COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom explained

COVID-19 vaccination programme in the United Kingdom
Date: – present
Location:United Kingdom
Cause:COVID-19 pandemic
Target:Immunisation of the public in the United Kingdom against COVID-19
Participants:53,710,109 have received one vaccine dose
50,483,527 have received two vaccine doses
40,196,024 have received three vaccine doses,
6,200,537 have received a fourth dose[1]
Outcome:92.9% of UK population 12+ have received one vaccine dose
86.8% of UK population 12+ have received two vaccine doses
69% of UK population 12+ have received three vaccine doses
Website:GOV.UK

The COVID-19 vaccination programme in the United Kingdom is an ongoing mass immunisation campaign for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.

Vaccinations began on 8 December 2020 after Margaret Keenan became the first person in the world (outside trials) to receive her first dose of two of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine.[2] There are three vaccines currently in use; following approval of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (Comirnaty), vaccines developed by University of Oxford and AstraZeneca (Vaxzevria), and the United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and Moderna (Spikevax) have been rolled out., there were four other COVID-19 vaccines on order for the programme, at varying stages of development.

Phase 1 of the rollout prioritised the most vulnerable, in a schedule primarily based on age. The delivery plan was adjusted on 30 December 2020, delaying second doses so that more people could receive their first dose. A target to give all 15 million people in the top four priority groups their first dose by the middle of February 2021 was announced on 4 January 2021, and achieved on 14 February 2021. The next five groups were offered a vaccine by 15 April, and 32 million doses were administered by that point. In June 2021, all adults aged 18+ were able to get their first dose of a vaccine. The vaccine rollout was expanded to adolescent children and booster doses during the later months of that year.[3] In response to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, third vaccine doses were made available to all adults in December 2021.[4]

The UK's rollout was among the fastest in the world with among the highest uptake in its first few months, although vaccination rates had slowed down or plateaued by autumn 2021 due to lower uptake in younger age groups.[5] [6] Polling suggests the UK's level of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is among the world's lowest.[7]

Vaccination sites include GP practices, care homes and pharmacies, as well as hospitals., there were 2,057 vaccination sites operating in England.[8] There are over 1,100 vaccination sites operating in Scotland.[9] As of 25 May 2021, there were 462 vaccination sites operating in Wales.[10] Additional sites, including large venues such as sports stadia, entered the programme from 11 January 2021, with seven mass vaccination centres opening in England initially and seven in Wales.[11]

New guidance for allergy sufferers, antibody tests, new variants of SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.1.7 and B.1.617) and the use of the AstraZeneca vaccine in younger adults have been issued throughout the programme.

The programme also includes procurement of vaccines for British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies.[12] [13]

According to a June 2022 study published in The Lancet, COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom prevented an additional 507,000 deaths from December 8, 2020 to December 8, 2021.[14] [15]

Background

Responsibility for deployment

On 28 November 2020 the new role of Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for COVID-19 Vaccine Deployment was set up within the Department of Health and Social Care in the Government of the United Kingdom, with Nadhim Zahawi the first to take office.[16]

Vaccines on order

There are several COVID-19 vaccines at various stages of development around the world. By February 2021 the British Government had placed orders for a combined total of 457 million doses across 8 different vaccines,[17] [18] [19] and as of 23 August 2021 this had increased to more than 540 million doses.[20] This does not equate to the number of people that can be immunised as most vaccines require more than one dose.

In September 2021, the UK government cancelled their 190-million-dose Valneva order, citing supply concerns.[21]

The breakdown of the vaccines currently being considered for the vaccination programme is as follows:[22] [23]

!Vaccine!Origin!Progress!Doses ordered!Approval!Deployment
Pfizer–BioNTechUS/Germanyphase III clinical trials189 million
Oxford–AstraZenecaUK/Sweden/Indiaphase III clinical trials100 million[24] [25]
ModernaUSphase III clinical trials77 million[26] [27]
Janssen (Johnson & Johnson)US/Belgium/Netherlandsphase III clinical trials20 million[28]
NovavaxUS/Indiaphase III clinical trials60 million[29]
GSK/Sanofi PasteurUK/Francephase III clinical trials60 million
CureVacGermanyphase III clinical trials50 million

History

Regulatory approvals

On 2 December 2020, the UK became the first country to give approval for use of the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine,[30] [31] later branded as Comirnaty.[32] This was in the form of a temporary authorisation given by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) under Regulation 174 of the Human Medicines Regulations 2012.[33] Regulatory approval is reserved under the devolution settlement. The first batch arrived in the UK the next day and was initially stored at an undisclosed central hub before being distributed to hospital vaccination centres across the country.[34]

On 30 December 2020, the UK also became the first country to approve the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine.

On 8 January 2021, the Moderna vaccine was approved as the third vaccine to enter the programme.

On 28 January 2021, the results of the Novavax vaccine trials, which were undertaken in the UK and in South Africa, showed it was 95.6% effective against the original SARS-CoV-2 strains and 85.6% against the Variant of Concern 202012/01, then prevalent in the UK. The company stated it had begun the process of requesting clearance for use in the UK.[35] The Novavax vaccine was the first to be tested in clinical trials for efficacy against the UK's prevailing Variant of Concern 202012/01.[36] In clinical trial subjects without HIV infections, the vaccine was also 60% effective against the 501.V2 variant, a SARS-CoV-2 strain first detected in South Africa.

On 28 May 2021, the Janssen vaccine was the fourth vaccine to be approved in the UK.[28]

On 3 February 2022, the Novavax vaccine was the fifth vaccine to be approved in the UK.[29]

On 14 April 2022, the UK became the first country to approve the Valneva vaccine. This is the sixth COVID-19 vaccine that the MHRA has approved.[37]

Rollout timeline

This timeline lists the general availability of vaccine appointments in England, by date. The dates differed slightly in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (not listed here).

Availability of vaccine appointments in England, by date!Start date

!Appointments available for!Prioritygroup!Ref

8 December 2020Residents in a care home for older adults and their carers; and all aged 80 and over1 and part of 2[38]
Procedures set out on 9 and 14 January 2021Frontline health and social care workersPart of 2[39] [40]
18 January 2021All aged 70 and over, and clinically extremely vulnerable individuals3 and 4
15 February 2021All aged 65 and over; and those aged 16 to 64 with underlying health conditions which put them at higher risk of serious disease and mortality5 and 6[41]
1 March 2021All aged 60 and over7[42]
6 March 2021All aged 56 and over8 (age adjusted from 55)[43]
17 March 2021All aged 50 and over9[44]
13 April 2021All aged 45 and over[45]
26 April 2021All aged 44 and over[46]
27 April 2021All aged 42 and over[47]
30 April 2021All aged 40 and over[48]
13 May 2021All aged 38 and over[49]
18 May 2021All aged 36 and over[50]
20 May 2021All aged 34 and over[51]
22 May 2021All aged 32 and over[52]
26 May 2021All aged 30 and over[53]
8 June 2021All aged 25 and over[54]
15 June 2021All aged 23 and over[55]
16 June 2021All aged 21 and over
18 June 2021All adults (ie aged 18 and over)[56]

On 8 December 2020, Margaret Keenan, 90, became the first person in the world (outside trials) to receive the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine as the rollout of vaccinations began.[57] William Shakespeare, 81, from Warwickshire became the second person, and the first man, to be vaccinated.[58] Both vaccinations took place at University Hospital Coventry. On 4 January 2021, Brian Pinker, 82, became the first person (outside trials) to receive the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine. The vaccination took place at the Churchill Hospital, Oxford. England Health Secretary, Matt Hancock said this was a "pivotal moment" in the programme as this vaccine was easier to transport and store, requiring only ordinary fridge temperatures. Six hospitals in England began the Oxford vaccine rollout using the first batch of around 530,000 doses.[59]

The Queen and Prince Philip, then 94 and 99 respectively, received their vaccinations within their Windsor Castle residence on 9 January 2021.[60] Prince William cited their example, a week later, to encourage everyone to take up the vaccine[61] after hearing that a degree of vaccine hesitancy had set in.

