COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore explained

COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore
Date: – present
Location:Singapore
Cause:COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore
Participants:10,818,023 total doses administered (as of 27 October 2021)[1]

The COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore is an ongoing immunisation campaign against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in response to the ongoing pandemic in the country. Singapore has a very high vaccination rate, with more than 92% of its total population (and more than 93% of its eligible population) having completed their vaccination regimen.[2]

Background

The Singapore Government invested more than one billion Singapore dollars to sign advanced purchase agreements and made early down payments on promising vaccine candidates, such as Pfizer BioNTech, Moderna and CoronaVac.[3]

Expert Committee on COVID-19 Vaccination

On 5 October 2020, the Singapore Government appointed a 14-member Expert Committee on COVID-19 Vaccination, which was to advise and assess on the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines for use in Singapore.[4] On 24 December 2020, the Expert Committee submitted its recommendations on the overall vaccination strategy of Singapore to the government.[5] In its recommendations, they highlighted that two groups of people had to be prioritised for vaccination: people who are at high risk of infection, the frontline healthcare workers; and people who are vulnerable of severe diseases and complications from infections, the elderly. The Committee continued to advise on the use of vaccines as the pandemic continues. It recommended booster shots for people above 60 of age as evidence of declining efficacy of vaccination over time emerged,[6] and updated recommendations for those with mild skin reactions after first dosage to continue their vaccination programme.[7]

2020

On 14 December 2020, Singapore became the first Asian country to approve Pfizer-BioNTech's coronavirus vaccine.[8] The first shipment of the vaccine arrived seven days later on 21 December.[9] [10]

Singapore also received its first shipment of Sinovac Biotech's CoronaVac vaccine, on 22 December 2020. However, the vaccine was not authorised for use by the Health Sciences Authority (HSA).[11] [12] On 2 June 2021, MOH approved the Sinovac vaccine for used in private healthcare settings so people, who are not suitable to take the mRNA vaccines, can take the Sinovac vaccine. However, since the China-made vaccine is not part of the national programme, those who choose to receive it will not be eligible for the Vaccine Injury Financial Assistance Programme (VIFAP) should they develop any adverse reactions.[13] [14] [15]

On 30 December 2020, Singapore became the first country in Asia to start its COVID-19 vaccination campaign. The vaccine is free for all Singaporeans and long-term residents. Health workers, other frontline workers and seniors were the first inoculated with the vaccine jointly developed by BioNTech and Pfizer.[16]

2021

On 3 February 2021, Singapore also became the first country in Asia to approve Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine, jointly developed by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), and Moderna.[17]

On 18 May, the Health Ministry announced that those who register for COVID-19 vaccination from 19 May onwards will have their second dose scheduled six to eight weeks after the first, instead of three to four weeks later.[18] This change in strategy was aimed to have 400,000 more people in Singapore to be given at least one vaccine dose by end-July so that virtually all eligible Singapore residents will get at least one dose by early August.[19] [20] However, as vaccine supplies continue to arrive as planned and most of the population who are willing to take the vaccine will have received their first dose by the second half of July, MOH announced on 29 June that the interval between the first and second doses of the COVID-19 vaccine would revert to four weeks. This was part of the efforts to ensure that more of the population will be fully vaccinated earlier.[21] [22] On 9 July, it was announced that the interval between doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine would be further shortened to 3 weeks.[23] It was further added that those who had previously taken a vaccine not approved under the National Vaccination Programme would be advised to take 2 doses of the approved ones.[24]

The Health Sciences Authority (HSA) also approved the use of the Pfizer-BioNTech coronavirus vaccine for children aged 12 to 15; previously, it was given only to those aged 16 years and above. It was granted interim authorization by the HSA under the Pandemic Special Access Route in December 2020.[25] [26]

On 24 June, the Health Ministry concluded a purchase agreement with Novavax for its non-mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, with shipments expected to arrive in Singapore before the end of 2021.[27]

On 28 July, IHH Healthcare Singapore obtained approval to import the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine (BBIBP-CorV) via the special access route (SAR).[28] The SAR was set up on 31 May to allow individuals to choose vaccines not under the national inoculation program.[29]

