COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania explained

COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania
Map1:COVID-19 rolling 14day Prevalence in Pennsylvania by county.svg
Map2:COVID-19 Prevalence in Pennsylvania by county.svg
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Disease:COVID-19
Virus Strain:SARS-CoV-2
Location:Pennsylvania, U.S.
First Case:Delaware and Wayne counties
Arrival Date:March 6, 2020
Confirmed Cases:986,904
Suspected Cases:186,760
Hospitalized Cases:2,239 (5/9/21)
Ventilator Cases:242 (5/9/21)
Deaths:28,864 (confirmed by DOH 9/20/21)

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached the U.S. state of Pennsylvania in March 2020., the Pennsylvania Department of Health has confirmed 1,464,264 cumulative cases and 29,814 deaths in the state.[1], Pennsylvania has administered 6,238,812 partial vaccinations, and 5,983,128 full vaccinations.[2]

Timeline

March 2020

April 2020

May 2020

June 2020

July 2020

August 2020

September 2020

October 2020

November 2020

December 2020

January 2021

February 2021

March 2021

April 2021

May 2021

June 2021

July 2021

August 2021

September 2021

November 2021

December 2021

January 2022

Government response

Initially, Governor Wolf implemented social distancing measures in Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery counties in the Philadelphia suburbs along with Allegheny County in the Pittsburgh area, which urged non-essential businesses operations and services to close, such as malls, movie theaters, and casinos. Essential businesses such as gas stations, grocery stores, and pharmacies remained open. Starting March 16, 2020, bars and restaurants were ordered to close to dine-in customers in those counties. In addition, non-essential travel was discouraged. A no visitor policy was implemented for correctional facilities and nursing homes statewide.[157]

Social distancing measures rapidly spread to the rest of the state. On March 16, 2020, the social distancing measures were extended to the entire state, while Philadelphia Mayor Jim Kenney ordered nonessential businesses and city government to close for two weeks. The Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission announced that cash or credit cards would not be accepted at toll plazas along the Pennsylvania Turnpike system starting at 8 p.m. on March 16, 2020. All tolls were collected electronically by E-ZPass or toll-by-plate. The all-electronic tolling was intended to be temporary, but in June 2020 the move to all-electronic tolling became permanent, with toll collectors laid off.[158]

On March 17, 2020, all Fine Wine & Good Spirits stores across the state closed at the end of the business day.[159] SEPTA Regional Rail trains in the Philadelphia area began operating on an enhanced Saturday schedule for two weeks due to reduced ridership and staffing. SEPTA offered refunds for unused and partially used passes.[160]

On March 19, 2020, Governor Wolf ordered all non-life sustaining businesses to close. The state's department of education announced that all statewide assessments would be canceled for the remainder of the 2019–2020 school year.[161]

On March 22, 2020, Philadelphia Mayor Jim Kenney issued a stay-at-home order for the city, set to take effect the following day at 8:00 am.[162] On March 23, 2020, Governor Wolf issued additional stay at home orders for seven counties: Allegheny, Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, Monroe, and a redundant order for Philadelphia County, to go into effect at 8:00 pm the same day.[163] Stay-at-home orders were issued for Erie County on March 24, 2020; Lehigh and Northampton counties on March 25, 2020; Berks, Butler, Lackawanna, Lancaster, Luzerne, Pike, Wayne, Westmoreland, and York counties on March 27, 2020; Beaver, Centre, and Washington counties on March 28, 2020; and the entire state on April 1, 2020.

The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation extended expiration dates as a result of the pandemic. The expiration dates of driver licenses, identification cards, and learner's permits that were scheduled to expire from March 16, 2020, to August 31, 2020, were extended to August 31, 2020.[164] The expiration dates for commercial driver licenses and commercial learner's permits that were scheduled to expire from March 16, 2020, to March 31, 2021, were extended to March 31, 2021.[165]

Impact on economy

On March 19, 2020, Pennsylvania governor Tom Wolf ordered a closure of all non-life-sustaining businesses in the state to close physical locations in order to slow the spread of the virus.[166] Following the closure and into the second week of April 2020, 1.7 million residents had filed unemployment claims. The most affected sectors included the construction sector and the accommodation and food services sector.[167]