The rollout to the over 70s and clinically extremely vulnerable began on 18 January 2021,[62] representing the fourth priority group and the final group needed to complete the government's initial 15 February target.

Over 20 million first doses were administered by 28 February 2021.[63]

On 19 March, Prime Minister Boris Johnson received his first dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine at St. Thomas' Hospital. By this point, more than 26 million people had received their first dose of a COVID-19 Vaccine.[64]

On 7 April 2021, Elle Taylor, 24, became the first person in the UK (outside trials) to receive the Moderna vaccine. The vaccine was administered on Miss Taylor, an unpaid carer from Ammanford, at Glangwili General Hospital, Carmarthen.[65]

Guidance

On 9 December 2020, the MHRA issued updated guidance, after two cases of anaphylaxis and another case of a possible allergic reaction following the vaccination. In the statement, June Raine, MHRA chief executive, said:[66]

Raine went on to say that such side effects have been known to happen with any vaccine but are "very rare". She continued to confirm that existing appointments should not be cancelled but people with a history of serious allergies should discuss this beforehand. Furthermore, she expressed confidence in the safety, assessment and monitoring of the vaccine. Guidance was given that vaccine recipients should be monitored for at least 15 minutes after vaccination and centres must be prepared for such events including the availability of an anaphylaxis pack. The two people affected were quickly treated and recovered well.

The Department of Health and Social Care confirmed that although the vaccine triggers the creation of antibodies, vaccination does not affect the result of an antibody test to detect whether someone has previously contracted the virus. This is because there are differences between the antibodies triggered and those being tested for.[67]

, Public Health England said there is "no evidence" to suggest that the recently identified Variant of Concern 202012/01 (a new variant of SARS-CoV-2) would be resistant to the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine currently being used in the programme, and people should still be protected.[68]

, the JCVI issued advice to the government stating "that it is preferable for adults aged under 30 with no underlying conditions to be offered an alternative to the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine where available, following reports of extremely rare blood clots in a very small number of people."[69]

, the JCVI issued advice to the government stating "the JCVI has advised a preference for adults aged 30 to 39 without underlying health conditions to receive an alternative to the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine – where available and only if this does not cause substantial delays in being vaccinated, on extremely rare cases of concurrent thrombosis (blood clots) and thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) following the first dose of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine."[70]

it was expected that vaccination would become mandatory for those working in aged care (excluding those medically exempt).[71]

Companies and organisations involved

In the months before approval of the first vaccine, the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (an independent group of experts) gave advice to the Vaccine Taskforce on the groups of people that should be prioritised for vaccination.[72] [73] The taskforce was formed in May 2020 to lead efforts to develop, manufacture and procure vaccines for the UK and globally,[74] and was led until the end of 2020 by biotech venture capital manager Kate Bingham.[75]

As with other licensed vaccines, the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (part of the MHRA) reviews the production process and the manufacturer's quality control, and tests each batch of vaccine.[76] Again in common with other vaccines and medicines, the MHRA monitors adverse reactions by collecting details submitted by healthcare workers, carers and the public through the Yellow Card Scheme; the agency set up a web reporting site specific to the COVID-19 vaccines.[77]

The creation of the Vaccines Manufacturing and Innovation Centre was announced in December 2018, to provide the UK with a vaccine development and manufacturing facility, and its building is under construction at Harwell with planned completion brought forward from 2022 to 2021. The academic/industrial consortium assisted with development and early production of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine during 2020.[78] Services contractor Serco has a role in the deployment, as part of a contract which was extended for six months in June 2021 at a cost of £424million.[79]

The British Armed Forces have assisted with the vaccine rollout through the COVID Support Force in all parts of the UK. This has involved assistance with planning, the construction of vaccination centres and the contribution of staff to administer vaccines. This support is provided through the provisions of the military aid to the civil authorities (MACA) mechanism and is part of the military's wider contribution under Operation Rescript.[80]

Planning

Delivery plan

During the rollout of the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine first doses, the UK government announced on 30 December 2020 that future deployment would focus on that initial dose, rather than giving the required two doses as quickly as possible. The announcement of this plan coincided with the approval of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine, and so represented the strategy to roll out the two vaccines. The government stated that prioritising the first dose was on advice from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) and further assured that everyone would still receive their second dose within 12 weeks of their first. Despite this, Margaret Keenan, who was the first person outside of trials to receive a dose of the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine, returned to hospital on 29 December 2020 for her follow-up injection. This was exactly three weeks after her first, in accordance with the original plan until the announcement of the new strategy. By receiving her second dose, Keenan completed the vaccination process.[81]

The new plan to increase the gap between first and second doses from 3 to 12 weeks was criticised as "unfair" by the British Medical Association (BMA) on 31 December 2020, as appointments booked for 4 January 2021 or later would have to be rescheduled.[82] In response, all four Chief Medical Officers (CMO), plus England's Deputy CMO Jonathan Van-Tam, signed an open letter explaining the policy shift.[83] They said by prioritising first doses, more people would have substantial protection faster, and the second dose adds relatively minor additional protection in the short term. They went on to say that for every 1,000 people given the second 'booster' dose, 1,000 new people would not be able to have up to 70% protection and would instead remain totally unprotected.

Delivery targets

During his address announcing England's third national lockdown on 4 January 2021, Boris Johnson indicated a preliminary target for the vaccination programme, saying:[84] He went on to confirm this would include all elderly residents of care homes and indeed everyone over the age of 70, as well as all frontline health and social care workers, and all those who are "clinically extremely vulnerable".

Vaughan Gething, Minister for Health and Social Services in the Welsh Government, matched England's targets by announcing that all people in groups 1–4 would be offered a first dose by mid February.[85]

A vaccination plan was published by the Scottish Government on 14 January.[86] Part of this plan, subsequently withdrawn after objections from central government, projected the numbers of doses of vaccines delivered weekly to Scotland from the British Government until May, estimating that by mid-March there would be enough doses there to supply every person in the priority groups with their first doses, and enough doses by July to supply every adult with both doses.[87] Extrapolating from these figures, Sky News estimated that supply for the UK overall would be sufficient to meet the British Government's aim of immunising all 15 million priority individuals in the country by mid-February, and vaccinating all adults in Britain with their first dose by mid-July.

Vaccine priority groups

Phase 1

The JCVI advised the governments on how to prioritise the rollout. The top priority for the programme was to prevent deaths and to ensure that the National Health Service (NHS) would not be overwhelmed, and as older people are more at risk of hospitalisation or death from COVID-19, prioritisation was primarily based on age.[88]

The table shows the priority groups for the first phase of the roll-out.[88] An estimate of the number of people in each group in the United Kingdom is also shown[89] (but note that some people fall into more than one group).

!Order!Priority group!Number eligible (estimated)
1residents in a care home for older adults and their carers0.8M
2all those aged 80 years and over, and frontline health and social care workers7.1M
3all those aged 75 years and over2.3M
4all those aged 70 years and over, and clinically extremely vulnerable individuals4.4M
5all those aged 65 years and over2.9M
6all those aged 16 years to 64 years with underlying health conditions which put them at higher risk of serious disease and mortality7.3M
7all those aged 60 years and over1.8M
8all those aged 55 years and over2.4M
9all those aged 50 years and over2.8M
"Clinically extremely vulnerable" is defined as:[90]

Women who are pregnant and children under 16 are not defined as clinically extremely vulnerable for the purpose of the vaccination programme.[88]

Polish group Omni Calculator developed a tool which estimates when individuals will receive the vaccine, based on age, employment, and health status.[91] [92]

"People with underlying health conditions which put them at higher risk of serious disease and mortality" is defined as:[93]

[88]

Phase 2

The JCVI released an interim statement on 26 February 2021 regarding the rollout of the vaccine in Phase 2. It was decided that Phase 2 would not rollout by occupation or ethnicity but instead solely on age. The order therefore in Phase 2 is as follows:[94]

OrderPriority groupNumber eligible (estimated)
10all those aged 40 to 49 years~21 million[95]
11all those aged 30 to 39 years
12all those aged 18 to 29 years
The JCVI also noted that males from BAME backgrounds and those with a BMI over 30 were at an increased risk, and therefore stated that it "strongly advises that individuals in these groups promptly take up the offer of vaccination when they are offered", with local officials advised to "promote vaccination in these groups". Poorer neighbourhoods should also be subject to an outreach programme by local officials. The UK government said it aimed to offer all adults over the age of 18 a vaccine before 31 July 2021.