On 2 August, Senior Minister of State for Health Janil Puthucheary announced in Parliament that those who had allergic reactions after receiving the first dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine will be invited to receive the Sinovac CoronaVac vaccine and will be deemed as fully vaccinated individuals.[30]

On 6 August, the Health Ministry announced it shall recognize all COVID-19 vaccines listed under the Emergency Use Listing (EUL) by the World Health Organization (WHO) starting from 10 August 2021. This means that Singapore recognizes all individuals that have been inoculated with a WHO-approved vaccine as fully vaccinated individuals and shall be accorded vaccination-differentiated safe management measures and travel concessions.[31]

On 20 September, an additional 101,000 doses of the Sinovac vaccine was delivered.[32]

On 23 October, the Health Sciences Authority (HSA) granted interim authorization under the Pandemic Special Access Route for the CoronaVac vaccine under a three-dose regime, following which it was included in the National Vaccination Programme. Those who are ineligible to take either of the approved mRNA vaccines would be invited for this vaccine and eligible for the Vaccine Injury Financial Assistance Programme (VIFAP).[33]

On 10 December, the Health Sciences Authority approved the use of the Pfizer-BioNTech coronavirus vaccine for children aged 5 to 11 with the first shots to be given by end-2021. At the same time, Pfizer-BioNTech coronavirus vaccine is approved for full registration.[34] [35] The first shipment of the paediatric vaccine arrived seven days later on 22 December with the first shots given on 27 December.

Booster shots

Singapore started the rolling out of booster shots for senior citizens above 60 years of age from 14 September 2021.[36] Subsequently, from 4 October, it will start giving booster shots for the eligible population above 50 years of age, followed by individuals above 30 years of age from 9 October. The eligible population should have their second dose taken before 6 months.[37] From 24 November, eligible population who completed their second dose before 5 months can get booster shots for all age groups.[38] [39] On 10 December, the use of booster shots is extended to individuals above 18 years of age starting from 14 December.[34] [35] From 14 March 2022, children aged 12 to 17 will need to get a booster shot within 270 days of receiving their second dose of the COVID-19 vaccine.[40] Those who do not take the booster shot after 9 months from the second dose will have their vaccination status removed.

2022

On 14 February 2022, the Health Sciences Authority (HSA) announced that it had granted interim authorization for the Novavax vaccine under the brand name Nuvaxovid, under the Pandemic Special Access Route; it is a two-dose regimen, and shall be included in the National Vaccination Programme for adults aged 18 years old and above. Presently, it is a protein-based subunit vaccine authorized in Singapore.[41] [42]

From May 2022, vaccination centres will be consolidated as Singapore transits to COVID-19 resilience.[43]

Recognition of vaccine certificates

On 19 August 2021, the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA) shall issue a tamper-proof vaccination sticker that is to be pasted onto their travel documents and can serve as proof of vaccination. The issuance of this special sticker will be limited to travelers who have been vaccinated with a COVID-19 vaccine under the Emergency Use Listing (EUL) by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the presentation of a valid English-language vaccination certificate.[44]

On 24 September 2021, Malaysian National Recovery Council chairman Muhyiddin Yassin confirmed that Malaysia and Singapore would recognise each other's vaccination certificates in order to facilitate travel between the two countries.[45]

Vaccines used

National vaccination programme

!Vaccine!Progress!Doses ordered!Approval!Deployment!Manufacturer!Ref.
Pfizer–BioNTech/ComirnatyApproved for use unknown Pfizer and BioNTech-
ModernaApproved for useunknown Moderna-
CoronaVacApproved for use 301,000 Sinovac
NuvaxovidApproved for use unknown Novavax[46]

Special access route

!Vaccine!Progress!Doses ordered!Approval!Deployment!Manufacturer!Ref.
Sinopharm BIBPPartially approvedunknown13px 28 July 2021 Sinopharm-
Johnson&Johnson/JanssenPartially approvedunknown13px 10 August 2021 Janssen-
Oxford–AstraZeneca/AZD1222/CovishieldPartially approvedunknown13px 10 August 2021 University of Oxford and AstraZeneca
CovaxinPartially approvedunknown13px 3 November 2021 Bharat Biotech-
ConvideciaPartially approvedunknown13px 19 May 2022 CanSino Biologics-

