CVS Health explained

CVS Health Corporation
Type:Public
Services:Health care provider
Pharmacy benefit manager
Predecessor:Melville Corporation
Founded: in Lowell, Massachusetts, U.S.
Hq Location City:Woonsocket, Rhode Island
Hq Location Country:U.S.
Num Locations:9,395
Num Locations Year:2023
Area Served:United States
Key People:Karen S. Lynch (president and CEO)
Revenue: (2023)
Operating Income: (2023)
Net Income: (2023)
Assets: (2023)
Equity: (2023)
Num Employees: (2023)
Subsid:[1]
Footnotes:[2]

CVS Health Corporation is an American healthcare company that owns CVS Pharmacy, a retail pharmacy chain; CVS Caremark, a pharmacy benefits manager; and Aetna, a health insurance provider, among many other brands. The company is the world's second largest healthcare company, behind UnitedHealth Group. In 2023, the company was ranked 64th in the Forbes Global 2000.[3] [4]

CVS started in Lowell, Massachusetts by brothers Stanley and Sidney Goldstein and their partner Ralph Hoagland.[5] The name stood for Consumer Value Stores.[6]

History

1960s

The first Consumer Value Store (CVS), selling health and beauty products, was founded in 1963, in Lowell, Massachusetts, by brothers Stanley and Sidney Goldstein and Ralph Hoagland. By 1964, CVS had 17 stores that sold primarily beauty products. In 1967, CVS opened its first stores with pharmacy departments in Warwick, Rhode Island, and Cumberland, Rhode Island.[7] CVS was sold to Melville Corporation in 1969.[7]

1970s

By 1970, CVS was operating 100 stores in New England and the Northeast. In 1972, CVS acquired 84 Clinton Drug and Discount Stores. This purchase introduced CVS to the Midwest with stores in Indiana.[7]

During 1977, CVS acquired 36 New Jersey–based Mack Drug stores.[7]

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

Finances

YearRevenue
in mil. US$		Net income
in mil. US$		Total Assets
in mil. US$		EmployeesStores
200537,0071,22515,247148,0005,474
200643,8211,36920,574176,0006,205
200776,3302,63754,722200,0006,301
200887,4723,21260,960215,0006,981
200998,1443,69061,918211,0007,095
201095,7663,42462,457201,0007,248
2011107,0803,46264,852202,0007,388
2012123,1203,86465,474203,0007,508
2013126,7614,59270,550208,0007,702
2014139,3674,64473,202217,8007,866
2015153,2905,23792,437243,0009,681
2016177,5265,31794,462250,0009,750
2017184,7656,62295,131246,0009,846
2018194,579-594196,456295,0009,967
2019256,7766,634222,449290,0009,941
2020268,7067,179230,715300,0009,962
2021292,1117,910232,999300,0009,900
2022322,4674,165228,275 300,0009,674
[41]

Subsidiaries and assets

Aetna

See main article: Aetna. Aetna Inc. is an American managed health care company that sells traditional and consumer directed health care insurance and related services, such as medical, pharmaceutical, dental, behavioral health, long-term care, and disability plans, primarily through employer-paid (fully or partly) insurance and benefit programs, and through Medicare.

CVS Pharmacy

See main article: CVS Pharmacy. CVS Pharmacy is one of the largest retail pharmacy chains in the United States, with 9,600 stores located in all 50 states,[42] the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, operating primarily under the CVS Pharmacy, CVS, Longs Drugs, Navarro Discount Pharmacy and Drogaria Onofre names.[43] CVS Pharmacy fills more than one of every five prescriptions in the United States, and 85% of U.S. population lives within 10 miles of a CVS Pharmacy.[44] The ExtraCare loyalty program boasts over 70million cardholders, making it the largest retail loyalty program in the country.[45]

MinuteClinic

See main article: MinuteClinic. MinuteClinic retail medical clinics operate inside CVS Pharmacy locations within the United States. It is the largest walk-in medical clinic in the United States, with over 1,100 locations in 33 states and the District of Columbia. More than 50 percent of the U.S. population now lives within 10 miles of a MinuteClinic.

