List of California wildfires explained

This is a partial and incomplete list of California wildfires. California has dry, windy, and often hot weather conditions from spring through late autumn that can produce moderate to severe wildfires. Pre-1800, when the area was much more forested and the ecology much more resilient, 4.4-11.9 million acres (1.8-4.8 million hectares) of forest and shrubland burned annually.[1] California land area totals 99,813,760 or roughly 100 million acres, so since 2000, the area that burned annually has ranged between 90,000 acres, or 0.09%, and 1,590,000 acres, or 1.59% of the total land of California.[2] During the 2020 wildfire season alone, over 8,100 fires contributed to the burning of nearly 4.5 million acres of land.

Since the early 2010s, wildfires in California are growing more dangerous because of the accumulation of wood fuel in forests, higher population and greater electricity transmission and distribution lines.[3] [4] [5] United States taxpayers pay about US$3 billion a year to fight wildfires, and big fires can lead to billions of dollars in property losses.[6] At times, these wildfires are fanned or made worse by strong, dry winds, known as Diablo winds when they occur in the northern part of the state and Santa Ana winds when they occur in the south. However, from a historical perspective, it has been estimated that prior to 1850, about 4.5 million acres (17,000 km2) burned yearly, in fires that lasted for months, with wildfire activity peaking roughly every 30 years, when up to 11.8 million acres (47,753 km3) of land burned.[7] [8] The much larger wildfire seasons in the past can be attributed to the policy of Native Californians regularly setting controlled burns and allowing natural fires to run their course, which prevented devastating wildfires from overrunning the state.

More than 350,000 people in California live in towns sited completely within zones deemed to be at very high risk of fire. In total, more than 2.7 million people live in "very high fire hazard severity zones", which also include areas at lesser risk.[9]

On lands under CAL FIRE's jurisdictional protection (i.e. not federal or local responsibility areas), the majority of wildfire ignitions since 1980 have been caused by humans. The four most common ignition sources for wildfires on CAL FIRE-protected lands are, in order: equipment use, powerlines, arson, and lightning.[10]

A 2023 study found that these wildfires are affecting the California ecosystem and disrupting the habitats.[11] [12] It found that in the 2020 and 2021 fire seasons 58% of the area affected by wildfires occurred in those two seasons since 2012.[11] [13] These two fires destroyed 30% of the habitat of 50 species as well as 100 species that had 10% of their habitats burn. 5-14% of the species' habitats burned at a "high severity."[14] [15]

Statistics

Area burned per year

Starting in 2001, the National Interagency Fire Center began keeping more accurate records on the total fire acreage burned in each state.[16]

YearFiresAcres HectaresRef
20007,622295026acres
20019,458329126acres[17]
8,328969890acres[18] [19]
9,1161020460acres[20] [21] [22]
8,415264988acres[23] [24]
7,162222538acres[25] [26]
8,202736022acres[27] [28]
9,0931520362acres[29] [30]
6,2551593690acres
9,159422147acres[31] [32]
6,554109529acres[33]
7,989168545acres[34] [35]
7,950869599acres[36]
9,907601635acres[37] [38]
7,865625540acres[39] [40]
8,745893362acres[41]
6,986669534acres[42] [43]
9,5601548429acres[44] [45]
8,5271975086acres[46] [47]
7,860259823acres[48]
9,6394397809acres[49]
8,8352568948acres[50]
7,490362455acres[51]
7,127324917acres[52]
8,243974894acres
8,265647537acres
A 2015 study[53] addressed whether the increase in fire risk in California is attributable to climate change.[54]

Largest wildfires

The 20 largest wildfires according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.[55]

NameCountyAcresHectaresStart dateStructuresdata-sort-type=number DeathsNotes
1.August ComplexGlenn, Lake, Mendocino, Tehama, Trinity, Shasta1032648acres 9351
2.DixieButte, Lassen, Plumas, Shasta, Tehama963309acres 1,3291Largest single-source wildfire in California history.[56]
3.Mendocino ComplexMendocino, Lake, Colusa, Glenn459123acres2801
4.ParkButte, Plumas, Shasta, Tehama429401acres6370Largest caused by arson.
5.SCU Lightning ComplexSanta Clara, Alameda, Contra Costa, San Joaquin, Merced, Stanislaus396624acres 2220
6.CreekFresno, Madera379895acres 8560
7.LNU Lightning ComplexColusa, Lake, Napa, Sonoma, Solano, Yolo363220acres 1,4916
8.North ComplexPlumas, Butte318935acres 2,35215
9.Santiago CanyonOrange, Riverside, San Diego300000acres 00The fire dates before 1932, when reliable fire records began.
10.ThomasVentura, Santa Barbara281893acres 1,06323Fatalities (2 direct, 21 indirect) attributed to the fire include 1 firefighter and 1 civilian directly, 22 deaths in later mudslides, with 1 never recovered.[57]
11.CedarSan Diego273246acres 2,82015
12.RushLassen271911acres00This fire burned an additional 43666acres in Nevada, for a total of 315577acres.[58] [59]
13.RimTuolumne257314acres1120
14.ZacaSanta Barbara240207acres10
15.CarrShasta, Trinity229651acres 1,6148
16.MonumentTrinity223124acres 500
17.CaldorEl Dorado, Amador, Alpine221835acres 1,0031
18.MatilijaVentura220000acres00
19.River ComplexSiskiyou, Trinity199343acres 1220
20.WitchSan Diego197990acres1,6502

