery systems go on with export success . dead . Versailles-Satory, France . GIAT Industries . https://web.archive.org/web/20061129155752/http://www.giat-industries.fr/Communique_Pdf/CaesarExport-GB.pdf . 29 November 2006 . 21 June 2024.
  14. Web site: IDEX 2007: Premiers enseignements . . Perrimond . Guy . February 2007 . TTU Online . Dossiers . Certes SARL . fr . IDEX 2007: First lessons . 2024-07-14 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071016094918/http://www.ttu.fr/francais/Dossiers/idex2007.html . 2007-10-16 . Les succès du Caesar à l’exportation, avec le contrat conclu avec l’armée de terre thaïlandaise (six Caesar/RTD) et la Garde nationale saoudienne (76 Caesar), devraient lui ouvrir les portes des autres pays du Golfe (Koweït, Oman, Qatar et EAU), qui ont déjà manifesté leur intérêt. . The success of the Caesar in exports, with the contract concluded with the Thai army (six Caesar/RTD) and the Saudi National Guard (76 Caesar), should open the doors of other Gulf countries (Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and the UAE) who have already expressed interest..
  15. News: Kotlarski. Amael. 18 June 2022. Eurosatory 2022: Lithuania signals intent to acquire CAESAR SPH. live. Janes Information Services. https://web.archive.org/web/20220626001254/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/eurosatory-2022-lithunia-signals-intent-to-acquire-caesar-sph. 26 June 2022. 20 June 2024.
  16. News: Gastal. Alain. 22 February 2023. Ça fait voir que la France est armée : à l'usine Caesar à Bourges, on est fier de voir le canon livré à l'Ukraine. This shows that France is armed: In the Caesar factory in Bourges, one is proud of seeing the gun delivered to Ukraine. fr. France Info. 24 February 2023.
  17. Web site: Increasing effectiveness and range: the new LU 220 HE 155 mm munition by Nexter Arrowtech . Valpolini . Paolo . 20 May 2022 . European Defence Review . European Defence Publishing SAS . 22 July 2024.
  18. News: . 7 April 2023 . Avec la guerre en Ukraine, les besoins en obus relancent une usine d'armement à Tarbes . With the war in Ukraine, the need for shells revives an arms factory in Tarbes . fr . . Paris, France . . 20 June 2024.
  19. News: Déjean . Jean-Philippe . 28 May 2021 . Europlasma va prendre le contrôle de Tarbes Industry pour sécuriser sa croissance . Europlasma will take control of Tarbes Industry to secure its growth . fr . . Paris, France . 20 June 2024.
  20. News: Déjean . Jean-Philippe . 30 April 2021 . Europlasma met en action la deuxième phase de son plan de développement . Europlasma implements the second phase of its development plan . fr . La Tribune . Paris, France . 20 June 2024.
  21. Web site: Un nouveau cap pour les Forges de Tarbes . Gain . Nathan . 12 October 2021 . Forces Operations Blog . fr . A new direction for the Tarbes forges . 20 June 2024.
  22. Web site: . June 2018 . CAESAR® 6x6: Deployed in combat operations since 2009 . Brochure . . 16 July 2024.
  23. Asessment of ERFB-BB Projectile . Hassan . Yakout . Mohamed S.. Abdel-Kader . Military Technical College . Cairo . 14–16 May 1991 . Fourth ASAT Conference . MF-366.
  24. . 14 June 2016 . Safran dévoile à Eurosatory 2016 sa nouvelle gamme de centrales d'artillerie Sigma 30 . fr . . Safran unveils its new line of Sigma 30 artillery control units at Eurosatory 2016 . 16 July 2024.
  25. Kominek . Jiri . 24 March 2017 . Denmark orders CAESAR howitzers on 8x8 Tatra trucks . . . 12 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171013013823/http://www.janes.com/article/68983/denmark-orders-caesar-howitzers-on-8x8-tatra-trucks . 13 October 2017 . dead.