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 28 October 2021. Update on Local COVID-19 Situation (28 October). 10 November 2021. www.moh.gov.sg. 28 April 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220428110819/https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/update-on-local-covid-19-situation-%2828-oct-2021%29. live.
  2. Web site: Welle (www.dw.com) . Deutsche . Coronavirus digest: Singapore is now the most-vaccinated country DW 29.08.2021 . DW.COM . . 6 November 2021 . 29 August 2021 . 1 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220601040808/https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-digest-singapore-is-now-the-most-vaccinated-country/a-59016931 . live .
  3. Web site: Securing Singapore's access to COVID-19 vaccines. 2021-04-28. www.gov.sg. en. 3 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211203180548/https://www.gov.sg/article/securing-singapores-access-to-covid-19-vaccines. live.
  4. News: hermesauto. 2020-11-12. Top experts in healthcare, science appointed to committee to make recommendations on Singapore's Covid-19 vaccination strategy. 2021-09-22. The Straits Times. en. 27 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221127073046/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/14-member-committee-appointed-to-make-recommendations-on-covid-19-vaccination-here. live.
  5. Web site: COVID-19: Government accepts committee's recommendations on vaccine strategy, to begin vaccinating healthcare workers from Dec 30. 2021-09-22. CNA. en. 27 August 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220827042826/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/covid-19-vaccinations-begin-elderly-healthcare-workers-ncid-506156. dead.
  6. Web site: PM Lee receives COVID-19 vaccine booster shot. 2021-09-22. CNA. en. 29 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220529055433/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/pm-lee-receive-covid-19-vaccine-booster-third-dose-2184256. live.
  7. Web site: Those with mild skin reactions after first COVID-19 jab now allowed to receive further doses: Expert committee. 2021-09-22. CNA. en. 30 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221130015434/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/covid-19-vaccine-expert-committee-skin-reaction-strenuous-exercise-2182481. live.
  8. News: Daga. John Geddie, Anshuman. 2020-12-14. Singapore approves Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine in Asia first. en. Reuters. 2021-04-28. 4 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210604120157/https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-singapore-lee-idUSKBN28O0YC. live.
  9. Web site: Chew. Hui Min. First shipment of COVID-19 vaccines arrives in Singapore. 28 April 2021. CNA. 21 December 2020. en. 15 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210715124211/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/first-covid-19-vaccine-shipment-singapore-pfizer-biontech-13818262. dead.
  10. News: . Singapore gets first batch of vaccines, says DHL. Bangkok Post. 28 April 2021. 21 December 2020. 10 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230210001513/https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2038975/singapore-gets-first-batch-of-vaccines-says-dhl. live.
  11. Web site: 25 March 2021. Sinovac vaccine will be used only when HSA gives approval. 28 April 2021. The New Paper. en. 3 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211203001432/https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/sinovac-vaccine-will-be-used-only-when-hsa-gives-approval. live.
  12. Web site: China's Sinovac vaccine arrives in Singapore, but not yet approved for use. live. 28 April 2021. www.businesstimes.com.sg. 24 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210224150916/https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/chinas-sinovac-vaccine-arrives-in-singapore-but-not-yet-approved-for-use . 24 February 2021 .
  13. News: Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine to be allowed in Singapore under special access route after WHO approval. 3 July 2021. CNA. en. 22 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210622004734/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/sinovac-covid-19-vaccine-special-access-route-vaccination-moh-14933072. live.
  14. News: 2 June 2021. Sinovac vaccine will be given to individuals not eligible for MRNA vaccines. 2021-06-02. The Straits Times. en. Goh. Timothy. 2 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210702050809/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/sinovac-approved-under-special-access-route-moh. live.
  15. News: 7 more clinics chosen to offer Sinovac vaccine: MOH. 2021-07-03. Yahoo! News. en-SG. 29 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220529013707/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/7-more-clinics-offer-sinovac-vaccine-moh-162615543.html. live.
  16. Web site: Singapore begins COVID-19 vaccination campaign. 2021-04-28. www.aa.com.tr. 4 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210604114656/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/singapore-begins-covid-19-vaccination-campaign/2093254. live.
