Cagayan Valley Explained

Official Name:Cagayan Valley
Native Name:Tanap ti Cagayan
Settlement Type:Region
Flag Size:120x80px
Seal Size:100x80px
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Type1:Island group
Subdivision Name1:Luzon
Seat Type:Regional center
Seat:Tuguegarao
Pop Est As Of:2020
Population Est:3,657,741[1]
Population Density Km2:auto
Timezone:PST
Utc Offset:+8
Iso Code:PH-02
Blank Name Sec1:Provinces
Blank1 Name Sec1:Independent cities
Blank2 Name Sec1:Component cities
Blank3 Name Sec1:Municipalities
Blank3 Info Sec1:89
Blank4 Name Sec1:Barangays
Blank4 Info Sec1:2,311
Blank5 Name Sec1:Cong. districts
Blank5 Info Sec1:12[2]
Blank Name Sec2:Languages
Blank1 Name Sec2:GDP (2023)
Blank1 Info Sec2:₱510.83 billion
$9.18 billion[3]
Blank2 Name Sec2:Growth rate
Blank2 Info Sec2: (6.2%)
Blank3 Name Sec2:HDI
Blank3 Info Sec2: 0.709
Blank4 Name Sec2:HDI rank
Blank4 Info Sec2:7th in the Philippines (2019)
Elevation Max Point:Mount Pulag
Elevation Max Ft:9,606
Image Map1:
Frame-Width:250
Zoom:8

Cagayan Valley (Iloko: Tanap ti Cagayan; Filipino; Pilipino: Lambak ng Cagayan), designated as Region II, is an administrative region in the Philippines. Located in the northeastern section of Luzon, it is composed of five Philippine provinces: Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, and Quirino. The region hosts four chartered cities: Cauayan, Ilagan, Santiago, and Tuguegarao.

Most of its land area lies in the valley between the Cordilleras and the Sierra Madre mountain ranges. The eponymous Cagayan River, the country's largest and longest, runs through the region, flows from the Caraballo Mountains, and ends in Aparri. Cagayan Valley is the second-largest Philippine administrative region by land area.[4] According to a literacy survey in 2019, 93% of Cagayan Valley's citizens (ages 10 to 64) are functionally literate, which is 5th out of the seventeen regions of the Philippines. [5]

History

Spanish colonial era

During the Spanish era, Cagayan Valley had a larger territory than today, then named Provincia de Cagayan. Then it included the territories of the above-mentioned provinces and the eastern parts of the Cordillera provinces of Apayao, Kalinga, Ifugao and Benguet, and the north part of Aurora. Historian and missionary Jose Burgues said, "The old Cagayan Valley comprises the province of Cagayan, Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya as well as the military Districts of Apayao, Itaves, Quiangan, Cayapa and Bintangan, plus the area of the Sierra Madre to the Pacific Ocean in the said trajectory."[6] The exception is Palanan, which was established in 1625 by Spanish forces who arrived by ship from the Pacific coastal town of Baler in Tayabas province (now part of Aurora). Thus, Palanan was originally a part of Pampanga,[7] then to Laguna, Tayabas (now Quezon Province; Tayabas became independent from Laguna), and Nueva Ecija, before being transferred to Nueva Vizcaya and finally Isabela. Also, unlike the rest of Cagayan Valley, it was served by Franciscan missionaries from Baler rather than the Dominicans. The population of the town was natively Paranan, then subsequently augmented by local Negritos, migrants from Baler who are Tagalogs and outlaws from Cagayan Valley, with the lingua franca of the settlement being Tagalog as opposed to Ilocano or Ibanag.[8] The Atta or Negritos, the first people in valley, were later moved to the uplands or variably assimilated by the Austronesians, from whom the Ibanags, Itawes, Yogads, Gaddangs, Irayas, Malawegs, and Paranans descended - who actually came from one ethnicity. These are the people found by the Spaniards in the different villages along the rivers all over Cagayan Valley. The Spaniards rightly judged that these various villagers came from a single racial stock and decided to make the Ibanag language the lingua franca, both civilly and ecclesiastically for the entire people of Cagayan which they called collectively as the Cagayanes which later was transliterated to become Cagayanos. Various other peoples, mainly the Ilocanos, Pangasinenses, Kapampangans and Tagalogs, as well as Visayans, Moros, Ivatans, and even foreigners like the Chinese, Indians, Arabs, Spaniards and others were further infused to the native Cagayanes to become the modern Cagayano that we know today.In 1818, Nueva Ecija annexed the towns of Palanan from Isabela, as well as Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Baler, Casiguran, Infanta (formerly called Binangonan de Lampon) and Polillo Islands from Tayabas, and part of Rizal.[9] [10] In the nineteenth and 20th centuries, the prosperity found in tobacco cultivation caused many Ilokano people to settle here, it was only in this large-scale Ilocano settlement that made Ilocano language replace Ibanag as the lingua franca of the region. Ilocano settlers already migrated to Nueva Vizcaya earlier in 1700s also to work on the tobacco plantations, and later immigrants with skills construct churches and other structures needed for development, as the native Igorot tribes rejected labor imposed by the Spaniards. Tobacco is still a major factor in the economy of Cagayan, though a special economic zone and free port has been created to strengthen and diversify the provincial economy.