  26. Web site: Foss . Christopher F. . 16 September 2015 . Caesar rolls in on eight wheels [DSEI15, D2] ]. . 8 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160309193823/http://www.janes.com/article/54396/caesar-rolls-in-on-eight-wheels-dsei15-d2 . 9 March 2016 . dead.
  27. Web site: . June 2018 . CAESAR® 8X8: The future of a revolutionary concept . . Brochure . 16 July 2024.
  28. . 24 February 2022 . Une commande de 1,8 milliard d'euros pour des canons et véhicules de nouvelle génération . fr . . A €1.8 billion order for next-generation cannons and vehicles . 16 July 2024.
  29. Web site: Ruitenberg . Rudy . 2 February 2024 . France orders €1.1 billion of cannons, vehicles and helicopters . . . 16 July 2024.
  30. Web site: Gain . Nathan . 2 February 2024 . 109 CAESAR neufs pour entamer un nouveau chapitre de l’artillerie française . Forces Operations Blog . fr . 109 new CAESARs to begin a new chapter in French artillery . 16 July 2024.
  31. . 1 February 2024 . La Direction générale de l’armement a commandé 109 canons Caesar de nouvelle génération (Mk II) . fr . . The Directorate-General of Armaments has ordered 109 next-generation Caesar cannons (Mk II) . 16 July 2024.
  32. Web site: Lagneau . Laurent . 24 January 2024 . Artillerie : Helsing IA va rendre le CAESAr encore plus efficace grâce à l’intelligence artificielle . fr . Zone Militaire . Artillery: Helsing AI will make CAESAr even more efficient thanks to artificial intelligence . 16 July 2024.
  33. News: . 14 June 2022 . Lithuania to buy howitzers from France . . . 16 July 2024.
  34. Web site: La France va envoyer huit canons CAESAR en Afghanistan . France will send eight CAESAR cannons to Afghanistan . Merchet . Jean-Dominique . 29 June 2009 . Secret Défense . . fr . 27 June 2024 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090701063054/http://secretdefense.blogs.liberation.fr/defense/2009/06/la-france-va-envoyer-des-canons-caesar-en-afghanistan.html . 1 July 2009.
  35. . Afghanistan : arrivée des CAESAR . Afghanistan: arrival of the CAESARs . fr . Paris, France . . 3 August 2009 . 27 June 2024.
  36. Web site: Mali: VBCI et Caesar engagés dans l'opération Serval . Mali: VBCI and Caesar engaged in Operation Serval . Belan . Guillaume . 17 January 2013 . fr . Forces Operations Blog . 5 November 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141105172832/http://forcesoperations.com/2013/01/17/mali-vbci-caesar-engages-dans-loperation-serval/ . 5 November 2014 . dead.
  37. Web site: Artillery : Caesar Gets Bulletproof, Just In Case. RP Defense. 5 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141106040541/http://rpdefense.over-blog.com/artillery-caesar-gets-bulletproof-just-in-case. 6 November 2014. live.
  38. News: . Mossoul : le Charles de Gaulle manque le début de l'offensive . Mosul: the Charles de Gaulle misses the start of the offensive . 17 October 2016 . . 17 October 2016 . fr-FR . https://web.archive.org/web/20161020011800/http://www.ouest-france.fr/monde/irak/mossoul-le-charles-de-gaulle-manque-le-debut-de-l-offensive-4565591 . 20 October 2016 . live.
  39. Web site: Firebase Saham: A day in the life of joint-artillerymen securing the Iraq border . Welch . Jason . 18 December 2018 . U.S. Army . en-US . https://web.archive.org/web/20190419021415/https://www.army.mil/article/215289/firebase_saham_a_day_in_the_life_of_joint_artillerymen_securing_the_iraq_border . 19 April 2019 . live . 19 April 2019.
  40. News: French-made tanks and howitzer canons used in Yemeni war: Disclose . 15 April 2019 . Reuters . 16 May 2019 . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20190512122405/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-france-arms-idUSKCN1RR1D3 . 12 May 2019 . live.