The decision not to prioritise people in high-risk public-facing occupations such as teachers, police officers and bus drivers was criticised by the Association of School and College Leaders, NASUWT and the Metropolitan Police Federation. Asthma UK also criticised the lack of prioritisation of those with mild or moderate asthma in either Phase 1 or Phase 2. JCVI chair Wei Shen Lim defended the rollout plan, stating "speed of deployment is the most important factor" and that rollout by occupation would slow down vaccinations.

Juveniles

Healthy individuals under the age of 18, and all under 16s, were not part of the initial vaccine rollout, on the grounds of their relatively low risk from the virus and the then limited availability of evidence relating to COVID-19 vaccines' effects on young people. On 19 July 2021, the vaccine rollout was expanded to vulnerable adolescents from the age of 12 and young people in the three months prior to their 18th birthday.[96] They were joined by all 16- and 17-year-olds on 4 August.[97] The Vaccinations Committee did not endorse vaccines for healthy 12- to 15-year-olds, on the grounds of only 'marginal gain' to the health of individual children.[98] However, the UK's chief medical officers agreed to the rollout of a single dose of the Pfizer vaccine to this age group on 13 September in order to reduce disruption to education.[99] Second doses, three months or more after their first, were expanded to this age range on 29 November.[100]

On 15 and 16 February 2022, plans were announced across the UK to expand the Pfizer vaccine rollout to children from the age of five;[101] the Vaccinations Committee approved this, taking into account an estimate that over 85% of all children aged 5 to 11 had experienced COVID-19 infection by the end of the previous month.[102] That plan was later reversed, with no children under 12 being eligible after 1 September 2022 except for those in high-risk groups.[103]

Booster doses

In September 2021, booster doses began to be given to members of the following groups, six months after their second vaccine dose:

It was decided in November that healthy people in their forties would also be eligible for a booster vaccination.[105] Later that month, booster vaccinations were expanded to everyone over the age of 18 who had received their second dose more than three months earlier, whilst some people with severe immunosuppression became eligible for a fourth dose in response to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. In December, the booster programme was further expanded to offer all adults a booster dose by the end of 2021.

Further booster doses were offered from February 2022 for people who had received their previous dose around six months earlier and were:

From Autumn 2022, further booster doses were offered to:

Progress to date

By the end of the first full week of the programme, up to 15 December 2020, 137,897 people had been vaccinated with the first dose in the two-dose regimen: 108,000 in England, 7,897 in Wales, 4,000 in Northern Ireland and 18,000 in Scotland.[107] [108]

By 5 January 2021, 1.3 million people across the UK had received their first dose of either the Pfizer or Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, which included more than 650,000 people over 80, representing around 23% of that age band in England.[109]

, a cumulative total of 49,252,939 people had received the first dose: 41,263,377 in England; 1,316,225 in Northern Ireland; 4,270,126 in Scotland and 2,403,211 in Wales. In addition, a cumulative total of 45,239,759 people had received the second dose: 37,918,254 in England; 1,221,045 in Northern Ireland; 3,868,656 in Scotland and 2,231,804 in Wales.[110]

As at 3 August 2022, a cumulative total of 53,710,109 people (80.07% of the entire UK population) had received the first dose, a cumulative total of 50,483,527 people (75.26%) had received the second dose, a cumulative total of 40,196,024 people (59.92%) had received the booster or third dose, and a cumulative total of 6,200,537 people (9.29%) had received a fourth dose; the total number of vaccinations given (first, second, third and fourth doses) were 150,590,197.[111]

Government vaccination updates increased from weekly to daily, from 11 January 2021.[109]

Previous WEEKLY figures! colspan="2"
!UK TOTAL
DateDose New Cumulative New Cumulative New Cumulative New Cumulative New Cumulative
13 December 20201st 55,389 55,389 3,623 3,623 18,996 18,996 8,207 8,207 86,215 86,215
20 December 20201st 518,469 573,858 12,445 16,068 41,110 60,106 15,559 23,766 587,583 673,798
27 December 20201st 267,347 841,205 14,948 31,016 34,404 94,510 12,433 36,199 392,132 1,002,930
3 January 20211st 328,980 1,170,185 9,669 40,685 21,321 115,831 14,094 50,293 374,064 1,376,994
2nd 20,565 20,565 1,271 1,271 43 43 26 26 21,905 21,905
Total 349,545 1,190,750 10,940 41,956 21,364 115,874 14,120 50,319 395,969 1,398,899
10 January 20211st 951,951 2,122,136 38,395 79,080 51,109 166,940 41,212 91,505 1,082,667 2,459,661
2nd 384,998 405,563 12,287 13,558 2,794 2,837 59 85 400,138 422,043
Total 1,336,949 2,527,699 50,682 92,638 53,903 169,777 41,271 91,590 1,482,805 2,881,704
17 January 20211st 1,606,125 3,728,261 46,637 125,717 104,469 271,409 67,237 158,742 1,824,468 4,284,129
2nd 40,372 445935 8,768 22,326 1,102 3,939 113 198 50,355 472,398
Total 1,646,497 4,174,196 55,405 148,043 105,571 275,348 67,350 158,940 1,874,823 4,756,527
24 January 20211st 2,238,615 5,966,876 33,925 159,642 153,238 424,647 124,251 282,993 2,550,029 6,834,158
2nd 6,480 452,415 387 22,713 2,049 5,988 370 568 9,286 481,684
Total 2,245,095 6,419,291 34,312 182,355 155,287 430,635 124,621 283,561 2,559,315 7,315,842
31 January 20211st 2,189,803 8,156,679 62,167 221,809 164,922 589,569 160,504 443,497 2,577,396 9,411,554
2nd 8,349 460,764 1,899 24,612 2,492 8,480 381 949 13,121 494,805
Total 2,198,152 8,617,443 64,066 246,421 167,414 598,049 160,885 444,446 2,590,517 9,906,359
7 February 20211st 2,367,095 10,523,774 81,669 303,478 277,254 866,823 167,361 610,858 2,893,379 12,304,933
2nd 8,395 469,159 2,851 27,463 3,038 11,518 1,872 2,821 16,156 510,961
Total 2,375,490 10,992,933 84,520 330,941 280,292 878,431 169,233 613,679 2,909,535 12,815,894
14 February 20211st 2,343,180 12,862,909 93,765 397,243 388,367 1,255,190 180,833 784,809 3,006,145 15,300,151
2nd 19,086 490,722 1,542 29,005 3,811 14,501 2,610 5,402 27,049 539,630
Total 2,362,266 13,353,631 95,307 426,248 392,178 1,269,691 183,443 790,211 3,033,194 15,839,781
21 February 20211st 2,095,165 14,958,074 60,787 458,030 190,298 1,445,488 77,439 862,248 2,423,689 17,723,840
2nd 22,713 513,435 1,791 30,796 22,841 37,342 37,350 42,752 84,695 624,325
Total 2,117,878 15,471,509 62,578 488,826 213,139 1,482,830 114,789 905,000 2,508,384 18,348,165
28 February 20211st 2,254,730 17,212,804 67,370 525,400 166,090 1,611,578 63,421 925,669 2,551,611 20,275,451
2nd 86,500 599,935 2,401 33,197 41,523 78,865 61,067 103,819 191,491 815,816
Total 2,341,230 17,812,739 69,771 558,597 207,613 1,690,443 124,488 1,029,488 2,743,102 21,091,267
7 March 20211st 1,802,693 19,015,497 63,403 588,803 163,081 1,774,659 72,627 998,296 2,101,804 22,377,255
2nd 197,386 797,321 9,654 42,851 39,867 118,732 79,920 183,739 326,827 1,142,643
Total 2,000,079 19,812,818 73,057 631,654 202,948 1,893,391 152,547 1,182,035 2,428,631 23,519,898
14 March 20211st 1,776,341 20,791,838 40,658 629,461 134,332 1,908,991 124,635 1,122,931 2,075,966 24,453,221
2nd 332,123 1,129,444 11,785 54,636 43,213 161,945 80,516 264,255 467,637 1,610,280
Total 2,108,464 21,921,282 52,443 684,097 177,545 2,070,936 205,151 1,387,186 2,543,603 26,063,501
21 March 20211st 3,063,024 23,854,862 58,067 687,528 273,409 2,182,400 150,255 1,273,186 3,544,755 27,997,976
2nd 492,103 1,621,547 34,047 88,683 63,151 225,096 81,803 346,058 671,104 2,281,384
Total 3,555,127 25,476,409 92,114 776,211 336,560 2,407,496 232,058 1,619,244 4,215,859 30,279,360