CVS Caremark

CVS Caremark provides comprehensive prescription benefit management services including mail order pharmacy services, specialty pharmacy and infusion services, plan design and administration, formulary management and claims processing. The company's clients are primarily employers, insurance companies, unions, government employee groups, health plans, Managed Medicaid plans and other sponsors of health benefit plans and individuals throughout the United States. CVS Caremark manages the dispensing of prescription drugs for more than 75million plan members through five mail order pharmacies, specialty pharmacies, long-term care pharmacies and national network of more than 68,000 retail pharmacies, consisting of approximately 41,000 chain pharmacies and 27,000 independent pharmacies.

CVS Specialty

CVS Specialty is the specialty pharmacy division that provides specialty pharmacy services for individuals with chronic or genetic diseases who require complex and expensive drug therapies. CVS Health operate 24 retail specialty pharmacy stores and 11 specialty mail order pharmacies, making them the largest specialty pharmacy in the United States.

Longs Drugs

Longs Drugs is a retail pharmacy chain with approximately 40 drug stores throughout the state of Hawaii. The company was acquired by CVS Health in October 2008, and is operated as a separate brand.[46]

Navarro Discount Pharmacies

Navarro Discount Pharmacies is a pharmacy chain, photo service, and pharmacy benefit manager in the United States. The company was acquired by CVS Health in September 2014, and is operated as a separate brand of CVS Health. The company mainly operates in Miami-Dade and Broward Counties and currently has 33 stores.[47]

Accordant

Accordant provides rare disease case management and care management services for patients with rare, chronic diseases and their caregivers. Clients are primarily health plans, employers, and third party administrators (TPAs). The company is operated as a wholly owned subsidiary of CVS Health Corporation.[48]

Coram

Coram is one of the nation's largest providers of infusion services, clinical and compliance monitoring and individual patient counseling and education. Coram cares for 140,000 patients annually through a national network of more than 85 locations as well as the largest home infusion network in the United States. The company was acquired by CVS Health in August 2015, and is operated as a wholly owned subsidiary of CVS Health Corporation.[49]

Omnicare

Omnicare is a provider of pharmacy services to the long-term care market for patients in skilled nursing and assisted living facilities throughout North America. The company was acquired by CVS Health in August 2015, and is operated as a wholly owned subsidiary of CVS Health Corporation.[50]

HealthHUB

HealthHUBs operate inside of select CVS Pharmacy locations and offer a variety of additional services in addition to traditional CVS locations. HealthHUB locations offer and expanded variety of Sleep Apnea, Durable Medical Equipment, Home and Health technology, and compression therapy. HealthHUBs are staffed by Care Concierges who are experts in HealthHub products and services. In addition, MinuteClinic locations that are HealthHub stores have expanded services and hire Medical Assistants, Registered Nurses, and Licensed Practical and Vocational Nurses to help support the Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants.

Store brands and private label brands

CVS Health offers a number of over-the-counter private label brands in their retail pharmacy stores, including grocery brands Gold Emblem™ and Gold Emblem Abound™; household products under the Total Home name; preservative-free vitamins and supplements under the Radiance PLATINUM line; and beauty and skin products through the Beauty 360, Nuance Salma Hayek, Makeup Academy, Skin+Pharmacy, Blade and Essence of Beauty lines.[51]

Tobacco products removed from stores

On February 5, 2014, CVS announced that the company would discontinue the sale of all tobacco and cigarette products from their stores by October 1, 2014. In a statement explaining the change, CVS president and CEO Larry J. Merlo said, "We came to the decision that cigarettes and providing health care just don't go together in the same setting."[52]

Criticism and controversy

Health and Medicare fraud

In the late 1980s and early 1990s Caremark RX was involved in a number of health fraud and Medicare fraud scandals.[53] [54] The combined price to settle this dispute with the U.S. Government cost the company over $250million.[55]