  41. News: Macron . Emmanuel . Emmanuel Macron . Backfisch . Michael . Bardy . Céline . Fleitour . Gaëlle . Marchand . Laurent . Montefiori . Stefano . 22 April 2022 . « Le risque d'escalade en Ukraine est très fort » . "The risk of escalation in Ukraine is very high" . fr . Ouest-France . 22 April 2022.
  42. . Livraison de nouveaux canons Caesar pour l’armée de Terre . Delivery of new Caesar cannons for the Land Army . fr . Paris, France . . 7 December 2023 . 28 June 2024.
  43. News: Rose . Michel . Vidalon . Dominique . Polityuk . Pavel . France to send 12 additional Caesar howitzers to Ukraine. Sithole-Matarise . Emelia . 31 January 2023 . Reuters . 28 June 2024.
  44. Powis . Gaétan . 28 April 2023 . Les CAESAr danois sont déployés en Ukraine . The Danish CAESARs are deployed in Ukraine . fr . . Paris, France . Discom S.A.S. . 1 May 2023.
  45. News: Grynszpan . Emmanuel . 14 December 2023 . Dans le Donbass, les soldats ukrainiens en panne de munitions . In the Donbas, Ukrainian soldiers are running out of ammunition . fr . . Paris, France . 28 June 2024.
  46. Web site: Mitzer . Stijn . Oliemans . Joost . Janovsky . Jakub . Attack On Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine . 25 June 2023 . Oryx.
  47. Web site: 2023-09-01. 2023-04-28. fr. Les CAESAr danois sont déployés en Ukraine. Air et Cosmos. <
  48. Web site: Valpolini . Paolo . 2024-02-02 . The French MOD orders 109 CAESAR MkII from Nexter, a company of KNDS . 2024-02-02 . EDR Magazine . en-GB.
  49. Web site: 2023-09-01. fr. Il faudra encore un an pour remplacer les 30 canons Caesar de l'armée française cédés à l'Ukraine. BFM BUSINESS. <
  50. Web site: Lagneau . Laurent . 2023-12-26 . Artillerie : Le ministère ukrainien de la Défense dit vouloir acquérir plus de CAESAr français . 2023-12-27 . Zone Militaire . fr-FR.
  51. Daffix. Bruno. La DGA livre le premier canon CAESAR à l'armée de terre. Paris, France. Direction générale de l'armement. 26 July 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080725230347/http://www.defense.gouv.fr/dga/votre_espace/presse/communiques/2008/la_dga_livre_le_premier_canon_caesar_a_l_armee_de_terre. 25 July 2008.
  52. News: Cabirol. Michel. 18 September 2012. Défense : quand le Danemark veut du "Made in France". La Tribune. Paris, France. 5 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141105173432/http://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/aeronautique-defense/20120918trib000720087/defense-quand-le-danemark-est-seduit-par-le-made-in-france.html. 5 November 2014. live.
  53. Web site: Tomkins. Richard. Nexter providing CAESAR howitzer systems to Indonesia. United Press International. 21 February 2017. https://archive.today/20170221123719/http://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2017/02/20/Nexter-providing-CAESAR-howitzer-systems-to-Indonesia/1051487606754/. 21 February 2017. 20 February 2017. dead.
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  56. News: El Kanabi. Mohamed Jaouad. 24 December 2022. Maroc-armement : Les raisons du choix de l'obusier Caesar. fr. Hespress. Rabat, Morocco. 20 June 2024. Le Royaume a acquis 36 pièces d’artillerie françaises Caesar avec l’option d’atteindre les 60 dans un futur proche, et ce, dans le cadre d’un accord signé en début d’année 2020 d’une valeur d’environ 170 millions d’euros auxquels s’ajoutent 30 autres pour les munitions..
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  59. Web site: Déjà 163 'feuilles' de laurier à la couronne de Caesar . De Lestapis . Jacques . 17 June 2008 . . fr . 22 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090801050236/http://www.janes.com/events/exhibitions/eurosatory2008/sections/french/daytwo/dj-163-feuilles-de-laurie.shtml . 1 August 2009 . dead.
