CPR-1000 explained

The CPR-1000, or CPR1000 (Chinese PWR) is a Generation II+ pressurized water reactor, based on the French 900 MWe three cooling loop design (M310) imported in the 1980s, improved to have a slightly increased net power output of 1,000 MWe (1080 MWe gross) and a 60-year design life.

The CPR-1000 is built and operated by the China General Nuclear Power Group (CGNPG), formerly known as China Guangdong Nuclear Power. Progressively more Chinese manufactured components were used in the units; the second unit built had 70% of its equipment manufactured in China, with a 90% Chinese content target for later builds.

Construction

On 15 July 2010, China's first CPR-1000 nuclear power plant, Ling Ao-3, was connected to the grid,[1] having started criticality testing on 11 June 2010.[2] It started commercial operations on 27 September 2010,[3] with Ling Ao-4 starting commercial operation on 7 August 2011.[4]

18 CPR-1000 reactors have been built as of December 2019.[5] Besides Ling Ao unit 3 & 4, the CPR-1000 reactor has been realised in Fangchenggang (unit 1 & 2), Fangjiashan (unit 1 & 2), Hongyanhe (unit 1–4), Ningde (unit 1–4), Yangjiang (unit 1–4).[6]

Design

On the basis of the M310, CGN developed an improved Generation II pressurized water reactor called CPR-1000.[7] CPR-1000 takes a large proportion in all the reactors being built in China. The M310 uses as its base design units 5 & 6 of the Gravelines Nuclear Power Station in France.[8]

The CPR-1000 has a 1086 MWe capacity, a three-loop design and 157 fuel assemblies (active length 12 ft), enriched to 4.5% U-235. The fuel assembly design is AREVA's 17x17 AFA 3G M5, which can be fabricated in China. Other features include has a design life that could extend beyond 40 years and an 18-month fuel cycle. It has a digital instrumentation and control system, and is equipped with hydrogen recombiners and containment spray pumps.[9]

The original M310 reactors at Daya Bay and Ling Ao Phase 1 are sometimes also called CPR-1000s, but these are closely based on the French 900 MWe design (M310), with net power output below 1,000 MWe, and using mostly imported components.[10]

Some CPR-1000 intellectual property rights are retained by Areva, which limits overseas sales potential. However the Financial Times reported in 2010 that Areva was considering marketing the CPR-1000 as a smaller and simpler second-generation reactor design alongside its larger EPR, for countries that are new to nuclear power.[11] [12] In January 2012, CGNPG agreed a partnership with Areva and EDF to develop a reactor based on the CPR-1000, which may create a design converged with Mitsubishi and Areva's 1000 MWe Atmea reactor.[13]

CNP-1000 is a similar 3-loop-design by CNNC, but with a different reactor core.

ACPR-1000

In 2010, CGNPG announced a further design evolution to a Generation III level, the ACPR-1000, which would also replace intellectual property right-limited components from the CPR-1000.CGNPG aimed to be able to independently market the ACPR-1000 for export by 2013.[14] CGNPG has been conducting the development work in cooperation with Dongfang Electric, Shanghai Electric, Harbin Electric, China First Heavy Industries and China Erzhong.[15]

The core of the ACPR1000 comprises 157 fuel assemblies (active length 14 ft) and has a design life of 60 years.[9] Other features include a core catcher and double containment as additional safety measures[16] and ten major technical improvements over its predecessor the CPR-1000. It was the first Chinese reactor to have a domestically developed digital control system.[17] Unit 5 and 6 at Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant are similarly classified as ACPRs.

Yangjiang 5 was the first construction of an ACPR-1000 reactor, starting in late 2013.[18] It began commercial operation in July 2018.

ACPR-1000+

Following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, a revised design called at the time ACPR-1000+ was described. Features include double containment to protect against external explosions and airplanes, improved seismic capability to 0.3 g, increased core thermal margins and improved operation systems.[19] The gross power output has been increased to 1150 MWe.[20] The ACPR-1000+ was envisaged for export from 2014.[21]

Merger of ACP-1000 and ACPR-1000 into Hualong One

Since 2011, CNNC has been progressively merging its ACP-1000 nuclear power station design[22] with the CGN ACPR-1000 design, while allowing some differences, under direction of the Chinese nuclear regulator. Both are three-loop designs originally based on the same French M310 design used in Daya Bay with 157 fuel assemblies, but went through different development processes (CNNC's ACP-1000 has a more domestic design with 177 fuel assemblies while CGN's ACPR-1000 is a closer copy with 157 fuel assemblies).[23] In early 2014, it was announced that the merged design was moving from preliminary design to detailed design. Power output will be 1150 MWe, with a 60-year design life, and would use a combination of passive and active safety systems with a double containment. CNNC's 177 fuel assembly design was retained.