Elensys

In 1998, The Washington Post reported that CVS Corporation appeared to be sharing prescription drug information with the Woburn, Massachusetts, based marketing company, Elensys. According to the Post, Elensys received information on specific prescription drugs that individual CVS customers had purchased and used this information to send targeted direct mailings urging customers to renew prescriptions and promoting other products in which they might be interested. CVS and Elensys argued that there were no privacy issues because Elensys was acting solely as a contractor to CVS, and because the purpose of the mailings was to educate consumers. CVS claimed that it never shared customers' medical histories with Elensys (despite The Washington Post's indirect evidence that they had). George D. Lundberg, editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association, called the practice "a gross invasion" of privacy. Following a firestorm of criticism and complaints by consumers, CVS discontinued the relationship with Elensys, and moved the practice in-house.

Trio Drugs Lawsuit

On August 22, 2001, CVS Corp was sued for purchasing Trio Drugs' confidential records.[56]

Boston prescriptions

During 2005, a series of prescription mistakes came to light in some of CVS Corporation's Boston-area stores. An investigation confirmed 62 errors or quality problems going back to 2002. In February 2006, the state Board of Pharmacy announced that the non-profit Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) would monitor all Massachusetts stores for the next two years.[57]

Restatements

On November 15, 1999, CVS announced a restatement of its financial results for 1997, and 1998, following a Securities and Exchange Commission review of acquisition-related charges.[58]

On February 25, 2005, CVS said it was reducing its previously announced fourth-quarter earnings by $40.5million, to reflect the way it accounted for leased properties in its results.[59]

Pharmaceutical kickbacks

In 2005, Caremark Rx paid $137.5million to settle federal lawsuits filed by whistleblowers that accused a company it acquired in 2003, of improper dealings with pharmaceutical manufacturers.

The lawsuits said that the acquired company, AdvancePCS, accepted kickbacks from drug makers to promote their products over those of rivals under contracts with government programs including the Federal Employees Health Benefit Program, the Mail Handlers Health Benefit Program and Medicare health maintenance plans.[60]

There was no admission of wrongdoing by Caremark or AdvancePCS.

CVS Caremark Corp. has changed their practices. The formulary revision process considers manufacturer rebates, payments from drug manufacturers for low placement on PBM (Pharmacy Benefit Manager) formularies, along with average wholesale price (AWP), drug availability, and bulk discounts when choosing at which co-pay a brand name drug should be placed.[61]

Deceptive business practices

In February 2008, CVS settled a large civil lawsuit for deceptive business practices. The Kaiser Family Foundation reported:[62]

CVS has agreed to a $38.5million settlement in a multi-state civil deceptive-practices lawsuit against pharmacy benefit manager Caremark filed by 28 attorneys general, the Chicago Tribune reports.[63] The attorneys general, led by Lisa Madigan (D) of Illinois and Douglas Ganslar (D) of Maryland, allege that Caremark "engaged in deceptive business practices" by informing physicians that patients or health plans could save money if patients were switched to certain brand-name prescription drugs (Miller, Chicago Tribune, 2/14).

However, the switch often saved patients and health plans only small amounts or increased their costs, while increasing Caremark's profits, Connecticut Attorney General Richard Blumenthal (D) said (Levick, Hartford Courant, 2/15).[64] Pennsylvania Attorney General Tom Corbett (R) said the Pharmacy Benefit Manager (PBM),[65] kept discounts and rebates that should have been passed on to employers and patients (Levy, AP/San Francisco Chronicle, 2/14).[66] In addition, Caremark did not "adequately inform doctors" of the full financial effect of the switch and did not disclose that the switch would increase Caremark's profits, the lawsuit alleges (Chicago Tribune, 2/14).