Vaccination centres

More than 70 sites across the UK were in operation at the end of the programme's first full week (15 December 2020). Whilst hospitals formed the centres initially, GP-led centres also started later in that week.[112]

Care home locations in England entered the programme on Wednesday 16 December. "Hundreds" of residents received the first dose in seven care homes in Slough, Aintree, Herne Bay, Thanet, Chalfont St Peter, Droitwich and Cheltenham.[113] Larger care homes (50 to 70 beds) were to be prioritised.

The Chelsea Pensioners received their first dose at the Royal Hospital Chelsea on 23 December.[114]

Large venues such as sports stadia and exhibition centres started to be used as mass vaccination centres from 11 January 2021, with seven such centres opening in England at Millennium Point, Birmingham; Ashton Gate Stadium, Bristol; ExCeL London; Manchester Tennis and Football Centre; Centre for Life, Newcastle; Robertson House, Stevenage; and Epsom Downs Racecourse, Surrey.[115] Seven mass vaccination centres were initially opened in Wales with that number increasing to 34 by February alongside 17 acute and community hospital sites.[116]

Over 400 GP-led centres were rolling out the vaccination in Wales by the start of February.

High street pharmacies in England started to administer the vaccine from 14 January 2021, with 6 chosen for the roll out initially.[117]

Places of worship also started to be used as large vaccination centres, with Salisbury Cathedral[118] and Lichfield Cathedral[119] among the first to make provisions from 15 January 2021; with the Al-Abbas Islamic Centre in Balsall Heath, Birmingham becoming the first mosque to offer the service on 21 January 2021.[120]

Popup events and mobile centres

Numerous pop-up vaccination events took place during the programme. Venues included mosques, churches, community centres, and food banks.[121] Tottenham Hotspur stadium hosted three vaccine events delivered by Morris House Group Practice during 2021 delivering over 10,000 vaccines and pushing Haringey to the top of the vaccine delivery at that time.[122] Many areas operated vaccine buses to increase convenience and enable patients not able to travel to be vaccinated.[123]

Locations

, there were a total of 1,992 vaccination sites operating in England, These were made up as follows:[124]

Number of vaccination sites in England, by region and type, as of 28 May 2021! Region !! Hospital hubs !! GP-Led vaccination services !! Mass vaccination centres !! Pharmacies !! Totals
East of England 31 134 50 40255
London 51 103 35 109298
Midlands 40 189 20 96345
North East and Yorkshire 46 173 17 96332
North West 49 137 11 63260
South East 39 180 18 66303
South West 21 111 13 54199
Grand Total2771,027164524 1992

Public opinion

Vaccine hesitancy

Polling suggested that levels of vaccine hesitancy were fairly low in the UK compared to other parts of the world. YouGov's first survey on the subject in the middle of November 2020 suggested that 15% of British adults would refuse to get a COVID-19 vaccine which had fallen to just 6% (the lowest of any country polled) by April 2021.[125] Research by Ipsos MORI in May suggested that 99% of people who had received their first dose intended to take their second and 95% were certain they would. Whilst, indicating that 94% of the wider public had either had their first dose or intended to do when offered.[126] Research by the Office for National Statistics suggested that 96% of people over 16 had a positive attitude to the COVID-19 vaccine in early summer 2021.[127]

Though a large majority of people in all social groups were willing to take the vaccine, polling suggested that some demographics were more likely to display reluctance than others. Younger individuals were more likely to be uncertain than their elders. Whilst, members of ethnic minority groups were more likely to be reluctant than white responders. The November 2020 YouGov poll suggested that "leave" voters in the 2016 EU referendum were less likely to want the vaccine than "Remain" voters though this gap had closed by the spring. Areas which showed higher levels of hesitancy towards the start of vaccine process included Inner East London, Outer West London, North East England, West Wales and the Valleys though reluctance fell significantly in these areas as the months went by. Though the previously cited survey sampled public opinion in Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) one poll conducted in September 2021 suggested that the level of vaccine hesitancy in Northern Ireland was fairly high in comparison.[128]