During World War II

During World War II, at Balete Pass in Nueva Vizcaya, the retreating Japanese Imperial Army under General Tomoyuki Yamashita dug in and held on for three months against the American and Filipino forces who eventually drove them out; the pass is now called Dalton Pass in honor of General Dalton, USA, who was killed in the fighting.

During the Marcos dictatorship

See main article: Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos and Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship. Loan-funded government spending to promote Ferdinand Marcos' 1969 reelection campaign caused[11] [12] the Philippine economy to take a sudden downwards turn in the form of the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis,[13] [14] [15] which in turn led to social unrest throughout the country.[16] Cagayan Valley became one of the flashpoints of conflict, with many previously-moderate young people joining the armed resistance against Marcos after being radicalized by various crackdowns.[17] [18] [19]

With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president, Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years.[20] This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses,[21] [22] particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.[23]

In Isabela, protests erupted when Marcos crony Danding Cojuangco managed to block a Spanish-era grant which was supposed to see the return of Hacienda San Antonio and Hacienda Santa Isabel in Ilagan to local farmers, displacing tens of thousands of farmers who were supposed to get those lands back a hundred years after the Spanish accosted them.[24] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ilagan led efforts to support the farmers in their cause, succeeding in forcing the Marcos administration to finally concede land titles to 4,000 farmers, but earning the ire of the dicatatorship against leading church figures such as Ilagan Bishop Miguel Purugganan, Diocesan Social Action Center researcher Sabino "Abe" Padilla, and the various nuns and lay workers of the Diocese.[25]

Also during that time, logging concessions were awarded to Juan Ponce Enrile, Herminio Disini, and other cronies, leading to the severe degradation of forest cover in the region, which contributed to widespread flooding and other environmental issues that persist today.[26] [27]

Integration of new provinces

Kalinga-Apayao and Ifugao were transferred to the Cagayan Valley region in 1972, and afterwards Ferdinand Marcos imposed a migration policy for Ilokanos into those provinces; the natives of Apayao called Isnag become minority there.

Later 20th Century

See main article: People Power Revolution and Cordillera autonomy movement. After the People Power Revolution in 1986, many of the activists who had joined the underground movement against Marcos decided to "surface," as the new administration of Corazon Aquino released political prisoners and initiated peace talks.[28] However, anti-left sentiment in her new cabinet, which included individuals who had aligned themselves with the Reform the Armed Forces Movement, made the peace process difficult. Negotiations eventually collapsed, and unrest in Cagayan valley persisted.[29] [30]

When the Cordillera Administrative Region was formed in 1987 under Corazon Aquino, the indigenous provinces of Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao (later divided into the provinces of Kalinga and Apayao) were transferred into the newly formed region.