...The settlement prohibits CVS from requesting prescription drug switches in certain cases, such as when the cost to the patient would be higher with the new prescription drug; when the original prescription drug's patent will expire within six months; and when patients were switched from a similar prescription drug within the previous two years (Hartford Courant, 2/15). Patients also have the ability to decline a switch from the prescribed treatment to the prescription offered by the pharmacy under the settlement, Madigan said (Bloomberg News/The Philadelphia Inquirer, 2/15).[67]

Rhode Island Senate corruption case

In 2008, two former CVS executives, John R. "Jack" Kramer and Carlos Ortiz, were charged with 20 counts of mail fraud, bribery and conspiracy in relation to Operation Dollar Bill, a probe of corruption in the Rhode Island General Assembly. Kramer and Ortiz hired former state senator John Celona, who currently is serving years on corruption charges involving CVS and other companies, as a media consultant for $12,000 a year. Celona was known for walking out on a pharmacy choice vote in the state senate while on the CVS payroll. Despite originally claiming CVS never bought any favors in his own trial, he testified against Kramer and Ortiz as the prosecution's star witness. On May 31, 2008, Kramer and Ortiz were acquitted on all counts. One juror went on the record as saying "My perception living in Rhode Island all my life is, 'Yeah, this probably did go on', but I didn't see any proof beyond a reasonable doubt that CVS did this."[68]

FTC charges of privacy violations

On February 18, 2009, CVS Caremark agreed to settle Federal Trade Commission charges that it failed to take reasonable and appropriate security measures to protect the sensitive financial and medical information of its customers and employees, in violation of federal law. In a separate but related agreement, the company's pharmacy chain also has agreed to pay $2.25million to resolve Department of Health and Human Services allegations that it violated the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).[69]

Business practices under investigation

On May 4, 2010, CVS Caremark Corp. announced that its business practices were being investigated by a group of 24 states, along with the District of Columbia and Los Angeles County. At issue is the post-merger relationship between CVS and Caremark. In addition, the company had earlier acknowledged in a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) that it had received a subpoena from the Office of Inspector General of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, requiring the company to provide information regarding the incentives the company provides to customers who transfer their prescriptions to CVS, including gift cards, goods and other incentives.[70]

DEA investigation into oxycodone diversion

See also: Drug diversion.

According to the U.S. Justice Department, in 2011, CVS pharmacies in Sanford, Florida, ordered enough painkillers to supply a population eight times its size. Sanford has a population of 53,000 but the supply would support 400,000.[71] According to the Drug Enforcement Administration, in 2010, a single CVS pharmacy in Sanford ordered 1.8million Oxycodone pills, an average of 137,994 pills a month. Other pharmacy customers in Florida averaged 5,364 oxycodone pills a month. DEA investigators serving a warrant to a CVS pharmacy in Sanford on October 18, 2011, noted that "approximately every third car that came through the drive-thru lane had prescriptions for oxycodone or hydrocodone". According to the DEA, a pharmacist at that location stated to investigators that "her customers often requested certain brands of oxycodone using street slang", an indicator that the drugs were being diverted and not used for legitimate pain management. In response, CVS in a statement issued February 17 in response to opioid trafficking questions from USA Today said the company is committed to working with the DEA and had taken "significant actions to ensure appropriate dispensing of painkillers in Florida".[72]

FTC charges of deceptive pricing

On January 12, 2012, CVS Caremark paid $5million to settle Federal Trade Commission charges that it misrepresented the prices of certain Medicare Part D prescription drugs – including drugs used to treat breast cancer symptoms and epilepsy – at CVS and Walgreens pharmacies.[73]

Co-responsibility for opioid crisis

In September 2016, Massachusetts Attorney General Maura Healey announced a $795,000 settlement where CVS agrees to check a state database before filling the prescription for addictive opioids and other controlled substances. The settlement resolves previous allegations that the drugstore chain failed to provide pharmacists with access to the state of Massachusetts Prescription Monitoring Program (PMP).[74] In July 2020, the attorney general of the Commonwealth of Kentucky filed a lawsuit against CVS alleging that their business practices aided in the advancing of the opioid epidemic.