Deadliest wildfires

The 20 deadliest wildfires according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.[60]

NameCountyAcresHectaresStart dateStructuresdata-sort-type=number DeathsNotes
1.Camp[61] [62] [63] Butte153336-1NaN-118,80485Caused by Pacific Gas & Electric Co.
2.Griffith ParkLos Angeles47acres029Deaths were RFC workers fighting the fire
3.TunnelAlameda1600acres2,90025
4.ThomasVentura, Santa Barbara281893acres 1,06323Fatalities (2 direct, 21 indirect) attributed to the fire include 1 firefighter and 1 civilian directly, 22 deaths in later mudslides, with 1 never recovered.
5.TubbsNapa, Sonoma36807acres5,64322
6.North ComplexPlumas, Butte318935acres2,35215
7.CedarSan Diego273246acres2,82015
8.RattlesnakeGlenn1340acres015All deaths were firefighters trying to outrun the fire
9.LoopLos Angeles2028acres012All deaths were members of the El Cariso Hotshots
10Hauser CreekSan Diego13145acres011
11.InajaSan Diego43904acres011
12.Iron Alps ComplexTrinity105855acres1010
13.Redwood ValleyMendocino36523acres5449
14.HarrisSan Diego90440acres5488
15.CanyonLos Angeles22197acres08
16.CarrShasta, Trinity229651acres1,6148
17.LNU Lightning ComplexColusa, Lake, Napa, Sonoma, Solano, Yolo363220acres1,4916
18.AtlasNapa, Solano51624acres7816
19.OldSan Bernardino91281acres1,0036
20.DeckerRiverside1425acres16

Most destructive wildfires

The 20 most destructive wildfires according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.[64]

NameCountyAcresHectaresStart datedata-sort-type=number StructuresDeathsNotes
1.CampButte153336-1NaN-118,80485Town of Paradise destroyed[65]
2.TubbsNapa, Sonoma36807acres5,64322
3.Tunnel1600acres2,90025
4.CedarSan Diego273246acres2,82015
5.North ComplexPlumas, Butte318935acres2,35215Towns of Berry Creek and Feather Falls mostly destroyed[66] [67]
6.ValleyLake, Napa, Sonoma76067acres1,9554
7.WitchSan Diego197990acres1,6502
8.WoolseyVentura, Los Angeles96949acres1,6433
9.CarrShasta, Trinity229651acres1,6148
10.GlassNapa, Sonoma67484acres1,5200
11.LNU Lightning ComplexColusa, Lake, Napa, Sonoma, Solano, Yolo363220acres1,4916
12.CZU Lightning ComplexSanta Cruz, San Mateo86509acres1,4901
13.NunsSonoma54382acres1,3553
14.DixieButte, Lassen, Plumas, Shasta, Tehama963309acres1,3291Town of Greenville mostly destroyed
15.ThomasVentura, Santa Barbara281893acres1,063232 direct, 22 indirect deaths were caused by the Montecito mudslides
16.CaldorEl Dorado, Amador, Alpine221835acres1,0031Town of Grizzly Flats mostly destroyed
17.OldSan Bernardino91281acres1,0036
18.ButteAmador, Calaveras70868acres9652
19.JonesShasta26200acres9541
20.August ComplexGlenn, Lake, Mendocino, Tehama, Trinity, Shasta1032649acres9351

