Calochortus amabilis explained

Calochortus amabilis^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]} (syn. C. pulchellus var. amabilis) is a species of the genus Calochortus in the family Liliaceae. It is also known by the common names Diogenes' lantern, yellow globe-tulip, golden globe-tulip, yellow globe lily, golden fairy lantern, golden lily-bell, Chinese lantern, and short lily.

Distribution and habitat

The plant is endemic to northern California, from the east bay (notably in Mount Diablo State Park) and north of the San Francisco Bay Area.^[11] It grows in the Northern California Coast Ranges and Klamath Mountains, from 100m (300feet)–1000m (3,000feet)–1500m (4,900feet) in altitude. It is a common member of the scrub and woodland flora, found on dry slopes in California oak woodland and chaparral habitats.Soil types vary, from the nearly solid serpentine rock to yellow clay.Natural habitat is quite wet, with 75 cm or more of rain per year, followed by a dry, hot summer. Winters are cool but not frigid (USDA zones 8-9). The growing season is from midwinter to the April–May–June flowering and seed set. The plant is dormant from mid-June to November.

Common understory plant associates are Calochortus luteus, Clarkia unguiculata and Delphinium variegatum.

Description

Calochortus amabilis is a bulbous perennial herb producing an upright, somewhat waxy branching stem to heights between 10 and 50 centimeters. The leaf at the base of the stem is flat, waxy, and narrow in shape, reaching up to 50 centimeters long and not withering away at flowering.^[12]

The inflorescence bears two or more heavily nodding flowers, each with spreading pointed yellow sepals and brown-speckled yellow petals. The inside of the petals is waxy and coated in small hairs. The fruit is a winged capsule up to three centimeters long containing dark brown seeds.

• Height: 10- 20- 30- 50 cm (4–20 in) high at maturity.
• Spread: 5 cm (2 in) spread.
• Stems: Stems are glaucous, stout, flexuous, and generally branching, reaching 10- 20-30-50 cm.
• Leaves: Leaves come in two types: cauline or basal (radical).
  • Basal/radical leaves: Basal leaves are shiny, lanceolate-acuminate, narrow, measure 20- 25- 50 cm in length, and are persistent through the bloom and early fruiting stage.
  • Cauline leaves: 2-4 lanceolate to linear leaves, measuring 2–20 cm in length.
• Inflorescences: Nodding, pendent flowers are borne in groups of 2-many, hanging in open branched clusters. Bracts are lanceolate, and measure 2–10 cm in length.
  • Flowers: Flowers measure about 2.5- 4 cm in length and are borne from April–June.
  • Perianth

Perianth is spheric and is either neatly closed at the tip or has petals that overlap slightly at the tip.

• • • Sepals

Three conspicuous ovate to lanceolate, spreading sepals, are deeply appressed at the base to the petals. Sepals are often tinged green or red, and measure 1.5- 2 cm long. Sepals are held horizontally to slightly descending.

• • • Petals

Three ovate or widely lanceolate petals with a short claw and obtuse apex are deeply to brightly yellow, sometimes tinged green with abaxial brown spots and are glabrous, except for the margins, which are densely ciliate (having a fringe of hairs), Petals are slightly longer than sepals and measure 1.6- 2 cm long.

• • Nectary

Crescent-shaped to almost rectangular, depressed, (forming a knoblike structure on the outside of each petal) with several transverse, fringed membranes with white or yellow glandular hairs measuring 1/3-2/3 of the width of the petals.

• • Stamens

• • • Filaments: 5mm in length, dilated at the base.
    • Anthers

3-4mm in length, white to pale yellow.

• Fruit: Nodding, oblong, winged capsule, measuring 2–3 cm in length.
• Seeds: Dark brown and irregularly shaped.

Uses

Food

The bulbs of Calochortus amabilis are a traditional food of the Kashaya Pomo of California, who bake or boil the bulbs, which are then eaten like baked or boiled potatoes.^[13] They are a beloved food of the Pomo, locally referred to as "bo".

Cultivation

Calochortus amabilis is cultivated as an ornamental plant by specialty native plant and bulb nurseries, for use in traditional and wildlife gardens, and natural landscaping projects.

