Guilandina bonduc explained

Guilandina bonduc, commonly known as grey nicker, nicker bean,[1] fever nut or knicker nut, is a species of flowering plant in the senna tribe, Caesalpinieae, that has a pantropical distribution.[2]

Description

It is a liana that reaches a length of 6m (20feet) or more and scrambles over other vegetation. The stems are covered in curved spines.[3]

Guilandina bonduc grows as a climber, up to 8-1NaN-1 long or as a large sprawling shrub or small shrubby tree. The stems are irregularly covered with curved prickles. The leaves are large and bi-pinnate, up to 400NaN0 long with scattered prickles on the rachises and blades. There are four to eleven pairs of pinnae, 5to long with five to ten pairs of pinnules. The pinnules are 15to long, elliptic, oblong or ovate with acute tips and entire margins.[1] [4] [5]

The inflorescence is an axillary raceme, often branched, covered with short hairs and up to 150NaN0 long. The jointed pedicels are up to 61NaN1 long. The sepals are shorter than the petals which are around 101NaN1 long; the petals are yellow, sometimes with a spot of orange near the base of the keel. The unisexual flowers are followed by large, flattish, spiny green pods which later turn brown, some 9by, containing one or usually two, glossy, rounded, grey seeds.[1] [4] [5]

Its 2cm (01inches) grey seeds,[6] known as nickernuts,[7] are buoyant and durable enough to be dispersed by ocean currents.[2]

Distribution and habitat

Guilandina bonduc has a pantropical distribution. It typically grows near the coast, in scrub, on sand dunes and on the upper shore.[8] It also occurs inland, in lowland secondary forest and disturbed areas near villages; this may be the result of the seed being accidentally dropped after being transported for medical purposes or for use as counters in board games. The seeds are buoyant and retain their viability in both fresh and sea water, enabling them to disperse to new coastal locations.[9] When washed up on the shore, they are sometimes known as sea pearls.[10]

Uses

Nodules on the plant's roots contain symbiotic bacteria that fix nitrogen. This is used as a nutrient by the vine and also benefits other plants growing in close proximity.[9] It is a popular local ornamental plant in Malaysia.[11]

This plant has been used in traditional medicine. The seeds have tonic and antipyretic properties and the bark and leaves have been used likewise. The root can be pounded to remedy caterpillar stings, it can be boiled ans its broth drank to regulate menstruation.[12] An oil extracted from the seeds has been used in cosmetics and for treating discharges from the ear.[13]

Tongans make the hard seeds (talatala ‘amoa) into leis or play with them like marbles; its spiky leaves and stems are used in fruit bat snares.

Notes and References

  1. http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Caesalpinia~bonduc Caesalpinia bonduc
  2. Book: Cody, Martin L. . Plants on Islands: Diversity and Dynamics on a Continental Archipelago . University of California Press . 2006 . 978-0-520-24729-1 . 161.
  3. Oudhia, P., 2007. Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands.
  4. Web site: Guilandina bonduc . Native Plants: Hawaii . 11 September 2020 .
  5. Book: Whistler, Art . The Rare Plants of Tonga . Tonga Trust Ltd . 2011 . 89-90.
  6. Book: Nelson, Gil . The Shrubs and Woody Vines of Florida: a Reference and Field Guide . Pineapple Press Inc . 978-1-56164-110-9 . 1996 . 177–178.
  7. Web site: Gray Nickarbean or Sea Pearl Caesalpinia bonduc . A Seabean Guide . seabean.com . 2010-12-07.
  8. Web site: Guilandina bonduc L. . Flora of Mozambique . 12 September 2020 .
  9. Web site: Guilandina bonduc . Fern, Ken. Useful tropical plants . 12 September 2020 .
  10. Web site: Gray Nickarbean or Sea Pearl . A Sea-Bean Guide . 12 September 2020 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081225171216/http://www.seabean.com/guide/Caesalpinia_bonduc/index.htm . 25 December 2008 .
  11. Book: Lee Shin Shin . Aziah Muhamad . Joanne Tong . Mangrove Guidebook for Malaysia . 2015 . Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia . Wetlands International, Malaysia . 85 . 978-983-42276-6-1.
  12. Burkill . Isaac Henry . Mohamad Haniff . April 1930 . Malay Village Medicine: prescriptions collected by I.H. Burkill and Mohamad Haniff . The Gardens' Bulletin; Straits Settlements . 6 . 3 (part 2) . 165-273 .
  13. Web site: Fever nut . Flowers of India . 12 September 2020 .