As of February 2021, over 2 million unemployment claims had been filed in the state. 1.1 million of those had been approved and paid.[168]

Impact on communities

Pennsylvania businesses were impacted by COVID-19 beginning early in the pandemic. All non-life-sustaining businesses were ordered to close by 8 pm March 19, 2020 by Gov. Tom Wolf. As a result, restaurants, small businesses, theaters, galleries, and performance spaces were temporarily shuttered to stem the spread of the virus.[169] The economic impact of closures and related measures became apparent later in the year. GDP decreased by 34% statewide between Q1 and Q2 2020, and employment decreased by 503,600 (8.2%) jobs between February and December 2020.[170] [171] Beginning in March 2020, remote work was advised where possible.[172]

In an effort to aid small and locally owned businesses, Pennsylvania legislators created funds for proprietors. The Statewide Small Business Assistance program made $225 million available for small businesses as part of the $2.6 billion CARES Act. Businesses, which apply through Community Development Financial Institutions, were eligible for grants of $5,000 to $50,000.[173] Wolf's office reported $192 million has been provided through grants to more than 10,000 businesses. In October 2020, another $96 million was allocated to more than $5,000 businesses.[174] As of February 2021, businesses can operate at 75% capacity, casinos, malls, theaters, gyms, spas, and salons at 50%, and indoor dining in restaurants at 50% capacity.

Gatherings for parties, funerals, or weddings were limited in number. As of November 2020, maximum occupancy limits (including staff) were set for indoor and outdoor settings. These range from no more than 500 people in an indoor space with a maximum occupancy of more than 10,000, 10% of 2,000 maximum occupancy, 5% of 2,000-10,000 maximum occupancy. Outdoor events were limited to 5% or up to 2,500 with a maximum occupancy of more than 10,000, 15% of 2,000 maximum occupancy, and 10% of 2,000-10,000 maximum occupancy.[175]

In October 2020, lawmakers introduced "Save the Stages" legislation (PA House Bill 2894)[176] designed to provide $200 million of the CARES Act to performance venues or associated businesses impacted by COVID-19.[177]

As gyms and recreational spaces were shuttered, Pennsylvanians took to outdoor trails. A survey of Pennsylvania Environmental Council's trails' operators reported an increase of trail usage by 100% to 200% in spring 2020 as stay-at-home orders were implemented. Increased usage delayed planned projects and strained resources for management of the trail systems.[178]

In November 2020, Gov, Wolf issued a travel order requiring those arriving in Pennsylvania from another state or country, or residents returning to the state, to test negative to a COVID-19 test or to quarantine for 10 days after arrival.[179]

Impact on education

On March 13, 2020, Governor Wolf ordered all Pennsylvania schools to close for at least two weeks.[9] The Pennsylvania Department of Education canceled all statewide school assessments including the PSSA testing, Keystone exams, and the Pennsylvania Alternate System of Assessment (PASA) for the remainder of the 2019–2020 school year.[15] On April 9, 2020, Governor Wolf ordered all Pennsylvania schools to remain closed through the end of the academic school year, with schools holding all classes through means of Google Classroom and other online classroom tools.[26] In August 2020, Governor Wolf set forth criteria to reopen schools for the 2020–2021 school year based on community transmission of COVID-19. In counties with low transmission, schools are recommended to reopen with full in-person instruction or hybrid instruction using a mix of in-person and virtual learning. In counties with moderate transmission, schools are recommended to reopen with hybrid instruction or all-virtual learning. In counties with substantial transmission, schools are recommended to reopen with all-virtual learning.[180] On November 13, 2020, Montgomery County health officials ordered schools to go all-virtual for two weeks starting November 23, 2020 due to a rise in cases and hospitalizations.[114] In January 2022, many schools temporarily switched to virtual learning due to an increase in COVID-19 cases among students and staff caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant.[181]

In March 2020, many colleges and universities throughout Pennsylvania suspended in-person classes and moved to virtual learning in wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.[182] Some universities such as West Chester University of Pennsylvania, East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, and the University of Pennsylvania continued to utilize virtual learning for most classes for the fall 2020 semester.[89] [90] [95] Other universities such as Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania and Temple University started the fall 2020 semester with in-person classes but reverted to virtual learning after a rise in COVID-19 cases on campus.[103] [106] Temple University and Lehigh University will start the spring 2022 semester virtually due to the rise in COVID-19 cases caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant.[154] [155]