  17. News: 2021-02-03. Singapore approves Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine in Asia first. en. Reuters. 2021-04-28. 3 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211203001534/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-singapore-idUSKBN2A30ZM. live.
  18. News: hermesauto. 2021-05-18. S'pore delays 2nd Covid-19 vaccine dose to 6-8 weeks later; those aged 40-44 can register for jabs from Wednesday. 2021-05-21. The Straits Times. en. 3 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211203001514/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/spore-delays-2nd-vaccine-dose-to-6-8-weeks-later-those-aged-40-44-can-register-for-jabs. live.
  19. News: Singapore seeks COVID-19 vaccination for all adults by August. 2021-05-21. Reuters. Lin. Chen. 2021-05-18. 14 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230314223356/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/singapore-seeks-covid-19-vaccination-all-adults-by-august-2021-05-18/. live.
  20. News: COVID: Singapore vaccination extended to 12-15 age group, dosing interval now 6-8 weeks. 2021-05-21. Yahoo! News. Yong. Nicholas. 2021-05-18. 3 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211203001722/https://news.yahoo.com/covid-singapore-vaccination-12-to-15-age-group-2nd-dose-6-to-8-weeks-100725888.html. live.
  21. Web site: Singapore shortens interval between COVID-19 vaccine doses to 4 weeks. 2021-07-03. CNA. en. 11 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210711042728/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-shortens-inverval-covid-19-vaccine-doses-4-weeks-15118130. live.
  22. News: hermesauto. 2021-06-29. Second Covid-19 jab can now be booked 4 weeks after first dose, from 6-8 weeks previously. 2021-07-03. The Straits Times. en. 27 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221127072852/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/second-covid-19-jab-can-now-be-booked-4-weeks-after-first-dose-from-6-8-weeks. live.
  23. News: 10 July 2021. Those taking Pfizer-BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine can now get second dose in 3 weeks instead of 4. 10 July 2021. The Straits Times. en. Toh. Ting Wei. 10 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210710001303/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/those-taking-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-can-now-get-second-dose-in-3-weeks. live.
  24. Web site: Frequently Asked Questions. 2021-09-24. www.vaccine.gov.sg. en. 20 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221220090402/https://www.vaccine.gov.sg/faq/. live.
  25. Web site: Ng. Abigail. 2021-05-18. Singapore approves Covid vaccine for children ages 12 to 15 as cases surge. 2021-05-21. CNBC. en. 20 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211020213709/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/18/singapore-approves-covid-vaccine-for-children-outlines-vaccination-plan.html. live.
  26. Web site: Children aged 12 to 15 to receive Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in Singapore. 2021-05-21. CNA. en. 18 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210518101132/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/covid-19-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-children-singapore-12-15-14833074. live.
  27. News: 24 June 2021. S'pore may get non-mRNA Novavax Covid-19 vaccine before year-end. 24 June 2021. The Straits Times. en. Chong. Clara. 24 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210624230118/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/spore-may-get-non-mrna-novavax-covid-19-vaccine-before-year-end. live.
  28. Web site: Private clinics set to offer Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine in Singapore under special access route. 2021-07-28. CNA. en. 30 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210730212948/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-singapore-special-access-route-15317168. live.
  29. News: Hui Min . Chew . People who want alternative COVID-19 vaccines can get them under special access route . 2 August 2021 . CNA . 31 May 2021 . 2 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210802015249/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/alternative-covid-19-vaccines-special-access-route-moh-14920192 . live .
  30. News: Baker . Jalelah Abu . People with allergic reactions to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines can take Sinovac shots, will be considered fully vaccinated . 7 August 2021 . CNA . 2 August 2021 . 7 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210807001136/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/sinovac-covid-19-vaccine-mrna-pfizer-moderna-fully-vaccinated-2093826 . live .
  31. News: Baker . Jalelah Abu . Those who opt for Sinovac, other vaccines under WHO emergency list to be considered fully vaccinated . 6 August 2021 . CNA . 6 August 2021 . 6 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210806120551/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/sinovac-vaccine-covid19-sinopharm-astrazeneca-fully-vaccinated-2096576 . live .
  32. News: Gena Soh . 101,000 doses of Sinovac Covid-19 vaccine have arrived, jabs available in a few days: Ong Ye Kung . The Straits Times . en . 20 September 2021 . 22 September 2021 . 28 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220428111538/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/community/101000-doses-of-sinovac-covid-19-vaccine-have-arrived-jabs-available-in-a-few . live .