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  74. Web site: Armenian Defense Ministry, French company sign military-technical cooperation agreement . 2024-06-18 . . en.
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  78. Web site: Houfnice CAESAR pro Armádu České republiky. Armádní noviny. cs. 6 June 2020. 28 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200628045840/https://www.armadninoviny.cz/houfnice-caesar-pro-armadu-ceske-republiky.html. dead.
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  85. . DSA 2024: KNDS France offers the Caesar 6x6 to meet the needs of the Malaysian artillery units. Amsterdam, Netherlands. KNDS. 6 May 2024. 19 June 2024.
  86. Web site: ESD . 2024-03-14 . Portugal’s comprehensive equipment modernisation . 2024-06-14 . euro-sd.com . en-US.
  87. Web site: O @exercitoportugues_oficial considera adquirir duas baterias de sistemas auto-propulsados de artilharia de campanha. . 2023-06-07 . www.instagram.com.
  88. Gouveia e Melo quer um navio porta-drones mas há mais - o que vai mudar nas Forças Armadas . pt . 2024-07-11 . cnnportugal.iol.pt.
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  92. . Denmark orders 4 additional CAESAR® 8X8. Satory, France. Nexter Systems. 28 October 2019. 19 June 2024.
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  97. Web site: Caiafa . Roberto . 2021-07-12 . Exército Brasileiro avalia compra de 36 obuseiros autopropulsados de 155 mm . 2022-10-06 . Infodefensa . Grupo Metalia . pt-br.
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  99. Web site: Bastos . Paulo . 2024-04-29 . 36 vehículos blindados ATMOS: el nuevo “Sniper” de la Artillería del Ejército de Brasil . 2024-05-01 . Pucará Defensa . es.
  100. Web site: Saumeth . Erich . 2023-01-01 . Colombia adquiere a Nexter el sistema de artillería Caesar 6x6 por 101 millones de dólares . 2023-04-14 . Infodefensa . Grupo Metalia . es.
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  102. Web site: Lagneau . Laurent . 2023-01-03 . À la dernière minute, la Colombie aurait renoncé au CAESAr français… au profit de l'ATMOS israélien . 2023-07-26 . Zone Militaire . fr-FR.
  103. Web site: Lagneau . Laurent . 2017-12-22 . La Norvège choisit le système sud-coréen K9 Thunder pour moderniser son artillerie . 2023-07-26 . Zone Militaire . fr-FR.
  104. Web site: Lye . Harry . 2021-05-19 . UK eyes US mobile howitzer shoot-off to inform Mobile Fires Platform . 2023-04-15 . Army Technology . en-US.
  105. Web site: Thomas . Richard . 2023-03-16 . UK goes for the Archer 155mm as interim artillery solution . 2023-04-15 . Army Technology . en-US.
  106. Web site: Bisht . Inder Singh . 2022-03-22 . Lockheed Martin Joins UK K9 Thunder Howitzer Program . 2023-04-15 . The Defense Post . en-US.
  107. . 23 April 2024 . PM: UK and Germany open ‘new chapter’ in defence partnership . 24 April 2024 . . London, United Kingdom.
  108. Web site: Indian Artillery – Current and Future Status . 2023-04-15 . www.spslandforces.com . en.
  109. Web site: DRDO tests mounted gun system . 2023-04-14 . Janes.com . en.
  110. News: Shukla. Ajai. 19 October 2022. MGS, Light Tank, WhaP: DRDO presents 3 'Make in India' successes at DefExpo. Business Standard. New Delhi, India. Business Standard Ltd. 19 June 2024.
  111. Web site: Lagneau . Laurent . 2022-01-19 . Artillerie : Le CAESAr du français Nexter se distingue aux États-Unis en tirant des obus "Excalibur" . 2023-04-15 . Zone Militaire . fr-FR.
  112. https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/10/09/change-of-plans-us-army-embraces-lessons-learned-from-war-in-ukraine/ Change of plans: US Army embraces lessons learned from war in Ukraine

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