Impact on political attitudes

It was suggested by commentators that the vaccine rollout strengthened support for the government with the Conservative Party enjoying an uptick in support in polls of voting intentions around spring 2021.[129] The so called "vaccine bounce" was widely cited by observers as one of the reasons for the party's gains at local elections in May 2021.[130] Polling at around this time suggested that 85% of British voters felt their government had handled the vaccine rollout well in comparison to less than a fifth of their French and German counterparts.[131] Analysts also suggested that this phenomenon may have contributed to a waning in support for Scottish independence in the run up to the 2021 Scottish parliament election.[132] The 'Mood of the Nation 2021' report by the consultancy firm BritainThinks based on research conducted in October and November 2021 found that whilst the optimistic mood around COVID-19 of the summer had rebaited the successful vaccine rollout remained one of few present day subjects which the general public in the UK cited as providing a sense of national pride.[133]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: England Summary | Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK. July 20, 2023. coronavirus.data.gov.uk. 27 December 2020. 16 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200416082342/https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/. live.
  2. Baraniuk . Chris . 2021-02-18 . Covid-19: How the UK vaccine rollout delivered success, so far . BMJ . en . 372 . n421 . 10.1136/bmj.n421 . 1756-1833 . 33602672 . 231946710 . free . 13 January 2022 . 18 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210218102221/https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n421 . live .
  3. Wise . Jacqui . 2021-09-14 . Covid-19: Booster doses to be offered to 30 million people in UK . BMJ . en . 374 . n2261 . 10.1136/bmj.n2261 . 1756-1833 . 34521637 . 237508096 . free . 13 January 2022 . 13 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220113120656/https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n2261 . live .
  4. Burki . Talha Khan . 2021-12-17 . Omicron variant and booster COVID-19 vaccines . The Lancet Respiratory Medicine . 10 . 2 . e17 . English . 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00559-2 . 2213-2600 . 34929158. 8683118 .
  5. Web site: 2021-10-12 . Explainer: why has the UK's vaccination rate slowed down? . 2021-10-20 . The Guardian . en . 19 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211019214416/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/12/explainer-why-has-the-uks-vaccination-rate-slowed-down . live .
  6. News: The UK is about to hit its Covid vaccine ceiling . en-GB . Wired UK . 2021-10-20 . 1357-0978 . 20 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211020101937/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/covid-vaccine-ceiling-uk . live .
  7. Mahase . Elisabeth . 2021-06-04 . Covid-19: UK has highest vaccine confidence and Japan and South Korea the lowest, survey finds . BMJ . en . 373 . n1439 . 10.1136/bmj.n1439 . 1756-1833 . 34088703 . 235337100 . free . 20 October 2021 . 22 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211022104322/https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n1439 . live .
  8. Web site: Coronavirus Vaccination sites . live . 1 June 2021 . NHS England and NHS Improvement coronavirus . https://web.archive.org/web/20210111145744/https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/publication/vaccination-sites/ . 11 January 2021.
  9. Web site: How you will get the vaccine . 27 April 2021 . www.nhsinform.scot . en . 20 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210820225121/https://www.nhsinform.scot/covid-19-vaccine/invitations-and-appointments/how-you-will-get-the-coronavirus-vaccine . dead .
  10. Web site: COVID-19 vaccination programme weekly update: 25 May 2021 . 31 May 2021 . GOV.WALES . 25 May 2021 . en . 8 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210608055345/https://gov.wales/covid-19-vaccination-programme-weekly-update-25-may-2021 . live .
  11. Book: Vaccination Strategy for Wales . Welsh Government . 10 . 12 January 2021 . 17 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210117184031/https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2021-01/vaccination-strategy-for-wales_1.pdf . dead .
  12. Coronavirus: UK support to the Overseas Territories . Mills . Claire . Robinson . Timothy . 19 January 2021 . Parliament of the United Kingdom . 18 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210818181031/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9021/ . live .
  13. Web site: 27 November 2020 . Statement from the Chief Minister . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210310230433/https://www.gov.je/News/2020/pages/CMPressConferenceSpeech.aspx . 10 March 2021 . 10 February 2020 . Gov.je.
  14. Watson . Oliver J . Barnsley . Gregory . Toor . Jaspreet . Hogan . Alexandra B . Winskill . Peter . Ghani . Azra C . 2022-06-23 . Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study . . 22 . 9 . 1293–1302 . 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00320-6 . 35753318 . 1473-3099 . 9225255 . 27 June 2022 . 29 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220629141803/https://www.thelancet.com/retrieve/pii/S1473309922003206 . live .
  15. Web site: 2022-06-24 . COVID-19 vaccines saved nearly 20 million lives in a year, study says . 2022-06-27 . . en-US . 29 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220629025146/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-19-vaccine-saved-nearly-20-million-lives-in-a-year-study-says/ . live .
  16. Web site: Ministerial role Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Minister for COVID Vaccine Deployment) . 28 November 2020 . 16 December 2020 . Gov.uk . Department of Health and Social Care . 15 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210815042656/https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/parliamentary-under-secretary-of-state-minister-for-covid-vaccine-deployment . live .
  17. Web site: An update on the coronavirus vaccine, 2 December 2020 . 2 December 2020 . 16 December 2020 . Gov.uk . Department of Health and Social Care and The Rt Hon Matt Hancock MP.
  18. Web site: UK government secures additional 40 million doses of Valneva vaccine . Gov.uk . Department of Health and Social Care . 2 February 2021 . 1 February 2021 . 27 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210627182904/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-government-secures-additional-40-million-doses-of-valneva-vaccine . live .
  19. Web site: New vaccines partnership to rapidly respond to new virus variants . Gov.uk . 7 February 2021 . 28 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210828191108/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-vaccines-partnership-to-rapidly-respond-to-new-virus-variants . live .
  20. News: 23 August 2021 . Covid: UK orders 35m extra Pfizer doses for booster jabs . en-GB . BBC News . 23 August 2021 . 25 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210825065608/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-58307215 . live .
  21. Web site: 2021-09-13 . UK terminates vaccine contract with Valneva over supply issues . 2021-09-14 . POLITICO . en-US . 14 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210914011353/https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-terminates-vaccine-contract-with-valneva-over-supply-issues/ . live .
  22. Web site: UK government secures additional 2 million doses of Moderna COVID-19 vaccine . 29 November 2020 . 16 December 2020 . Gov.uk . Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, Department of Health and Social Care, The Rt Hon Alok Sharma MP, and The Rt Hon Matt Hancock MP . 15 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201215154418/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-government-secures-additional-2-million-doses-of-moderna-covid-19-vaccine . live .
  23. Web site: 25 April 2021 . What Covid vaccines does the UK have and which are in the works? . 27 April 2021 . The Guardian . en . 25 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210525155427/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/apr/26/what-covid-vaccines-does-uk-have-valneva . live .
  24. Web site: Oxford University/AstraZeneca vaccine authorised by UK medicines regulator . Gov.uk . Department of Health and Social Care . 30 December 2020 . 30 December 2020 . 16 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210316110433/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/oxford-universityastrazeneca-vaccine-authorised-by-uk-medicines-regulator . live .
  25. Web site: Covid: Oxford vaccine rollout under way across the UK . BBC News . BBC . 4 January 2021 . 4 January 2021 . 28 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210128094320/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-55525542 . live .
  26. Web site: Third Covid vaccine approved in the UK . BBC News . BBC . 8 January 2021 . 8 January 2021 . 8 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210108121654/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-55586410 . live .
  27. News: Patients in Wales to be first in UK to receive Moderna Covid vaccine . The Guardian . 7 April 2021 . 7 April 2021 . 3 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210703175431/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/apr/07/patients-in-wales-to-receive-moderna-covid-vaccine . live .
  28. News: Janssen single-dose Covid vaccine approved by UK . BBC News . 28 May 2021 . 28 May 2021 . 21 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210621174917/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-57283837 . live .
  29. News: Novavax Covid jab approved by UK drugs regulator . BBC News . 2 February 2022 . 5 February 2022 . 5 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220205210224/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-60245736 . live .
  30. Web site: UK medicines regulator gives approval for first UK COVID-19 vaccine . 2 December 2020 . 16 December 2020 . Gov.uk . Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency . 17 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210317204122/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-medicines-regulator-gives-approval-for-first-uk-covid-19-vaccine . live .
