Spirostreptida Explained

Spirostreptida is an order of long, cylindrical millipedes. There are approximately 1000 described species,[1] making Spirostreptida the third largest order of millipedes after Polydesmida and Chordeumatida.

Description

Spirostreptida are generally large, long and cylindrical, with 30 to 90 body rings. Eyes are present in most.[2] This order contains the longest millipedes known: the giant African millipedes of the genus Archispirostreptus that may exceed .[2]

Distribution

Spirostreptida contains mainly tropical species, and occurs in Africa, Southern Asia to Japan, Australia, and the Western Hemisphere from the United States to Argentina.[3]

Evolutionary history

Like most millipede groups, they have a fragmentary fossil record. The oldest record of the group is the extinct family Electrocambalidae, which is known from the Burmese amber of Myanmar, dating to the Cenomanian stage of the Late Cretaceous around 99 million years ago, which belongs to the suborder Cambalidea. The only other fossil records of the group are Protosilvestria from the Oligocene of France, which belongs to either Cambalidae or Cambalopsidae, and an undescribed species of Epinannolene (Pseudonannolenidae) from the Miocene aged Dominican amber.[4]

Classification

The order comprises two suborders, Cambalidea and Spirostreptidea, the latter further divided into two superfamilies.[1]
Suborder Cambalidea

Cambalidae

Cambalopsidae (includes the former Glyphiulidae and Pericambalidae)[1]

Choctellidae

Iulomorphidae

Pseudonannolenidae

†ElectrocambalidaeSuborder Spirostreptidea

Superfamily Odontopygoidea

Atopogestidae

Odontopygidae

Superfamily Spirostreptoidea

Adiaphorostreptidae

Harpagophoridae

Spirostreptidae

Select species

Notes and References

  1. Shear. W.. Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa. 2011. 3148. 159–164. Shear2011.
  2. Web site: Diagnostic features of Millipede Orders. Milli-PEET Identification Tables. The Field Museum, Chicago. 25 October 2013.
  3. Shelley. Rowland M.. Centipedes and Millipedes with Emphasis on North American Fauna. The Kansas School Naturalist. 1999. 45. 3. 1–16.
  4. Moritz. Leif. Wesener. Thomas. 2021-06-17. Electrocambalidae fam. nov., a new family of Cambalidea from Cretaceous Burmese amber (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida). European Journal of Taxonomy. 755. 22–46. 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1397. 2118-9773. free.