Contemporary history

COVID-19 pandemic

See main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Cagayan Valley. During the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus reached Cagayan Valley on March 21, 2020, when the first case of the disease was confirmed in Tuguegarao.[31] All provinces have confirmed at least one COVID-19 case, with Batanes being the last province to confirm a COVID-19 case on September 28, 2020.[32]

Extreme climate events

See main article: Climate change in the Philippines and Typhoon Vamco. In November 2020, Typhoon Vamco (known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ulysses) crossed the island of Luzon,[33] causing dam operators from all around the island to release large amounts of water into their impounds as they neared their spilling points. All seven of Magat Dam's gates were opened to prevent dam failure, but the overflow into the Cagayan River and caused widespread floods in Cagayan and Isabela.[34] [35] [36] This event was worsened by the information gap had developed b as a result of the recent shutdown of the ABS-CBN broadcast network, because those areas had previously gotten weather updates primarily from the network.[37] [38] [39]

Geography

Cagayan Valley is the large mass of land in the northeastern region of Luzon, comprising the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, and the Batanes group of islands. It is bordered to the west by the Cordillera mountain range, to the east by the Sierra Madre, to the south by the Caraballo Mountains, and to the north by the Luzon Strait.

The region contains two landlocked provinces, Quirino and Nueva Vizcaya, which are ruggedly mountainous and heavily forested. Nueva Vizcaya is the remnant of the southern province created when Cagayan Province was divided in two in 1839. They are ethnically and linguistically diverse, with a substrate of Agtas, Negritos who are food-gatherers with no fixed abodes, overlaid by Ilongots and others in a number of tribes, some of whom were fierce head-hunters (they have given up the practice), with the latest but largest element of the population being the Ilocanos, closely followed by the Ibanags.

Administrative divisions

Cagayan Valley comprises five provinces, one independent city, three component cities, 89 municipalities, and 2,311 barangays.[40]

Provinces

ProvinceCapitalLargest settlementPopulation [41] Area[42] DensityCities
km2sq mi/km2/sq mi
BatanesBasco219.01km2NaN18831/219.010629
CagayanTuguegarao9295.75km2NaN1268603/9,295.75128820
IsabelaIlagan12414.93km2NaN1697050/12,414.933341,055
Nueva VizcayaBayombong3975.67km2NaN497432/3,975.67015275
QuirinoCabarroguisDiffun3323.47km2NaN203828/3,323.4706132
Total3,685,74428,228.8328228.83km2NaNPD/km2NaNPD/km24892,311
• Figures for Isabela include the independent component city of Santiago.
Governors and vice governors
width=140 Provincewidth=150 Imagewidth=235 Governorwidth=120 colspan=2 Political Partywidth=150 Vice Governor
align=center Marilou CaycoIgnacio C. Villa
align=center Manuel N. MambaMelvin K. Vargas, Jr.
align=center Rodolfo Albano IIIFaustino G. Dy III
align=center Carlos PadillaJose Gambito
align=center Dakila Carlo E. CuaJulius Caesar S. Vaquilar

Demographics

Languages

Ilocano is the main lingua franca (orally) of the region. Other languages include Ibanag and Ivatan, the main language of Batanes. The use of Tagalog and English also serve as the region's language in education, governance, tourism, popular culture, and commerce inside and outside the region.