In November 2021, a federal jury in Cleveland found that pharmacies operated by CVS Health, Walgreens, and Walmart were liable for contributing to the opioid epidemic in two Ohio counties. The trial lasted six weeks with the jury returning a verdict finding the Ohio pharmacies liable. It was the first trial where pharmacy companies defended themselves amidst the opioid epidemic.[75]

In August 2022, the company was one of three chains ordered to pay damages of $650 million by a Cleveland judge in a lawsuit over opioid sales brought on by Lake County and Trumbull County in Ohio. The other two chains were Walgreens and Walmart, with two others, Rite Aid and Giant Eagle, settling before going to trial. Lawyers representing the counties claimed damages of $3.3 billion.[76]

CFI lawsuit for consumer fraud

In July 2018, the Center for Inquiry filed a lawsuit against CVS for consumer fraud over its sale of homeopathic medicines. The filing in part contends that apart from being a waste of money, choosing homeopathic treatments to the exclusion of evidence-based medicines can result in worsened or prolonged symptoms, and in some cases, even death.[77]

Abortion pill controversy

In January of 2023, CVS announced their intentions to start dispensing mifepristone, one of the two drugs used in a medication abortion, following a change in regulations from the Food and Drug Administration.[78] After receiving their certification to do so, CVS started offering abortion pills in jurisdictions where they are legal.[79] The offering of abortion pills at pharmacies such as CVS has caused major political turmoil, and has resulted in numerous protests in-front of the pharmacies.[80]

Pharmacists mistakenly cause an abortion

In October of 2023, CVS mistakenly gave misoprostol, an abortion pill, to Tamika Thomas, a woman undergoing IVF who was supposed to be receiving a medication to help kick-start her pregnancy.[81] [82] In an interview with 8 News Now, Thomas stated she knew something was wrong when she experienced major cramping. "My cramping went beyond that. It was extreme. It was painful."[83] As a result of the medication, Tamika lost both of her embryos. She stated, "They just killed my baby … Both my babies, because I transferred two embryos."

At the hearing, one of the pharmacists stated, “It’s a human error. It was just a human error, and I’m so sorry.” The two pharmacists were fined and placed on probation for one year. CVS Pharmacy was given a maximum fine of $10,000. The pharmacists will be able to return to work after one year if all conditions are met.[84]