  31. Web site: Covid-19: Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine judged safe for use in UK . 2 December 2020 . 2 December 2020 . BBC . 2 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201202080020/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-55145696 . live .
  32. Web site: Comirnaty EPAR . European Medicines Agency (EMA) . 21 December 2020 . 17 January 2021 . 18 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211218220137/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/comirnaty . live .
  33. Web site: Decision: Conditions of Authorisation for Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine . 16 December 2020 . 16 December 2020 . Gov.uk . Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency . 26 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210226081445/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regulatory-approval-of-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-for-covid-19/conditions-of-authorisation-for-pfizerbiontech-covid-19-vaccine . live .
  34. Web site: Covid: First batch of vaccines arrives in the UK . 3 December 2020 . 3 December 2020 . BBC . 3 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201203212230/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55181665 . live .
  35. News: Novavax Vaccine Is 89% Effective Against Covid-19 in U.K. Study . 28 January 2021 . 28 January 2021 . 29 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210829161818/https://www.wsj.com/articles/novavax-vaccine-is-89-effective-against-covid-19-in-u-k-study-11611867720 . live .
  36. News: 29 January 2021 . Covid-19: Novavax vaccine shows 89% efficacy in UK trials . en-GB . BBC News . 29 January 2021 . 30 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210130035901/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55850352 . live .
  37. News: 2022-04-14 . Valneva Covid vaccine approved for use in UK . en-GB . BBC News . 2022-04-14 . 14 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220414171426/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-61104594 . live .
  38. Web site: 6 December 2020 . Hospitals to start biggest ever NHS Vaccination Programme this week . live . 20 June 2021 . NHS . https://web.archive.org/web/20201206073029/https://www.england.nhs.uk/2020/12/hospitals-to-start-biggest-ever-nhs-vaccination-programme-this-week/ . 6 December 2020.
  39. Web site: Bodell . Matt . 9 January 2021 . NHS organisations ordered to vaccinate staff 'as quickly as possible' . live . 20 June 2021 . Nursing Notes . https://web.archive.org/web/20210109113614/https://nursingnotes.co.uk/news/nhs-organisations-ordered-to-vaccinate-staff-as-quickly-as-possible/ . 9 January 2021.
  40. Web site: 14 January 2021 . Vaccinating frontline social care workers . live . 20 June 2021 . NHS . https://web.archive.org/web/20210114211431/https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/publication/vaccinating-frontline-social-care-workers/ . 14 January 2021.
  41. Web site: 14 February 2021 . COVID-19: Vaccine rollout begins for over-65s and clinically vulnerable people . live . 20 June 2021 . Sky News . https://web.archive.org/web/20210214001223/https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-vaccine-rollout-begins-for-over-65s-and-clinically-vulnerable-people-12217342 . 14 February 2021.
  42. Web site: 7 March 2021 . NHS invites people aged 60-plus to get life-saving COVID vaccination . live . 20 June 2021 . NHS . https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083555/https://www.england.nhs.uk/2021/02/nhs-invites-people-aged-60-plus-to-get-life-saving-covid-vaccination/ . 28 February 2021.
  43. Web site: 7 March 2021 . NHS invites people aged 56 to 59 for their COVID jab . live . 20 June 2021 . NHS . https://web.archive.org/web/20210307070519/https://www.england.nhs.uk/2021/03/56-59/ . 7 March 2021.
  44. Web site: 17 March 2021 . NHS England invites everyone aged 50 and over to be jabbed as NHS vaccination programme marks 100th day . live . 20 June 2021 . NHS . https://web.archive.org/web/20210317114345/https://www.england.nhs.uk/2021/03/nhs-england-invites-everyone-aged-50-and-over-to-be-jabbed-as-nhs-vaccination-programme-marks-100th-day/ . 17 March 2021.
  45. News: 13 April 2021 . Covid: People 45 or over in England invited to book vaccine . en-GB . BBC News . 13 April 2021 . 13 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210413074802/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-56729897 . live .
  46. News: 26 April 2021 . Covid-19: Vaccine rollout in England extends to 44-year-olds . en-GB . BBC News . 26 April 2021 . 25 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210425233942/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-56880376 . live .
  47. News: 27 April 2021 . Covid-19: Vaccine offered to 42-plus age group in England . en-GB . BBC News . 27 April 2021 . 27 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210427083154/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-56899901 . live .
  48. News: 30 April 2021 . Covid-19 vaccine offered to people aged 40 and over in England . en-GB . BBC News . 30 April 2021 . 30 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210430041222/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-56933694 . live .
  49. News: 12 May 2021 . Covid jabs offer to 38 and 39-year-olds in England . en-GB . BBC News . 13 May 2021 . 12 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210512221512/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-57088018 . live .
  50. Web site: NHS England » NHS invites people aged 36 and 37 for life-saving COVID-19 jab . 18 May 2021 . www.england.nhs.uk . 18 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210518044530/https://www.england.nhs.uk/2021/05/nhs-invites-people-aged-36-and-37-for-life-saving-covid-19-jab/ . live .
  51. Web site: NHS England » NHS invites people aged 34 and 35 for life-saving COVID-19 jab . 19 May 2021 . www.england.nhs.uk . 29 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220629063656/https://www.england.nhs.uk/2021/05/nhs-invites-people-aged-34-and-35-for-life-saving-covid-19-jab/ . live .
  52. Web site: NHS England » NHS England opens up life-saving COVID-19 jab offer to 32 and 33 year olds as England tops 50 million doses given . 22 May 2021 . www.england.nhs.uk . 22 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210522054616/https://www.england.nhs.uk/2021/05/nhs-england-opens-up-life-saving-covid-19-jab-offer-to-32-and-33-year-olds-as-england-tops-50-million-doses-given/ . live .
  53. News: 26 May 2021 . Covid vaccine: 30 and 31-year-olds in England now invited . en-GB . BBC News . 26 May 2021 . 26 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210526004233/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-57245793 . live .
  54. News: 7 June 2021 . Covid vaccine: 25 to 29-year-olds in England invited . en-GB . BBC News . 7 June 2021 . 7 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210607145052/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-57384099 . live .
  55. News: 14 June 2021 . Covid: When will I get the vaccine? . en-GB . BBC News . 15 June 2021 . 14 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210614220616/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-55045639 . live .
  56. News: 18 June 2021 . Covid: All adults able to book coronavirus vaccination in England . en-GB . BBC News . 18 June 2021 . 17 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210617232206/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-57517992 . live .
  57. Web site: First patient receives Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine . 8 December 2020 . 16 December 2020 . BBC . 8 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201208070149/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-55227325 . live .
  58. Web site: Covid-19 vaccine: Patient William Shakespeare second to get vaccination . 8 December 2020 . 16 December 2020 . BBC . 21 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210521143609/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/health-55227833 . live .
  59. News: 'Pivotal moment' as Britain set to roll out AstraZeneca vaccine . 4 January 2021 . Reuters . 4 January 2021 . 16 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220416090204/https://uk.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-britain/pivotal-moment-as-britain-set-to-roll-out-astrazeneca-vaccine-idUSL8N2JE0FW . live .
  60. Web site: Covid-19: Queen and Prince Philip receive vaccinations . BBC News . BBC . 17 January 2021 . 9 January 2021 . 28 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210828123752/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-55602007 . live .
  61. News: Cope . Emily . Prince William urges the public to follow the queen's example and get COVID jab . 17 January 2021 . The Independent . 16 January 2021 . Independent Digital News & Media Ltd . 12 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210212090113/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/prince-william-queen-coronavirus-vaccine-b1788331.html . live .
  62. Web site: Covid-19: Vaccination rollout begins for over-70s in England . BBC News . BBC . 17 January 2021 . 17 January 2021 . 27 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210627183000/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-55698132 . live .
  63. Web site: COVID-19 vaccine: 20 million people have received first coronavirus jab in UK . Sky News . 28 February 2021 . 13 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210613153711/https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-vaccine-20-million-people-have-received-coronavirus-jab-in-uk-says-matt-hancock-12231759 . live .
  64. Web site: COVID-19: Boris Johnson receives first dose of Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine . 7 May 2021 . Sky News . en . 8 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210808235025/https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-boris-johnson-receives-first-dose-of-oxford-astrazeneca-vaccine-12249467 . live .
  65. News: 7 April 2021 . Covid: Moderna vaccine UK rollout begins in Wales . en-GB . BBC News . 7 April 2021 . 14 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210714103039/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-56657038 . live .
  66. Web site: Confirmation of guidance to vaccination centres on managing allergic reactions following COVID-19 vaccination with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine . 9 December 2020 . 18 December 2020 . Gov.uk . Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.