As elsewhere in the U.S., the pandemic has placed significant economic stress on public school districts across the state of Pennsylvania. Despite funding from the CARES ACT, many districts had to increase taxes, make budgets, or draw from reserves, or some combination of the three strategies. Many of the districts facing the most difficult economic challenges were also those that serve low-income areas.[183]

Impact on voting

in 2019, PA General Assembly's Act 77 amended voting laws in the state to allow for "no excuse" mail in ballots, making mail-in ballots accessible to a greater number of residents, and aligning with similar practices in 31 states.[184] [185] In March 2020 with the passage of 2020 Act 12, the primary election was postponed to June 2, 2020, to allow for mail in ballots and pre-canvassing.[186] [187] [188] [189]

Immediately before the November 2020 U.S. Presidential Election, 27% of likely voters identified the virus as "the most pressing issue for the state."[190] COVID-19 led to a surge in registrations for mail-in voting for the general election.[191] In response to the pandemic, certain modifications were made to mail-in voting. Prepaid return postage was provided for both mail-in and absentee ballots in the general election. Additionally, the deadline for receipt of mail-in ballots was extended to November 6, 2020, if the ballot was postmarked by November 3, 2020.[192]

The three-day extension was petitioned in the state Supreme Court in September 2020, and stated to be based on the delay in US Postal Service deliveries due to the pandemic.[193] [194] Following legal challenge, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court upheld the extended period of receipt of mail in ballots. In late October 2020, Kathryn Boockvar, Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, ordered the mail in ballots received after November 3 to be kept separate from those received prior due to pending legislation in the US Supreme Court.[195] [196] Several appeals were made to the US Supreme Court regarding the recent legislative decisions. The Court declined to hear the cases.[197]

Impact on sports

See main article: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports. Most of the state's sports teams were affected. Several leagues began postponing or suspending their seasons starting March 12, 2020. Major League Baseball cancelled the remainder of spring training on that date, and on March 16, 2020, they announced that the season will be postponed indefinitely, after the recommendations from the CDC to restrict events of more than 50 people for the next eight weeks, affecting the Philadelphia Phillies and Pittsburgh Pirates.[198] Also on March 12, 2020, the National Basketball Association announced the season would be suspended for 30 days, affecting the Philadelphia 76ers.[199] In the National Hockey League, the season was suspended for an indefinite amount of time, affecting the Pittsburgh Penguins and Philadelphia Flyers.[200] The NBA and NHL seasons have since resumed with a modified schedule. The Pittsburgh Penguins were unexpectedly eliminated in the qualifying round,[201] while the Flyers were eliminated in the second round of the playoffs by the New York Islanders.[202] The 76ers completed the regular season after the restart and ended up as the 6 seed in the East; the 76ers were swept in the first round of the playoffs by the Boston Celtics.[203] On June 24, 2020, it was announced that the 2020 MLB season of 60 games will begin July 23 and 24 with players returning to spring training on July 1.[204]

On July 27, 2020, National Football League preseason games, which usually take place in August, were cancelled by NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell due to the COVID-19 pandemic, affecting the Philadelphia Eagles and the Pittsburgh Steelers.[205] The regular season began as scheduled, although the Eagles and Steelers played behind closed doors for the first part of the season. The Steelers allowed a limited number of fans starting with their October 11, 2020 game against the Eagles while the Eagles allowed a limited number of fans starting with their October 18, 2020 game against the Baltimore Ravens.[206] [207] After the city of Philadelphia announced restrictions on November 16, 2020, due to a rise in cases, the Eagles were again not allowed to have any fans at games.[115] After the state imposed restrictions on outdoor gatherings, the Steelers restricted attendance at games to family and friends of players and the organization starting with their December 2, 2020 game against the Ravens.[208] The state originally planned to allow a limited number of spectators for the Steelers home playoff game(s). On January 7, 2021, the Steelers announced that attendance at home playoff game(s) would be limited to family and associates.[209] [210]