Community involvement and philanthropy

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: CVS Health Subsidiaries . Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) . December 31, 2018.
  2. Web site: CVS Health Corp 2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K) . CVS Health . February 7, 2024 . February 11, 2024 .
  3. Web site: en. The Global 2000 2023. Forbes. 2024-02-07. 2024-01-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20240129031905/https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=4f5ab07e5ac0.
  4. Web site: SCHIFRIN" . "ANDREA MURPHY"," MATT . Forbes 2024 Global 2000 List - The World’s Largest Companies Ranked . 2024-06-18 . Forbes . en.
  5. Web site: Our History. cvshealth.com . 8 December 2021.
  6. Web site: Ryan Preaches PL to CVS Team . Peter . Berlinski . Private Label Magazine . January–February 2006 . 2008-03-03 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080225060455/http://privatelabelmag.com/pdf/jan_2006/Ryan-Preaches-PL-to-CVS-Team.cfm . February 25, 2008 . mdy-all .
  7. Web site: History: CVS Health Corporate Website. 2016-10-20. June 23, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623150426/https://cvshealth.com/about/company-history. dead.
  8. News: Swisher. Kara. 26 June 1990. Peoples Drug Sold For $30 Million. The Washington Post.
  9. Web site: Melville Corp, Form 10-K, Annual Report . March 29, 1995 . EDGAR . March 29, 2013.
  10. Web site: Melville Corp, Form 8-K, Annual Report . December 4, 1995 . EDGAR . October 20, 2016.
  11. Web site: CVS Corp, Form 8-K . May 30, 1997 . EDGAR . March 29, 2013.
  12. Web site: CVS Caremark, Form 8-K . April 3, 1998 . EDGAR . March 29, 2013.
  13. Web site: CVS Caremark, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report . November 14, 2000 . EDGAR . March 29, 2013.
  14. Web site: CVS Caremark, Form 8-K . April 6, 2004 . EDGAR . March 29, 2013.
  15. Web site: CVS Caremark, Form 8-K . June 30, 2006 . EDGAR . March 29, 2013.
  16. Web site: CVS Caremark, Form 8-K/A . August 8, 2006 . EDGAR . March 29, 2013.
  17. News: CVS focused on integrating mergers. Reuters. November 15, 2007. 2008-02-25.
  18. Web site: CVS Caremark, Form 8-K . March 23, 2007 . EDGAR . March 29, 2013.
  19. Web site: CVS Caremark, Form 8-K . October 20, 2008 . EDGAR . March 29, 2013.
  20. Web site: Japsen . Bruce . CVS Stops Tobacco Sales Today, Changes Name To Reflect New Era . September 3, 2014 . Forbes.
  21. Web site: O'Donnel . Jayne . Ungar . Laura . CVS stops selling tobacco, offers quit-smoking programs . September 3, 2014 . USA Today.
  22. Web site: September 3, 2014 . CVS Stops Tobacco Sales Sooner Than Planned, Changes Name . September 3, 2014 . NBC News.
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  24. Web site: CVS Health Corp, Form 8-K . August 18, 2015 . EDGAR . October 20, 2016.
  25. Web site: CVS Health Corp, Form 8-K . December 16, 2015 . EDGAR . October 20, 2016.
  26. News: Nanos . Janelle . CVS to launch kiosks in travel hubs and college campuses . . 2017-09-07 . 2017-09-07 .
  27. News: Johnson . Carolyn Y. . December 3, 2017 . CVS agrees to buy Aetna in $69billion deal that could shake up health-care industry, people familiar with the deal said . December 3, 2017 . The Washington Post.
  28. News: de la Merced . Michael J. . December 3, 2017 . CVS Is Said to Agree to Buy Aetna, Reshaping Health Care Industry . December 3, 2017 . The New York Times.
  29. News: CVS agrees to buy Aetna in $69 billion deal, people familiar with the deal say. Carolyn Y.. Johnson. The Washington Post. Chicago Tribune. December 3, 2017. December 3, 2017.
  30. News: Dana. Mattioli. Anna. Wilde Mathews. Nathan. Becker. December 5, 2017. Aetna's Outgoing CEO Set to Reap About $500 Million if CVS Deal Closes. The Wall Street Journal. December 5, 2017. subscription.
  31. News: Bomey . Nathan . CVS plans changes to stores after Aetna deal . . 2018-11-28 . 2018-11-30 .
  32. News: CVS turning 1,500 stores into HealthHUB locations with less retail, more health care. Bomey . Nathan . USA Today. 2019-06-06.
  33. Web site: CVS Health Announces Upcoming Changes to Board of Directors . 2020-02-06 . finance.yahoo.com . en-US.
  34. News: Gagosz . Alexa . 2021-11-18 . CVS to close 900 stores over three years . 2021-11-18 . The Boston Globe.