  67. Web site: Coronavirus (COVID-19): antibody testing . 17 December 2020 . 18 December 2020 . Gov.uk . Department of Health & Social Care . 18 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201218103214/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-antibody-tests/coronavirus-covid-19-antibody-tests#if-youve-had-the-covid-19-vaccine . live .
  68. Web site: COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2): information about the new virus variant . Gov.uk . Public Health England . 21 December 2020 . 20 December 2020 . 20 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211220020248/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/covid-19-sars-cov-2-information-about-the-new-virus-variant . live .
  69. Web site: Engl . Public Health . New JCVI advice on use of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine . 8 April 2021 . GOV.UK . en . 8 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210408083902/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-jcvi-advice-on-use-of-the-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine . live .
  70. Web site: Engl . Public Health . JCVI advises on COVID-19 vaccine for people aged under 40 . 8 May 2021 . GOV.UK . en . 7 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210507214844/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/jcvi-advises-on-covid-19-vaccine-for-people-aged-under-40 . live .
  71. News: Jackson . Marie . 16 June 2021 . Covid vaccine to be compulsory for England care home staff . BBC News . 16 June 2021 . 15 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210615231853/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-57492264 . live .
  72. News: 17 October 2020 . Covid-19: Most vulnerable 'could get vaccine by Christmas' . en-GB . BBC News . 21 December 2020 . 16 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230616150212/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-54573288 . live .
  73. Web site: 2 December 2020 . Priority groups for coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination: advice from the JCVI . 21 December 2020 . GOV.UK . Department of Health and Social Care . en . 2 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201202100153/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/priority-groups-for-coronavirus-covid-19-vaccination-advice-from-the-jcvi-2-december-2020 . live .
  74. Bingham . Kate . 27 October 2020 . The UK Government's Vaccine Taskforce: strategy for protecting the UK and the world . The Lancet . 397 . 10268 . 68–70 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32175-9 . 33125932 . 7833709 . free.
  75. News: 8 January 2021 . Covid-19: Vaccination targets could be exceeded, says Kate Bingham . en-GB . BBC News . 16 January 2021 . 12 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210112092308/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-55591470 . live .
  76. Web site: 22 December 2020 . Independent batch release testing of COVID-19 (coronavirus) vaccines by the NIBSC . 23 December 2020 . GOV.UK . Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency . en . 23 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201223003623/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/independent-batch-release-testing-of-covid-19-coronavirus-vaccines-by-the-nibsc . live .
  77. Web site: Coronavirus Yellow Card reporting site . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200507024215/https://coronavirus-yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk/ . 7 May 2020 . 11 February 2021 . MHRA.
  78. Web site: 21 December 2020 . 2020 Review . live . 22 March 2021 . VMIC . en-GB . https://web.archive.org/web/20210121080710/https://www.vmicuk.com/pressrelease/2020-review . 21 January 2021.
  79. Web site: Clark . Lindsay . 28 June 2021 . Serco bags £322m contract extension for Test and Trace, is still struggling to share data with local authorities . live . 2022-01-10 . www.theregister.com . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20210628135015/https://www.theregister.com/2021/06/28/serco_bags_a_322m_contract/ . 28 June 2021.
  80. News: COVID: How The Military's Been Involved In Fighting Coronavirus . 12 August 2021 . . 18 February 2021 . 20 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210920081110/https://www.forces.net/news/coronavirus-how-military-helping . live .
  81. Web site: Covid-19: First vaccine patient has her second jab . 29 December 2020 . 29 December 2020 . BBC . 29 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201229170208/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-55478675 . live .
  82. Mahase . Elisabeth . Covid-19: Order to reschedule and delay second vaccine dose is "totally unfair," says BMA . British Medical Journal . 31 December 2020 . 371 . m4978 . 10.1136/bmj.m4978 . 33384299 . free.
  83. Web site: Letter to the profession from the UK Chief Medical Officers regarding the UK COVID-19 vaccination programmes . Gov.uk . Department of Health and Social Care . 3 January 2020 . 31 December 2020 . 31 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201231204027/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/letter-to-the-profession-from-the-uk-chief-medical-officers-on-the-uk-covid-19-vaccination-programmes/letter-to-the-profession-from-the-uk-chief-medical-officers-regarding-the-uk-covid-19-vaccination-programmes . live .
  84. Web site: Prime Minister's address to the nation: 4 January 2021 . Gov.uk . Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street and The Rt Hon Boris Johnson MP . 4 January 2021 . 4 January 2021 . 27 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210827000005/https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/prime-ministers-address-to-the-nation-4-january-2021 . live .
  85. Web site: Hayward . Will . 11 January 2021 . Wales sets three targets for coronavirus vaccine rollout . 12 January 2021 . WalesOnline . en . 12 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210112064114/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/coronavirus-vaccine-wales-rollout-gething-19601798 . live .
  86. Web site: Coronavirus (COVID-19): vaccine deployment plan 2021 – gov.scot . 16 January 2021 . gov.scot.
  87. News: Manthorpe . Rowland . 16 January 2021 . COVID-19: Every UK adult could be vaccinated by mid-July – if these figures are anything to go by . Sky News . 16 January 2021 . 16 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210116005438/https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-every-uk-adult-could-be-vaccinated-by-mid-july-if-these-figures-are-anything-to-go-by-12188909 . live .
  88. Web site: 30 December 2020 . Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation: advice on priority groups for COVID-19 vaccination . 7 January 2021 . GOV.UK . Department of Health & Social Care . 17 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210217003851/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/priority-groups-for-coronavirus-covid-19-vaccination-advice-from-the-jcvi-30-december-2020/joint-committee-on-vaccination-and-immunisation-advice-on-priority-groups-for-covid-19-vaccination-30-december-2020 . live .
  89. Web site: 11 January 2021 . UK COVID-19 vaccines delivery plan . 12 February 2021 . GOV.UK . Department of Health & Social Care . 13 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013140654/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/951928/uk-covid-19-vaccines-delivery-plan-final.pdf . live .
  90. Web site: Guidance on shielding and protecting people who are clinically extremely vulnerable from COVID-19 . 14 December 2020 . 16 December 2020 . Gov.uk . Department of Health & Social Care and Public Health England . 28 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221128223958/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-on-shielding-and-protecting-extremely-vulnerable-persons-from-covid-19/guidance-on-shielding-and-protecting-extremely-vulnerable-persons-from-covid-19#cev . live .
  91. Web site: When will I get the Covid vaccine? Online calculator estimates your place in the queue . Sommerlad . Joe . 4 January 2021 . The Independent . 4 January 2021 . 3 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210103220136/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/covid-vaccine-uk-calculator-b1777900.html . live .
  92. Web site: O'Reilly . April Roach, Luke . 16 February 2021 . When will you get the Covid vaccine? Online calculator estimates date . 10 June 2021 . www.standard.co.uk . en . 16 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516204124/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/vaccine-queue-omni-calculator-coronavirus-b358027.html . live .
  93. Web site: People at high risk from coronavirus (clinically extremely vulnerable) . 5 March 2021 . 13 March 2021 . Gov.uk . Department of Health & Social Care and Public Health England . 19 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220219110351/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/coronavirus-vaccination/who-can-get-the-vaccine/ . live .
  94. Web site: JCVI interim statement on phase 2 of the COVID-19 vaccination programme . 8 March 2021 . GOV.UK . en . 4 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210304213216/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/priority-groups-for-phase-2-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-vaccination-programme-advice-from-the-jcvi/jcvi-interim-statement-on-phase-2-of-the-covid-19-vaccination-programme . live .
  95. News: 26 February 2021 . Age not job prioritised in second phase of Covid jab rollout . en-GB . BBC News . 8 March 2021 . 27 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221027124456/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56208674 . live .
  96. News: Gallagher . James . 2021-07-19 . Covid: Hundreds of thousands of under-18s to get vaccine . en-GB . BBC News . 2021-10-08 . 8 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211008195800/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-57885845 . live .
  97. Web site: UK to roll out COVID-19 vaccines to 16 and 17-year-olds . live . 2021-10-08 . news.yahoo.com (from associated press) . 4 August 2021 . en-GB . https://web.archive.org/web/20210804182747/https://news.yahoo.com/uk-rollout-covid-19-vaccines-162247548.html . 4 August 2021.
  98. News: Roxby . Philippa . Triggle . Nick . 2021-09-03 . Scientists not backing Covid jabs for 12 to 15-year-olds . en-GB . BBC News . 2021-10-08 . 8 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211008201304/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-58438669 . live .