• Hardiness: Hardy, particularly if well mulched. In cold areas, it can be grown in an alpine house or an unheated glasshouse.
• Light : Prefers sun to partial or full shade.
• Soil: Adaptable, but prefers well-drained soil. Prefers a humus-rich, water-retentive medium with up to two thirds organic matter and one third sand, gravel, or grit.
• Water: Drought tolerant to moderate. In the wild, the plant grows in areas with more than 2.5 cm of rain per week during the growing season. If grown in pots, plants should get 2.2-3.8 cm of water per week, since containers typically dry out more quickly. Complete dryness is needed for the dormant season; some growers dig the bulbs up for the summer to prevent premature autumn growth or bulb rot.
• Propagation: Sow seed as soon as ripe. Seeds require no treatment to aid germination.
• Pests and diseases: Trouble free.

In the wild, C. amabilis naturally hybridizes with Calochortus tolmiei.

Etymology

Amabilis means 'pleasing', 'likeable', or 'lovely'. Calochortus is derived from Greek meaning 'beautiful grass', a reference to the characteristic grass-like foliage of the genus.^[14] The full name translates literally to 'lovable, beautiful grass'.

The common name "Diogenes' Lantern" is a reference to the Greek philosopher Diogenes, who famously carried a lantern around in broad daylight, claiming he was "looking for a man" (implying that none of the beings he saw around him qualified; sometimes quoted as "looking for an honest man").^[15]

External links

• • Calflora Database: Calochortus amabilis (Golden fairy lantern, Golden globelily)
• Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Calochortus amabilis
• USDA Plants Profile for Calochortus amabilis (Diogenes' lantern)
• UC Photos gallery of Calochortus amabilis

Notes and References

1. Baldwin, B. G., D. H. Goldman, D. J. Keil, R. Patterson, T. J. Rosatti, and D. H. Wilken, editors. 2012. "The Jepson Manual: vascular plants of California", second edition. University of California press, Berkeley. pp 1380-1381
2. Spellenberg, Richard, Professor Emeritus of Biology, New Mexico State University, National Audubon Society Field Guide to Wildflowers: Western Region, copyright 2001 by Chanticleer Press, Inc. All rights reserved. Published in the US by Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc., New York. pp 576
3. Gerritsen, Mary E. and Ron Parsons, 2007. "Calochortus : Mariposa lilies and their relatives", Timber Press. . pp 52-54
4. Brickell, Christopher "The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z of Garden Plants (Volume 1: A-J)", 3rd ed. Copyright 1996, 2003, 2008 Dorling Kindersley Ltd., London. pp 213-214
5. Carol Bornstein, David Fross, Bart O'Brien 2007. "California Native Plants for the Garden". Cachuma Press. (paperback) (hardcover). pp 212
6. Parsons, Mary Elizabeth "The Wild Flowers of California", illustrated by Margaret Warriner Buck. Published by Cunningham, Curtiss & Welch, San Francisco 1912. Copyright William Doxey 1897, copyright Mary Elizabeth Parsons 1902, 1906. (no ISBN for this edition) pp 148-149
7. Moerman, Daniel E. "Native American Food Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary", first ed. Copyright Timber Press, Inc. 2010. (hardcover). pp 67
8. Howell, John Thomas. "Marin Flora: Manual of Flowering Plants and Ferns of Marin County, California", second edition. Copyright 1949, 1970, 1985, University of California Press. pp 106
9. Emery, Dara E. "Seed Propagation of Native California Plants", 6th edition (printed 2011). Copyright 1988 Santa Barbara Botanic Garden. . pp 43
10. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-301629 The Plant List
11. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242101453 Flora of North America
12. C. Michael Hogan. 2009. GlobalTwitcher.com: Gold Nuggets: Calochortus luteus, ed. N. Stromberg.
13. http://naeb.brit.org/uses/7701/ University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Calochortus amabilis
14. Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. (hardback), (paperback). pp 44, 86
15. Web site: Northern California Wildflowers: Diogenes’ Lantern Lily. Lost Coast Outpost.