  35. News: Hoffman . Jan . 2021-11-23 . CVS, Walgreens and Walmart Fueled Opioid Crisis, Jury Finds . 2021-12-06 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  36. Web site: CVS, Microsoft ink alliance to develop digital health, personalized products . healthcaredive.com . 21 January 2022.
  37. Web site: CVS Health partners with Microsoft to advance digital-first strategy . healthcarefinancenews.com . 21 January 2022.
  38. Web site: Josephs . Leslie . CVS to buy home health giant Signify Health for about $8 billion . 2022-09-06 . CNBC . September 5, 2022 . en.
  39. Web site: Repko . Melissa . CVS says it plans to get into primary care by year-end . 2022-09-06 . CNBC . August 3, 2022 . en.
  40. Web site: Crawford . T.J. . 2023-02-08 . CVS Health to acquire Oak Street Health . 2023-02-08 . CVS Health . en.
  41. Web site: CVS Health Financial Statements 2005-2020 | CVS.
  42. Web site: Number of CVS Pharmacy locations in the United States. ScrapeHero. 2020-04-20.
  43. Web site: CVS/pharmacy. CVS Health. June 15, 2015. June 26, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150626020436/http://www.cvshealth.com/our-businesses/cvspharmacy. dead.
  44. Web site: CVS Healthcare 2020 in Review. 2021-12-29. cvshealth2020inreview.com. December 29, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211229231056/https://cvshealth2020inreview.com/. dead.
  45. Web site: CVS Health 2015 Annual Report. October 20, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161221174706/http://investors.cvshealth.com/~/media/Files/C/CVS-IR-v3/reports/2015-annual-report.pdf. December 21, 2016. dead.
  46. Web site: CVS Caremark Reports Successful Tender Offer for Longs Drug Stores Shares. October 21, 2016. October 26, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161026163000/http://cvshealth.com/newsroom/press-releases/cvs-caremark-reports-successful-tender-offer-longs-drug-stores-shares. dead.
  47. Web site: CVS Health Completes Purchase of Navarro Discount Pharmacy. October 21, 2016. October 26, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161026163023/http://cvshealth.com/newsroom/press-releases/cvs-health-completes-purchase-navarro-discount-pharmacy. dead.
  48. Web site: Accordant website. October 21, 2016.
  49. Web site: CVS Caremark Completes Acquisition of Coram Infusion Business from Apria Healthcare. October 21, 2016. October 26, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161026162625/http://www.cvshealth.com/newsroom/press-releases/cvs-caremark-completes-acquisition-coram-infusion-business-apria-healthcare. dead.
  50. Web site: CVS Health Completes Omnicare Acquisition. October 21, 2016.
  51. Web site: CVS Pharmacy Store Brands. October 25, 2016. October 26, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161026075851/http://cvshealth.com/about/our-offerings/cvs-pharmacy/store-brands. dead.
  52. News: CVS Vows to Quit Selling Tobacco Products . Stephanie . Strom . The New York Times . February 5, 2014.
  53. Caremark to Pay $161 Million in Fraud and Kickback Cases . . 2008-02-25.
  54. News: 2005-05-27 . Report: Caremark, DOJ nearing settlement . 2008-02-25 . Nashville Business Journal.
  55. In Re Caremark Int'l, Inc., Derivative Litigation. 698. A.2d. 959. Delaware Chancery Court. 1996. https://casetext.com/case/in-re-caremark-intern-inc-deriv-lit. 2010-10-27.
  56. Web site: CE: Recent legal cases of 2001: A heads-up for pharmacists . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131113231215/http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drug-topics/news/ce-recent-legal-cases-2001-heads-pharmacists . November 13, 2013 . mdy-all.
  57. News: CVS faces pharmacy reviews . Christopher . Rowland . . 2006-02-10 . 2008-02-25.
  58. Web site: 1999 . CVS Will Restate Results After SEC Prompts Revision Of Charges .
  59. Web site: CVS to restate 4Q on accounting change . dead . https://archive.today/20131021084201/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=99533&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=679162&highlight= . 2013-10-21.
  60. News: Martinez . Barbara . September 9, 2005 . Caremark Settles U.S. Probe Tied To AdvancePCS . 2024-03-26 . . en-US.
  61. Web site: Pharmacy Benefit Managers. Prescription Policy Choices. May 2, 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101015115814/http://www.policychoices.org/pharmacy_benefit_managers.shtml. October 15, 2010. mdy-all.