Areas of repeated ignition

In some parts of California, fires recur with some regularity. In Oakland, for example, fires of various size and ignition occurred in 1923, 1931, 1933, 1937, 1946, 1955, 1960, 1961, 1968, 1970, 1980, 1990, 1991, 1995, 2002, and 2008.[68] [69] Orange County, Riverside County, San Bernardino County, and Los Angeles County are other examples. Orange and San Bernardino counties share a border that runs north to south through the Chino Hills State Park, with the park's landscape ranging from large green coastal sage scrub, grassland, and woodland, to areas of brown sparsely dense vegetation made drier by droughts or hot summers. The valley's grass and barren land can become easily susceptible to dry spells and drought, therefore making it a prime spot for brush fires and conflagrations, many of which have occurred since 1914. Hills and canyons have seen brush or wildfires in 1914, the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and into today.[70]

On occasion, lightning strikes from thunderstorms may also spark wildfires in areas that have seen past ignition. Examples of this are the 1999 Megram Fire, the 2008 California wildfires., as well as both the LNU and SCU Lightning Complex fires of 2020.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Stephens. Scott L.. Martin. Robert E.. Clinton. Nicholas E.. 2007-11-15. Prehistoric fire area and emissions from California's forests, woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands. Forest Ecology and Management. en. 251. 3. 210. 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.005. 0378-1127. area burned annually in California varied from 1,814,614 to 4,838,293 ha (excluding the desert region in Southeastern California) during the prehistoric period. With the land area of California equaling 40,396,822 ha (CCDB, 2003), this results in 4.5–12.0% of the state’s lands burning annually. 2020-08-24. 2018-08-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20180812111636/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112707004379. live.
  2. Web site: California Wildfire Emission Estimates California Air Resources Board. 2020-08-24. ww2.arb.ca.gov. 2020-08-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20200830060656/https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/wildfire-emissions. live.
  3. Web site: BORUNDA . ALEJANDRA . ELLIOTT . KENNEDY . See how a warmer world primed California for large fires . National Geographic . 15 November 2018 . 22 November 2018 . 15 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181215154708/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2018/11/climate-change-california-wildfire/ . dead .
  4. Web site: Twenty-first century California, USA, wildfires: fuel-dominated vs. wind-dominated fires. 2020-08-24. ResearchGate. en.
  5. Web site: Historical patterns of wildfire ignition sources in California ecosystems. 2020-08-24. ResearchGate. en.
  6. News: Wildfires are growing more costly. 2014-05-14. NBC News. 2019-10-07. 2020-10-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20201013190300/https://www.nbcnews.com/business/real-estate/wildfires-are-growing-growing-more-costly-n106266. live.
  7. News: California fires: State, feds agree to thin millions of acres of forests - New plan would last 20 years, reshaping California's landscape . Rogers . Paul . . 2020-08-23 . 2020-09-11 . Before the Gold Rush in 1849, large parts of California burned every few decades. Lightning fires burned for months, and native tribes burned the land, clearing out dead vegetation. ... Stephens, the UC fire scientist, estimates that before the Gold Rush, roughly 4.5 million acres a year in California burned. By the 1950s and 1960s, that was down to about 250,000 acres a year. . 2020-09-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200913035721/https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/08/23/california-fires-state-feds-agree-to-thin-millions-of-acres-of-forests/ . live .
  8. Web site: Weil . Elizabeth . They Know How to Prevent Megafires. Why Won't Anybody Listen? . ProPublica . 28 August 2020 . 14 September 2020 . 13 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200913234007/https://www.propublica.org/article/they-know-how-to-prevent-megafires-why-wont-anybody-listen . live .
  9. News: Ryan Sabalow. Phillip Reese. Dale Kasler. The Sacramento Bee. Destined to Burn: California races to predict which town could be next to burn. April 11, 2019. 2019-11-17. KRCR News. 2019-11-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20191117210741/https://krcrtv.com/news/local/destined-to-burn-california-races-to-predict-which-town-could-be-next-to-burn. live.
  10. News: Boxall . Bettina . January 5, 2020 . Human-caused ignitions spark California's worst wildfires but get little state focus . . live . July 21, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230619094218/https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2020-01-05/human-caused-ignitions-spark-california-worst-wildfires . June 19, 2023.
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  13. Ayars . Jessalyn . Kramer . H. Anu . Jones . Gavin M. . 2023-11-28 . The 2020 to 2021 California megafires and their impacts on wildlife habitat . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . en . 120 . 48 . 10.1073/pnas.2312909120 . 0027-8424. free . 10691208 .
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  15. Ayars . Jessalyn . Kramer . H. Anu . Jones . Gavin M. . 2023-11-28 . The 2020 to 2021 California megafires and their impacts on wildlife habitat . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . en . 120 . 48 . 10.1073/pnas.2312909120 . 0027-8424. free . 10691208 .
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "List of California wildfires".

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