In college sports, the National Collegiate Athletic Association cancelled all winter and spring tournaments, most notably the Division I men's and women's basketball tournaments, affecting colleges and universities statewide.[211] On March 16, 2020, the National Junior College Athletic Association also canceled the remainder of the winter seasons as well as the spring seasons.[212] On August 11, the Big Ten Conference, which includes the Penn State Nittany Lions, postponed their fall 2020 sports seasons. On September 16, 2020, it was announced the 2020 football season will start on October 24 with an eight-game schedule.[213] The Army–Navy Game, which was scheduled to take place at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia on December 12, 2020, was moved to Michie Stadium on the grounds of the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York due to attendance limits on outdoor events imposed by the state.[214]

In auto racing, the NASCAR race weekend at Pocono Raceway from June 26–28, 2020, which included the first NASCAR Cup Series doubleheader in history, took place as scheduled but without fans in attendance.[215] [216] [217]

Vaccination

The Pennsylvania Department of Health organized the state vaccine rollout into four phases. As of February 1, one million residents had received the vaccine.[218]

Phase 1A

In the first phase, or Phase 1A, eligible persons included long-term care facility residents, health care personnel, persons exposed to infectious materials, persons aged 65 and older, and high-risk persons aged 16–64.[219] Phase 1A began December 14, 2020, with the first vaccines being distributed to frontline healthcare workers in Pittsburgh.

Phase 1B

In Phase 1B, the following groups are eligible for the vaccine: individuals in group settings beyond long-term care, first responders, correctional officers, food and agricultural workers, U.S. postal workers, manufacturing workers, educators, clergy, public transit workers, and childcare professionals.

Phase 1C

In the third phase, essential workers in a number of sectors not already mentioned, including sectors such as transportation, energy, media, and legal services became eligible.

Phase 2

In Phase 2, all (16 and older) persons not previously covered are eligible for the vaccine.

Challenges to rollout

As of January 2021, Pennsylvania ranks "second-to-last among the states in vaccine administration," a condition which has prompted state Republicans to criticize Democratic Governor Tom Wolf's management of the situation. Among other challenges, Wolf has cited a lack of supply from federal agencies in preventing quicker and more widespread inoculation.[220] While older populations are targeted in Phase 1A, elderly residents of rural Pennsylvania in particular have had limited access to the vaccine, as limited supplies as inadequate facilities hinder the roll-out in these areas.[221]