Economy

The province of Isabela and the city of Santiago[45] are notably the most progressive province and richest city in the region, respectively.[46] [47] [48] Isabela was the 9th richest province in the Philippines in 2021, being the only province from the region to be included in the list.[49] [50] [51] [52] [53]

The city of Tuguegarao is the center of excellence in education, commerce, trade and culture and as the economic center of the region, the city continuously aims for outstanding performance and competence in administration, citizen participation, community and economic development, cultural arts, education, fiscal management, infrastructure, intergovernmental cooperation, planning, public safety, recreation and leisure services, social services, and technology. Its economy gradually shifted from agriculture to secondary/tertiary economic activities such as trading, commerce and services. The shift was ushered by city's role as the Regional Government Center and Center of Commerce in Northern Luzon.[54] [55] [56]

Tuguegarao City was included to be one of the digital cities for 2025 to sustain the rapid growth of the Information Technology and Business Process Management and to promote development in the city. The program (Digital Cities 2025) was created through a partnership between the DICT, the IT and Business Process Association of the Philippines (IBPAP), and Leechiu Property Consultants (LPC).[57]

Cauayan is a component city in the province of Isabela. It is dubbed as the Ideal City of the North and the host city for the proposed Isabela Special Economic Zone and the Regional Agro-Industrial Growth Center.[58] It is the home of Cosmos Bottling Corporation, now acquired by the giant multinational business conglomerate San Miguel Corporation manufactures soft drinks in the area and the Mega Asia Bottling Corporation with its newly built plant for RC Cola brand. It is also here where the regional sales offices of several multi-national companies are located. As a young city, it has enormous potential for small to large enterprises and its real estate industry is just beginning. Medium size commercial centers or subdivisions are the appropriate ventures to put up.[59] [60]

Ilagan is a component city and the capital of the province of Isabela. The city is the Corn Capital of the Philippines and has been considered as the Primary Growth Center of Region 2.[61] [62] [63] Most of the industries in the city are agri-based. Over the past decades, there has been a great number of local investments in poultry and hog raising. There are several poultry contract growers and small and medium scale hog raisers in the city. Other support facilities, warehouses and small and big rice mills, strategically located in the different barangays of the city to address the storage needs of farmers during the harvest season. Of all cities in the country, Ilagan ranks as the top producer of corn.[64] As an agriculture-based city, it produces ample supply of corn, rice, vegetables and legumes. Fruits like the banana are year-round products especially in the mountainous areas of the city. Ilagan also produces seasonal fruits such as mangoes and pomelo. Commerce and trade is considered to be the city's second economic-based income. It is also the hub of the Coca-Cola FEMSA Philippines, Inc., one of the industrial complexes in the region.[65] [66]

Solano is a first class municipality and the main commercial and financial center of the province of Nueva Vizcaya. It also has the most fast food restaurants chains and the most banks among the municipalities in the entire region. According to the 2016 Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index conducted by the National Competitiveness Council, Solano took the 25th spot overall and ranked 30th among the first class and second class municipalities in the Philippines. This further solidified the status of Solano as the undisputed premier town of Cagayan Valley being the premier town in Nueva Vizcaya and the fastest-growing municipality in the region.[67] [68] [69]

Cagayan has several attractions which include beaches, swimming, snorkeling, skin-diving, fishing in the river and the sea, hiking in primeval forest, mountain-climbing, archaeological sites, the collection of the provincial museum, the Callao Caves, and many churches.The Cagayan Economic Zone Authority (CEZA) is situated in Santa Ana, Cagayan.

Quirino is the youngest province in the region. With its agricultural based nature, the vast vegetative agricultural covers reveal the major source of living of the people. Farming has been the main industry in the province, with rice and corn as major crops as with other provinces in the region. Virgin forest and wealthy bodies of water have been great contributors in its development. Small scale industries like furniture making, basketry, rattan craft, and dried/fossilized flower production, where the province was famously known, are prevalent. Banana products also sold in and out the province and also for export purposes. The small scale business and associations also make their own products like banana chips, peanuts, patupats and others. The province also produces a substantial amount of fruits/crops like mango, citrus, pineapple, coffee, coconut, papaya, lanzones, rambutan and vegetables.[70] [71]

The province of Nueva Vizcaya has basically an agricultural economy with commerce, trade, and industry contributing to its growth and development. Among other major economic activities are farming and cattle and swine raising. Primary crops are palay and corn. The province produces quality onions and vegetables often sold in Metro Manila. Oranges and mangoes are now major crops being exported fresh to other Asian countries; earning its title as the Citrus Capital of the Philippines.[72] [73]