  99. News: Triggle . Nick . Roxby . Philippa . 2021-09-13 . Covid: Single jab recommended for 12 to 15-year-olds by UK's top doctors . en-GB . BBC News . 2021-10-08 . 8 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211008195801/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-58547659 . live .
  100. Web site: COVID-19: Booster jabs for all adults as vaccine advisers announce rollout expansion to combat Omicron variant . 2021-11-29 . Sky News . en . 29 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211129153842/https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-booster-jabs-for-all-adults-as-vaccine-advisers-announce-rollout-expansion-to-combat-omicron-variant-12482072 . live .
  101. Web site: Morris. Sophie. 16 February 2022. COVID-19: All children aged 5–11 in UK will be offered coronavirus vaccine as England and Northern Ireland become latest nations to confirm plan. 2022-02-16. Sky News. en. 16 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220216174403/https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-all-children-aged-5-11-in-uk-will-be-offered-coronavirus-vaccine-as-england-and-northern-ireland-become-latest-nations-to-confirm-plan-12539154. live.
  102. Web site: 16 February 2022. JCVI statement on vaccination of children aged 5 to 11 years old. 2022-02-16. GOV.UK. en. 16 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220216213333/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/jcvi-update-on-advice-for-covid-19-vaccination-of-children-aged-5-to-11/jcvi-statement-on-vaccination-of-children-aged-5-to-11-years-old. live.
  103. Web site: 2022-04-02 . Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine for children aged 5 to 15 . 2022-09-16 . nhs.uk . en . 18 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220918214516/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/coronavirus-vaccination/coronavirus-covid-19-vaccination-for-children/coronavirus-covid-19-vaccine-for-children-aged-5-to-15/ . live .
  104. News: Knapton . Sarah . 2021-09-14 . Booster vaccine offered to over-50s within days . en-GB . The Telegraph . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/09/14/booster-vaccine-offered-over-50s-within-days/ . 12 January 2022 . subscription . live . 2021-10-08 . 0307-1235.
  105. News: 2021-11-15 . Covid booster doses will be offered to over-40s . en-GB . BBC News . 2021-11-16 . 16 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211116025346/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-59289008 . live .
  106. Book: Immunisation against infectious disease . 5 September 2022 . UK Health Security Agency . 27 September 2022 . COVID-19 – SARS-CoV-2 . 16 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516204044/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1102459/Greenbook-chapter-14a-4September22.pdf . live .
  107. News: Lay . Kat . Blakely . Rhys . 138,000 vaccinated in a week . The Times . 73,345 . 17 December 2020 . 5 . 0140-0460.
  108. News: Parsons . Rob . Minister hails 'good start to vaccine roll-out' . The Yorkshire Post . 17 December 2020 . 5 . 0963-1496.
  109. Web site: Prime Minister's statement on coronavirus (COVID-19): 5 January 2021 . Gov.uk . Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street and The Rt Hon Boris Johnson MP . 6 January 2021 . 5 January 2021 . 5 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210105220911/https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/prime-ministers-statement-on-coronavirus-covid-19-5-january-2021 . live .
  110. Web site: People who have received vaccinations, by nation . 24 March 2021 . Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK . . 13 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220413121328/https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/details/healthcare#card-people_who_have_received_vaccinations_by_nation . live .
  111. Gov.uk Coronavirus website as at 3 August 2022 @ 4.45 pm.
  112. Web site: 16 December 2020 . More than 137,000 people in UK receive first dose of COVID vaccine in one week . 17 December 2020 . Gov.uk . Department of Health & Social Care . 17 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201217011813/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/more-than-137000-people-in-uk-receive-first-dose-of-covid-vaccine-in-one-week . live .
  113. Web site: Over 600,000 people get first dose of Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine . Gov.uk . Department of Health and Social Care . 26 December 2020 . 24 December 2020 . 26 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201226003639/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/over-600000-people-get-first-dose-of-pfizerbiontech-vaccine . live .
  114. Web site: Covid vaccine: Chelsea Pensioners receive jab 'gift' . BBC News . BBC . 26 December 2020 . 23 December 2020 . 23 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201223175945/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-55424349 . live .
  115. Web site: Covid: Mass vaccination centres to open in England . BBC News . BBC . 11 January 2021 . 11 January 2021 . 11 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210111010136/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-55612270 . live .
  116. Web site: COVID-19 vaccination programme weekly update: 2 February 2021 . 6 February 2021 . GOV.WALES . 2 February 2021 . en . 2 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210202183012/https://gov.wales/covid-19-vaccination-programme-weekly-update-2-february-2021 . live .
  117. Web site: Covid-19: High Street chemists start vaccinations in England . BBC News . BBC . 14 January 2021 . 14 January 2021 . 14 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210114010629/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-55649947 . live .
  118. Web site: RAF veteran receives Covid jab at Salisbury Cathedral . BBC News . BBC . 17 January 2021 . 16 January 2021 . 16 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210116233625/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-wiltshire-55689072 . live .
  119. News: 15 January 2021 . Covid-19: Lichfield Cathedral turned into vaccination centre . en-GB . BBC News . 16 January 2021 . 14 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210414152354/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-stoke-staffordshire-55683025 . live .
  120. Web site: Birmingham mosque becomes UK's first to offer Covid vaccine . BBC News . BBC . 24 January 2021 . 21 January 2021 . 23 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210123203412/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-55752056 . live .
  121. Web site: Pop-up vaccination clinics coming to Haringey Haringey Council . 2022-10-28 . www.haringey.gov.uk . 28 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221028090735/https://www.haringey.gov.uk/news/pop-vaccination-clinics-coming-haringey . live .
  122. Web site: Lydall . Ross . 2021-06-23 . London vaccinations by borough: Mass jabs sends new borough to top . 2022-10-28 . Evening Standard . en.
  123. Web site: The vaccine bus is coming . 2022-10-28 . University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust . en . 28 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221028090725/https://www.uclh.nhs.uk/news/vaccine-bus-coming . live .
  124. Web site: Vaccination sites . live . 8 April 2021 . NHS.uk . NHS England . https://web.archive.org/web/20201223224359/https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/publication/hospital-hubs/ . 23 December 2020.
  125. Web site: Smith . Matthew . 28 April 2021 . Vaccine hesitancy has fallen across British society . live . 2021-10-02 . yougov.co.uk . en-gb . https://web.archive.org/web/20210428085841/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/health/articles-reports/2021/04/28/vaccine-hesitancy-has-fallen-across-british-societ . 28 April 2021.
  126. Web site: 20 May 2021 . An Ipsos MORI study shows confidence in the vaccine remains high . live . 2 October 2021 . Ipsos Mori . https://web.archive.org/web/20211002191234/https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/ipsos-mori-study-shows-confidence-vaccine-remains-high . 2 October 2021.
  127. Web site: 9 August 2021 . Coronavirus and vaccine hesitancy, Great Britain – Office for National Statistics . live . 2021-10-02 . www.ons.gov.uk . https://web.archive.org/web/20210809123737/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthandwellbeing/bulletins/coronavirusandvaccinehesitancygreatbritain/9august2021 . 9 August 2021.
  128. Web site: Research finds vaccine hesitancy higher among young people . 2021-10-02 . BreakingNews.ie . 27 September 2021 . en . 16 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516204218/https://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/research-finds-vaccine-hesitancy-higher-among-young-people-1190445.html . live .
  129. Web site: Ridge . Sophy . 1 May 2021 . Is 'vaccine bounce' proving a shot in the arm for Boris Johnson amid growing sleaze row? . live . 2021-10-04 . Sky News . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20210501025219/http://news.sky.com/story/is-vaccine-bounce-proving-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-boris-johnson-amid-growing-sleaze-row-12291802 . 1 May 2021.
  130. News: Parker . George . Cameron-Chileshe . Jasmine . 2021-05-07 . Johnson's popularity and 'vaccine bounce' propel Tories to election success in Labour heartlands . Financial Times . 2021-10-04 . 4 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211004171604/https://www.ft.com/content/e094b790-960a-4061-b09a-d1bf4a5daddd . live .
  131. News: 2021-05-07 . A Conservative triumph in Hartlepool is a bleak day for Labour . The Economist . 2021-10-04 . 0013-0613 . 4 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211004171604/https://www.economist.com/britain/2021/05/07/a-conservative-triumph-in-hartlepool-is-a-bleak-day-for-labour . live .
  132. Web site: Devlin . Kate . 2021-03-20 . Fall in support for Scottish independence could be result of a 'vaccine bounce', analysis suggests . live . 2021-10-04 . The Independent . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20210320130619/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/scottish-independence-snp-covid-vaccine-boris-johnson-b1819771.html . 20 March 2021.
  133. Web site: December 2021 . Mood of the Nation 2021 . live . 27 December 2021 . BritainThinks . https://web.archive.org/web/20211221151619/https://britainthinks.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Mood-of-the-Nation-2021_Full-Report.pdf . 21 December 2021.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.