Initially the merged design was to be called the ACC-1000,[24] [25] [26] but ultimately it was named Hualong One. In August 2014 the Chinese nuclear regulator review panel classified the design as a Generation III reactor design, with independently owned intellectual property rights.[27] [28] As a result of the success of the merger, ACP-1000 and ACPR-1000 designs are no longer being offered.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: First power at China's Ling Ao . Nuclear Engineering International . 16 July 2010 . 17 July 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110613090954/http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectioncode=132&storyCode=2056890 . 13 June 2011 .
  2. News: Reactor starts up at Ling Ao II . World Nuclear News . 11 June 2010 . 18 July 2010.
  3. News: New Ling Ao II unit enters into service . World Nuclear News . 27 September 2010 . 2 October 2010.
  4. News: Second Ling Ao II unit enters service . World Nuclear News. 8 August 2011 . 12 December 2012.
  5. Web site: Nuclear Power in China . World Nuclear Association . December 2019 . 2020-01-03.
  6. Web site: China, People's Republic of . . 2020-01-02 . Power Reactor Information System (PRIS) . International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) . 2020-01-03 .
  7. Web site: Cpr1000,中国改进型压水堆核电技术 . 2010-05-01 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100331204406/http://www.cgnpc.com.cn/n2881959/n3065965/n3070695/index.html . 2010-03-31 .
  8. Web site: CPR1000 Design, Safety Performance and Operability . Lau . Steven . IAEA . Daya Bay Nuclear Power Operations and Management Company . 5 July 2011 . 3 November 2019.
  9. Web site: Chinese reactor design evolution - Nuclear Engineering International .
  10. News: Fuel loading starts at new Chinese reactor . World Nuclear News. 22 April 2010. 18 July 2010.
  11. News: Areva considers producing cheaper reactors. Peggy Hollinger. 15 January 2010. Financial Times. 19 January 2010.
  12. News: Energy: Cooling ambitions . Peggy Hollinger . 19 October 2010 . Financial Times . 29 October 2010.
  13. News: Areva sticks with plan to build 10 nuclear reactors by 2016 . Geert De Clercq and Benjamin Mallet . Reuters . 28 February 2013 . 7 March 2013 . 28 March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130328050846/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/28/us-areva-results-idUSBRE91R1DY20130228 . live .
  14. News: China prepares to export reactors . World Nuclear News . 25 November 2010 . 18 December 2010.
  15. News: The ACPR1000 with Chinese IPR debuts at the international market . Xinhua . 17 November 2011 . 10 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131022141119/http://www.dynabondpowertech.com/en/nuclear-power-news/national-news/39-cgnpc/5172-the-acpr1000-with-chinese-ipr-debuts-at-the-international-market- . 2013-10-22 . dead .
  16. News: China: The next few years are crucial for nuclear industry growth . Yun Zhou . Ux Consulting . Nuclear Engineering International . 31 July 2013 . 8 August 2013.
  17. News: Yangjiang 5 enters commercial operation . World Nuclear News . 13 July 2018 . 12 March 2019.
  18. News: Yangjiang 1 commercial operation makes site China's sixth working NPP . Nuclear Engineering International . 28 March 2014 . 29 March 2014.
  19. Web site: ACPR1000+ . China Guangdong Nuclear Power Company . 25 October 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130513162113/http://www.cgnpc.com.cn/n2881959/n3673953/n3674020/n3674210/ . 2013-05-13.
  20. Web site: ACPR1000+ (powerpoint) . China Guangdong Nuclear Power Company . 10 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130513154217/http://www.cgnpc.com.cn/n2881959/n3673953/n3674020/n5996822/n6006050.files/n6009188.ppt . 2013-05-13.
  21. Web site: Nuclear Power in China . World Nuclear Association . July 2012 . 10 August 2012 . 13 February 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120213105328/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf63.html . dead .
  22. Web site: I&C application status in NPPs in China . Wang Yanjun . China Nuclear Power Engineering Co. . 22 May 2013 . 11 October 2013 . etal . https://web.archive.org/web/20131012020859/http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Downloadable/Meetings/2013/2013-05-22-05-24-TWG-NPE/day-1/7.china_presentation.pdf . 12 October 2013 . live .
  23. Web site: Nuclear Power in China . World Nuclear Association . 24 September 2013 . 30 September 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131103023128/http://world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-A-F/China--Nuclear-Power/ . 3 November 2013 . live.
  24. Web site: CGN Chairman He Yu Makes Proposal for Promoting Export of China-designed Nuclear Power Technology ACC1000 . CGN . 6 March 2014 . 7 April 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140408221247/http://en.cgnpc.com.cn/n1508/n1509/c577234/content.html . 8 April 2014.
  25. Web site: Nuclear Power in China . World Nuclear Association . April 2014 . 7 April 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131103023128/http://world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-A-F/China--Nuclear-Power/ . 3 November 2013 . live.
  26. News: Chinese reactor design evolution . Caroline Peachey . Nuclear Engineering International . 22 May 2014 . 23 May 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191228044848/https://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurechinese-reactor-design-evolution-4272370/ . 28 December 2019 . live .
  27. News: China's new nuclear baby . World Nuclear News . 2 September 2014 . 9 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190908021134/http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/E-Chinas-new-nuclear-baby-0209141.html . 8 September 2019 . live .
  28. Web site: Independent Gen-III Hualong-1 reactor technology passes national review . CGN . 22 August 2014 . 9 March 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175249/http://en.cgnpc.com.cn/n1508/n1509/c755899/content.html . 2 April 2015 .

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