Batanes is the northernmost and smallest province in the region as well as in the whole Philippines. It is the only province located outside the mainland Cagayan Valley. Due to its geographical location, fishing is considered as a major industry and source of livelihood for the people. Garlic and cattle are major export crops. Ivatans also plant camote (sweet potato), cassava, gabi or tuber and a unique variety of white uvi. Sugarcane is raised to produce palek, a kind of native wine, and vinegar. Tourism also contributes to the province's thriving economy.[74]

Agriculture

Cagayan Valley being the country's second largest region in terms of land area. As of 2022, Cagayan Valley region remains to be the top producer of corn in the whole country and second in rice production.[75] [76] Isabela is now dubbed as the top producer of Corn in the Philippines and the Rice Granary of the North.[77] [78]

Trade and industry

In 2014, retail giants like Robinsons Land and SM Prime opened its pioneer malls in the region, the Robinsons Place Santiago and SM City Cauayan in Santiago City and Cauayan respectively.[79] [80] The two retail companies further strengthened their presence in the region with the opening of SM Center Tuguegarao Downtown[81] in 2017 and Robinsons Place Tuguegarao[82] in 2018, both are located in the region's capital, Tuguegarao City. In 2022, SM Prime opened SM City Tuguegarao, its third in the region and second in Tuguegarao City.[83]

In 2018, Vista Land and Life Scapes, Inc. announced the establishment of its first high-end mall in the region that is Vista Mall Santiago in Santiago City, and they are also putting up Vista Mall in Tuguegarao City it will be second on the region after Vista Mall Santiago.[84] [85]

Aquaculture and fishing industry

On January 11, 2008, the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) stated that tilapia (species of cichlid fishes from the tilapiine cichlid tribe) production grew and Cagayan Valley is now the Philippines' tilapia capital (Saint Peter's fish).[86] [87] [88] Production supply grew 37.25% since 2003, with 14,000 metric tons (MT) in 2007. The recent aquaculture congress found that the growth of tilapia production was due to government interventions: provision of fast-growing species, accreditation of private hatcheries to ensure supply of quality fingerlings, establishment of demonstration farms, providing free fingerlings to newly constructed fishponds, and the dissemination of tilapia to Nueva Vizcaya (in Diadi town). Cagayan Valley is one of the largest tilapia producing regions in the country,[89] with Isabela as the leading producer.[90] [91] The development of the tilapia farming industry in the province came about with the water supply provided by the Magat Reservoir for irrigating rice fields. The high demand for food fish in the region was also a contributing factor. Based on the data from the Bureau Fisheries and Aquatic Resources in 2020, there are about 1,000 hectares of freshwater ponds in Isabela, producing around 16,000 metric tons of tilapia a year.[92] [93] [94]

Cagayan's coastline is one of the longest in the country having almost 73% of Cagayan Valley Region's coastal seaboards. This is aside from the large rivers and their tributaries, lakes, creeks and streams which are also rich fishing and aquaculture grounds. Untapped coastal fishing grounds stretch from the towns of Santa Praxedes in the west to Santa Ana on the east, on its northern coast facing the Babuyan Channel;[95] [96] and from Santa Ana down to Peñablanca on its eastern coast facing the Philippine Sea.[97] Despite this endowment, the province's fish production is not even enough to supply and sustain its own fish requirements. Deep sea fishing is not a common occurrence in the province – thus, foreign poachers are the ones reaping the bounties of its seas. Cagayan's deep seas are known for species like tuna, tuna-like fishes, hairtail, snapper, scad, slipmouth, mullet, grouper, shrimp, squid, and lobsters. The inland waters are used primarily by subsistence fishermen. Few privately-operated fishponds and fish cages contribute to the overall fish supply of the Province.[98]