  33. Web site: Matthew Mohan. 23 October 2021. Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine to be included in Singapore's national vaccination programme. 23 October 2021. CNA. en. 23 April 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220423151945/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/sinovac-covid-19-vaccine-national-vaccination-programme-three-dose-singapore-2263787. live.
  34. Web site: Ganapathy . Kurt . Singapore approves Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for children aged 5 to 11; first shots by end-2021 . CNA . 11 December 2021 . 11 December 2021 . 4 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220404154559/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/moh-covid-19-vaccination-children-singapore-2372631 . live .
  35. Web site: Chia . Osmond . S'pore approves Pfizer Covid-19 jab for children aged 5 to 11; booster shots for 18- to 29-year-olds from Dec 14 . The Straits Times . 11 December 2021 . 11 December 2021 . 25 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220625124050/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/spore-approves-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine-for-children-5-to-11-years-old-vaccination . live .
  36. News: Lim. Min Zhang. 2021-09-10. Seniors to be invited to register for Covid-19 booster shots from Sept 14. en. The Straits Times. 2021-09-29. 0585-3923. 1 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220501161752/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/seniors-to-be-invited-to-register-for-covid-19-vaccine-booster-shots-from-sept-14-moh. live.
  37. News: Tan. Cheryl. 2021-09-24. Covid-19 vaccine booster shots for those aged 50 to 59 from Oct 4. en. The Straits Times. 2021-09-29. 0585-3923. 19 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220119061332/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/from-oct-4-those-aged-50-to-59-will-be-invited-to-take-covid-19-vaccine-boosters. live.
  38. News: People can get Covid-19 booster shots 5 months after second dose from Nov 24. The Straits Times. 20 November 2021. Tan. Cheryl. 20 November 2021. 5 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221205040351/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/people-can-get-covid-19-booster-shots-5-months-after-their-second-dose-from-wednesday. live.
  39. Web site: COVID-19 booster jabs to be offered 5 months after second dose for all eligible age groups. 20 November 2021. 29 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221129091554/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/covid-19-booster-dose-jabs-5-months-vaccination-moh-2327321. live.
  40. Web site: Children aged 12 to 17 must get COVID-19 booster within 270 days of 2nd dose to maintain fully vaccinated status. 2022-01-22. CNA. en. 21 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220121130954/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/mtf-children-covid-19-booster-270-days-second-dose-fully-vaccinated-status-2450426. live.
  41. Web site: Clara Chong. 14 February 2022. Novavax Covid-19 vaccine approved for those aged 18 and above in Singapore. 14 February 2022. The Straits Times. en. 9 March 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220309034414/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/novavax-covid-19-vaccine-approved-for-those-aged-18-and-above-to-arrive-in-the-next-few-months. live.
  42. Web site: Andres . Gabrielle . Novavax's Nuvaxovid COVID-19 vaccine granted interim authorisation in Singapore . CNA . 6 March 2022 . 14 February 2022 . 11 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220311020241/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/novavax-nuvaxovid-covid-19-vaccine-interim-authorisation-singapore-hsa-2496476 . live .
  43. News: 2022-04-22. Further Easing of Community Measures. Ministry of Health. 24 April 2022. 10 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221010095910/https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/further-easing-of-community-and-border-measures. live.
  44. News: Lim . Janice . Covid-19: ICA to issue tamper-proof vaccination sticker to newly-arrived travellers immunized abroad . 19 August 2021 . Today Online . 19 August 2021 . 19 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210819123900/https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/covid-19-ica-issue-tamper-proof-vaccination-sticker-newly-arrived-travellers-immunised . live .
  45. News: Shah . Mohd Farhaan . Muhyiddin: Malaysia and Singapore to mutually recognise vaccination certs as part of move towards reopening border . 25 September 2021 . . 24 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210924120033/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/09/24/muhyiddin-malaysia-and-singapore-to-mutually-recognise-vaccination-certs-as-part-of-move-towards-reopening-border . 24 September 2021. live.
  46. Web site: Start of Nuvaxovid Covid-19 Vaccination and Joint Testing Vaccination Centre Operations. 2022-05-18. www.moh.gov.sg. en. 13 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221013165325/https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/start-of-nuvaxovid-covid-19-vaccination-and-joint-testing-vaccination-centre-operations. live.

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