CSN2 explained

Beta-casein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSN2 gene.^{[1] [2]} It is in the class of phosphoproteins and generally occurs in mammalian milk.

Further reading

• Letwin K, Mizzen L, Motro B . A mammalian dual specificity protein kinase, Nek1, is related to the NIMA cell cycle regulator and highly expressed in meiotic germ cells. . EMBO J. . 11 . 10 . 3521–31 . 1992 . 1382974 . 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05435.x. 556810 . etal.
• Lönnerdal B, Bergström S, Andersson Y . Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding human milk beta-casein. . FEBS Lett. . 269 . 1 . 153–6 . 1990 . 2387396 . 10.1016/0014-5793(90)81142-B . 84999340 . etal. free .
• Menon RS, Ham RG . Human beta-casein: partial cDNA sequence and apparent polymorphism. . Nucleic Acids Res. . 17 . 7 . 2869 . 1989 . 2717418 . 10.1093/nar/17.7.2869 . 317677 .
• Greenberg R, Groves ML, Dower HJ . Human beta-casein. Amino acid sequence and identification of phosphorylation sites. . J. Biol. Chem. . 259 . 8 . 5132–8 . 1984 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42966-8 . 6715339 . free .
• Chen CS, Bejcek BE, Kersey JH . A mapping study of 13 genes on human chromosome bands 4q11→q25. . Cytogenet. Cell Genet. . 69 . 3–4 . 260–5 . 1995 . 7698025 . 10.1159/000133976 .
• Hansson L, Edlund A, Johansson T . Structure of the human beta-casein encoding gene . Gene . 139 . 2 . 193–9 . 1994 . 8112603 . 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90754-4 . etal.
• McConkey EH, Menon R, Williams G . Assignment of the gene for beta-casein (CSN2) to 4q13 → q21 in humans and 3p13 → p12 in chimpanzees . Cytogenet. Cell Genet. . 72 . 1 . 60–2 . 1996 . 8565637 . 10.1159/000134163 . etal.
• Wilmouth RC, Clifton IJ, Robinson CV . Structure of a specific acyl-enzyme complex formed between beta-casomorphin-7 and porcine pancreatic elastase . Nat. Struct. Biol. . 4 . 6 . 456–62 . 1997 . 9187653 . 10.1038/nsb0697-456 . 46268643 . etal.
• Winklehner-Jennewein P, Geymayer S, Lechner J . A distal enhancer region in the human beta-casein gene mediates the response to prolactin and glucocorticoid hormones . Gene . 217 . 1–2 . 127–39 . 1998 . 9795185 . 10.1016/S0378-1119(98)00380-1 . etal.
• Gray CW, Ward RV, Karran E . Characterization of human HtrA2, a novel serine protease involved in the mammalian cellular stress response . Eur. J. Biochem. . 267 . 18 . 5699–710 . 2000 . 10971580 . 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01589.x . etal. free .
• Sood SM, Slatter CW . Suspension of the calcium-sensitive human beta-caseins by human kappa-casein . J. Dairy Sci. . 85 . 6 . 1353–6 . 2003 . 12146463 . 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74200-8 . free .
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . 2002PNAS...9916899M . etal. free .
• Ohashi A, Murata E, Yamamoto K . New functions of lactoferrin and beta-casein in mammalian milk as cysteine protease inhibitors . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. . 306 . 1 . 98–103 . 2003 . 12788072 . 10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00917-3 . etal.
• Reimer T, Weiwad M, Schierhorn A . Phosphorylation of the N-terminal domain regulates subcellular localization and DNA binding properties of the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase hPar14 . J. Mol. Biol. . 330 . 5 . 955–66 . 2003 . 12860119 . 10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00713-7 . etal.
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA . The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) . Genome Res. . 14 . 10B . 2121–7 . 2004 . 15489334 . 10.1101/gr.2596504 . 528928 . etal.
• Miller SL, DeMaria JE, Freier DO . Novel association of Vav2 and Nek3 modulates signaling through the human prolactin receptor . Mol. Endocrinol. . 19 . 4 . 939–49 . 2005 . 15618286 . 10.1210/me.2004-0443 . etal. free .
• Sood SM, Lekic T, Jhawar H . Reconstituted micelle formation using reduced, carboxymethylated bovine kappa-casein and human beta-casein . Protein J. . 25 . 5 . 352–60 . 2007 . 16947075 . 10.1007/s10930-006-9022-7 . 84941322 . etal.
• Buser AC, Gass-Handel EK, Wyszomierski SL . Progesterone receptor repression of prolactin/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5-mediated transcription of the beta-casein gene in mammary epithelial cells . Mol. Endocrinol. . 21 . 1 . 106–25 . 2007 . 16973758 . 10.1210/me.2006-0297 . etal. free .

Notes and References

1. Menon RS, Chang YF, Jeffers KF, Jones C, Ham RG . Regional localization of human beta-casein gene (CSN2) to 4pter-q21 . Genomics . 13 . 1 . 225–6 . Jun 1992 . 1577486 . 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90227-J .
2. Web site: Entrez Gene: CSN2 casein beta.