The coastal waters of Isabela are big sources of marine life that could supply the fish requirements of the region, according to a study commissioned by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR). The study stated that Isabela waters are rich in untapped fisheries and marine resources and also has extensive sea grass beds and coral reefs that are home to variety of fish species which include sardines and mackerel and have sizable chunks of oceanic tunas, which thrive throughout the year. The fishing ground has 238 marine fish species. High species diversity could be an indication that the habitat is still good and undisturbed.[99] [100] [101]

The fishing industry in Cagayan Valley has been in perturbed condition owing to the declining pattern of production for the past years.[102] Since 2015, average annual reduction in fisheries production in the region was estimated at three thousand metric tons or more than five percent decrease per year. In 2020, the latest estimated production at 45,382 metric tons is 4.6 percent lower than the 2018 total fish production of 47,572 metric tons and almost one third lower than the highest production realized in 2011 at 64,876 metric tons.[103] [104]

By fishing grounds classification in the region, there is an inland municipal fisheries production and marine municipal fisheries production, the latter, particularly in provinces with coastal areas in the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela and Batanes. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), inland municipal production for 2021 has gone up close to 2,000 metric tons, while marine municipal production reached close to 3,300 metric tons, both as an initial production in the first quarter of 2020.[105]

According to the Bureau Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), since 2010 to 2015, the fish sufficiency level in Cagayan Valley is on downtrend level because of the various threats to the industry. Several problems have affected the sector in the recent years including the weather disturbances, use of illegal fishing gears and methods and the increasing demand of a fast-growing population. The provinces of Batanes and Cagayan have passed the 100 percent sufficiency level at 138 percent while Cagayan recorded 96 percent. However, the performances of Isabela, Quirino and Nueva Vizcaya at 17 percent, 11 percent and 10 percent, respectively, have affected the total performance of the region. Data obtained from the Bureau Fisheries and Aquatic Resources showed that from 2006 to 2015, the sufficiency level has dropped significantly in 2010 until it reached its lowest level at 44 percent in the last five years.[106] [107] However, the overall fisheries production in the region grew by one percent in 3rd Quarter of 2020. From the total output of 11,954 metric tons in 2019, it accelerated to 12,075 metric tons in 2020.[108]

Citrus industry

Cagayan Valley is positioned to become the country's Citrus Capital through a program undertaken by the Nueva Vizcaya State University (NVSU) with funding from the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development of the Department of Science and Technology (DoST-PCAARRD). The country's domestic supply of citrus is currently insufficient to meet local demand, according to DoST-PCAARRD, due to "high incidence of pest and diseases, poor orchard management, and low adoption of improved management practices, among many other factors." The NVSU's citrus research and development program includes yield improvement, setting up a gene bank, and value chain analysis. It targets a 233% increase in yield — from 4.5 tons per hectare ha (t/ha) to 15 t/ha — and a 60% reduction in post-harvest losses from 25% to 10% by 2019. The targets are part of the Citrus Industry Strategic S&T Program (ISP) of DoST-PCAARRD. By the end of 2017, the program team is expected to produce value chain maps for calamansi, orange, and pomelo in the region; characterize fifteen species for the database system of the gene bank study; improve NVSU and Municipal Agriculture Office (MAGRO) citrus nurseries producing 10,000 and 2,000 budded seedlings, respectively; establish new 1-hectare orchard with planting materials from NVSU; and generate data on the description of local citrus pests and diseases.[109] [110]