  62. Web site: CVS Caremark Agrees To Pay $38.5M To Settle Allegations That It Did Not Pass on Rebates, Discounts to Patients, Employers . Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report . 2008-02-15 . 2008-02-25 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100710023302/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/daily_reports/rep_index.cfm?DR_ID=50454 . July 10, 2010 . mdy.
  63. News: CVS Caremark settles deceptive-practices complaint for $38.5 million . James P. . Miller . . 2008-02-14 . 2013-04-29.
  64. News: Caremark Settles States' Probe . Diane . Levick . . 2008-02-15 . 2020-07-24.
  65. Pharmacy Benefit Manager
  66. News: Caremark to pay $38M to settle drug-switching complaint . Marc . Levy . . . 2008-02-14 . 2008-02-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080611191514/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F02%2F14%2Fstate%2Fn134614S07.DTL . June 11, 2008 . dead . mdy-all .
  67. News: CVS to pay millions to settle drug-cost case . Andrew . Harris . . . 2008-02-15 . 2020-07-24.
  68. News: Kramer, Ortiz innocent. Providence Journal . May 31, 2008 .
  69. Web site: 2009-02-18 . CVS Caremark Settles FTC Charges . 2012-01-15 . Federal Trade Commission (FTC).
  70. Web site: CVS Says Its Business Practices Probed by 24 States (Update1) . . 2010-05-04 . 2010-06-07 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100506115656/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-05-04/cvs-says-its-business-practices-probed-by-24-states-update1-.html . May 6, 2010 . mdy-all .
  71. News: Schoenberg . Tom . 2012-02-29 . Cardinal Health Blocked From Shipping Painkiller in Florida . Bloomberg News.
  72. News: 2012-02-27 . Most Popular E-mail Newsletter . USA Today.
  73. Web site: CVS Caremark Corporation Settles FTC Deceptive Pricing Charges. Federal Trade Commission . 2012-01-12 . 2012-01-15.
  74. News: Swasey . Benjamin . Newsroom . Staff . In Settlement With Mass., CVS Agrees To Strengthen Policies Around Dispensing Opioids . WBUR-FM . 2016-09-01 . 2016-09-02 .
  75. Web site: Walgreens, Walmart and CVS Pharmacies Contributed to Opioid Epidemic, Ohio Jury Finds. Wall Street Journal. November 23, 2021. Kris Maher. March 24, 2022.
  76. Web site: Walgreens, Walmart and CVS ordered to pay $650 million over opioid sales . 2022-08-20 . NBC News . August 18, 2022 . en.
  77. . CENTER FOR INQUIRY SUES CVS FOR FRAUD OVER SALE OF HOMEOPATHIC FAKE MEDICINE . Center for Inquiry . July 9, 2018 . July 9, 2018.
  78. Web site: Coombs . Spencer Kimball, Bertha . 2023-01-05 . CVS and Walgreens plan to sell abortion pill mifepristone at pharmacies after FDA rule change . 2023-11-23 . CNBC . en.
  79. Web site: Drug Info Center - Search Drug . 2023-11-23 . CVS .
  80. Web site: 2023-01-11 . Next frontier in the abortion wars: Your local CVS . 2023-11-23 . POLITICO . en.
  81. Web site: Bhaimiya . Sawdah . A woman who was accidentally given abortion pills by a pharmacy when she was undergoing IVF said her plans to have a big family were shattered . 2023-11-23 . Business Insider . en-US.
  82. Web site: Shaheen . Mansur . 2023-10-05 . Woman Suffers Unthinkable Tragedy After Pharmacy Mix-Up Leads to Accidental Abortion . 2023-11-23 . The Messenger . en . November 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231123034313/https://themessenger.com/health/las-vegas-nevada-abortion-woman-timika-thomas-accidental . dead .
  83. Web site: 2023-10-03 . CVS abortion medication mixup ends pregnancy dreams . 2023-11-23 . KLAS . en-US.
  84. Web site: 2023-10-03 . CVS abortion medication mixup ends Las Vegas woman's pregnancy dreams: 'All I got was a sorry' . 2023-11-23 . Yahoo News . en-US.
  85. Web site: CVS Caremark Charity Classic . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080208193433/http://www.cvscharityclassic.com/ . February 8, 2008 . 2008-03-03 . CVS Caremark . mdy-all.
  86. Web site: February 22, 2024 . CVS Health invests nearly $35 million in affordable housing in Hawai'i . https://web.archive.org/web/20240228002742/https://www.stocktitan.net/news/CVS/cvs-health-invests-nearly-35-million-in-affordable-housing-in-hawai-9bbxef5vk4aq.html . 2024-02-28 . 2024-02-27 . Stock Titan . en.

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