Infrastructure

Roads and Bridges

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: August 27, 2020. POPULATION PROJECTIONS BY REGION, PROVINCE, CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES, 2020-2025. October 16, 2020. www.doh.gov.ph. Department of Health. May 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210514203439/https://doh.gov.ph/node/15619. dead.
  2. Web site: Republic Act No. 11080 - An act reapportioning the second largest province of the Philippines into six legislative districts. Inquirer PH. September 27, 2018. Inquirer.Net. September 29, 2018.
  3. Web site: 2021 to 2023 Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). April 26, 2024 . Philippine Statistics Authority. openstat.psa.gov.ph.
  4. http://www.dotregion2.com.ph/d2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=53 Cagayan Valley
  5. Web site: | Philippine Statistics Authority | Republic of the Philippines .
  6. Descripcion del Valle de Cagayan, 1897, Jose Burgues
  7. Web site: Tantingco: The Kapampangan in Us . . May 2, 2013 . 2024-01-23 . 2024-01-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240123034705/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/amp/story/more-articles/tantingco-the-kapampangan-in-us . live . "At one point, Pampanga’s borders extended all the way to Palanan, Isabela in the north and to Infanta, Quezon in the south, with the Pacific Ocean on its east side and the China Sea on its west side." (Baler which was the origin of Spanish forces and Tagalog settlers who settled Palanan was part of Pampanga along with Casiguran.)
  8. Book: Salgado, Pedro. Cagayan Valley and Easter Cordillera: 1581-1898, Volume I . Rex Publishing . 2002. 496–499. Other Missions in Isabela.
  9. Web site: Aurora, Philippines – History. www.aurora.ph. en. February 18, 2023.
  10. https://region3.dilg.gov.ph/nueva-ecija/index.php/about/who-we-are Who We Are: Nueva Ecija
  11. Balbosa . Joven Zamoras . 1992 . IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines . Journal of Philippine Development . XIX . 35 . November 6, 2022 . September 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210921141056/https://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/pjd/pidsjpd92-2imf.pdf . dead .
  12. Book: The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges . Balisacan . A. M. . Hill . Hal . 2003 . Oxford University Press . 9780195158984 . en.
  13. Cororaton . Cesar B. . Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines . DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05 . 3, 19.
  14. Book: Celoza, Albert F.. Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism. 1997. Greenwood Publishing Group. 9780275941376. en.
  15. Book: Schirmer, Daniel B. . The Philippines reader : a history of colonialism, neocolonialism, dictatorship, and resistance . 1987 . South End Press . 0896082768 . 1st . Boston . 14214735 .
  16. Book: Kessler, Richard J. . Rebellion and repression in the Philippines . 1989 . Yale University Press . 0300044062 . New Haven . 19266663 . registration .
  17. Book: Pimentel, Benjamin . U.G. an underground tale: the journey of Edgar Jopson and the first quarter storm generation . 2006 . Anvil Publishing, Inc . 9712715906 . Pasig . 81146038.
  18. News: Remembering the First Quarter Storm . Rodis . Rodel . . January 27, 2020 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150131131959/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/118130/remembering-the-first-quarter-storm/ . January 31, 2015 . en.
  19. Book: Lacaba, Jose F.. Days of Disquiet, Nights of Rage: The First Quarter Storm & Related Events. Salinlahi Pub. House. 1982. Manila. 11–45, 157–178.
  20. Book: Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. . Asia Publishing Company Limited . 1998 . Magno . Alexander R. . Hong Kong . Democracy at the Crossroads.
  21. Web site: Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime. September 20, 1999. Ateneo de Manila University.
  22. Book: State and society in the Philippines. Abinales. P.N.. Amoroso. Donna J.. 2005. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 978-0742510234. Lanham, MD. 57452454.
  23. News: Gone too soon: 7 youth leaders killed under Martial Law. Rappler. June 15, 2018.
  24. News: November 29, 2017 . PADILLA, Sabino "Abe" Garcia Jr. . en-US . September 9, 2020.
  25. Web site: October 9, 2015 . PURUGGANAN, Miguel Gatan . September 4, 2020 . Bantayog ng mga Bayani . en-US.
  26. News: REYES . RACHEL A. G. . 2016-10-18 . Marcos cronies and the golden oriole of Isabela . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108174750/https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/10/18/opinion/analysis/marcos-cronies-golden-oriole-isabela/291811/ . 2020-11-08 . 2024-05-10 . en.
  27. Book: Danguilan Vitug, Marites . The Politics of Logging: Power from the Forest . 1993 . Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism . 978-971-8686-01-0 . Manila.
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