Graphs

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See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Tosheff . Taylor . Pa. nears grim milestone: 30,000 COVID-related deaths since start of the pandemic . October 8, 2021 . . October 10, 2021 .
  2. Web site: Pennsylvania COVID-19 Numbers. 2021-09-02. Department of Health. September 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210902035247/https://www.health.pa.gov/topics/disease/coronavirus/Pages/Cases.aspx. live.
  3. March 6, 2020. Wolf Administration Confirms Two Presumptive Positive Cases of COVID-19. Pennsylvania Office of the Governor. March 13, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200307002100/https://www.governor.pa.gov/newsroom/wolf-administration-confirms-two-presumptive-positive-cases-of-covid-19/. March 7, 2020. live.
  4. Web site: March 6, 2020. March 6, 2020. 2 presumed positive coronavirus cases in Pa., including Delaware County. WPVI. https://web.archive.org/web/20200306220251/https://6abc.com/5990338/. March 6, 2020. live.
  5. Web site: March 6, 2020. March 6, 2020. Pennsylvania now has 2 confirmed cases of coronavirus. AP via WHYY. https://web.archive.org/web/20200307142840/https://whyy.org/articles/pennsylvania-now-has-2-confirmed-cases-of-coronavirus/. March 7, 2020. live.
  6. Web site: March 6, 2020. March 6, 2020. Pa. confirms 'presumed positive' cases of the coronavirus. Parker. Randy. York Daily Record. https://web.archive.org/web/20200307091047/https://www.ydr.com/story/news/2020/03/06/coronavirus-in-pa-first-covid-19-case-confirmed-in-pennsylvania-wayne-delaware-county/4966026002/. March 7, 2020. live.
  7. Web site: March 6, 2020. March 6, 2020. Pennsylvania Reports 2 Coronavirus Cases, 1 in Delaware County. Stamm. Dan. WCAU-TV. June 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200611125623/https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/pennsylvania-new-jersey-coronavirus-cases/2317204//. live.
  8. Web site: Live BLog: Coronavirus In Pittsburgh, March 9–15. wesa.fm. March 9, 2020 . 2020-03-24. May 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200527210511/https://www.wesa.fm/post/live-blog-coronavirus-pittsburgh-march-9-15. live.
  9. Web site: Pennsylvania, Delaware Close All Schools Due to Outbreak . March 13, 2020 . . March 14, 2020 . May 6, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200506101601/https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/coronavirus/pennsylvania-schools-closed-coronavirus/2325564/?amp . live .
  10. https://www.poconorecord.com/news/20200314/pa-cancels-public-park-programs-in-light-of-covid-19 PA cancels public park programs in light of COVID-19
  11. News: March 16, 2020 . Governor Wolf extends COVID-19 shutdown across Pennsylvania . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200611103128/https://6abc.com/health/governor-extends-covid-19-shutdown-across-pa-live/6018275/ . June 11, 2020 . March 16, 2020 . WPVI-TV . Philadelphia, PA.
  12. Web site: Coronavirus. PA Department of Health. live. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200304183834/https://www.health.pa.gov/topics/disease/Pages/Coronavirus.aspx. March 4, 2020.
  13. Web site: 1st coronavirus death in Pennsylvania is from Lehigh Valley. Steve. Novak. 2020-03-18. lehighvalleylive. 2020-03-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20200318210846/https://www.lehighvalleylive.com/coronavirus/2020/03/1st-coronavirus-death-in-pennsylvania-is-from-lehigh-valley.html. March 18, 2020. live.
  14. Web site: All Non=Life-Sustaining Businesses in Pennsylvania to Close Physical Locations as of 8 PM Today to Slow Spread of COVID-19. 2020-03-19. Governor Tom Wolf. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200320184236/https://www.governor.pa.gov/newsroom/all-non-life-sustaining-businesses-in-pennsylvania-to-close-physical-locations-as-of-8-pm-today-to-slow-spread-of-covid-19/. March 20, 2020. 2020-03-20.
  15. Web site: Coronavirus Latest: Pennsylvania Department Of Education Cancels Statewide Assessments. 2020-03-19. 2020-03-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20200319214719/https://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2020/03/19/coronavirus-latest-pennsylvania-department-of-education-cancels-statewide-assessments/. March 19, 2020. live.
  16. Web site: Who is Rachel Levine? Pa. health secretary offers calm, reassurance amid pandemic. 2020-03-19. PA Post. 2020-03-23. May 24, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200524033945/https://papost.org/2020/03/19/who-is-rachel-levine-pa-health-secretary-offers-calm-reassurance-amid-pandemic/. live.
  17. Web site: Live Updates: Coronavirus in Pa.: Stay-at-home order issued for Allegheny Co. as number of cases across state rises to 644. WPXI. March 24, 2020 . 2020-03-24. May 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200512022552/https://www.wpxi.com/news/top-stories/live-updates-coronavirus-pennsylvania-what-you-need-know-monday/OWEEFQQCDVG4DDVQQLDGAYSJPA/. live.
  18. Web site: Timeline: Pennsylvania coronavirus updates March 22. WPXI. March 23, 2020 . 2020-03-24. April 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200406180706/https://www.wpxi.com/news/top-stories/live-updates-coronavirus-pennsylvania-what-you-need-know-sunday/VHACVFVHCJD5HMAKLZNQB4NPZE/. live.
  19. News: Pa. Gov. Wolf Issues Stay-at-Home Order for Erie County Starting Tonight at 8 p.m.. Erie News Now. March 24, 2020. September 2, 2020. July 31, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200731095105/https://www.erienewsnow.com/story/41933977/erie-county-issues-stayathome-order-starting-wednesday-at-1201-am. live.
  20. Web site: Governor Wolf expands 'Stay at Home' Order to Lehigh and Northampton Counties to Mitigate Spread of COVID-19. WPMT-TV. York, PA. March 25, 2020. September 2, 2020. April 4, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200404021535/https://www.fox43.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/stay-at-home-order-tom-wolf-lehigh-county/521-ad0d3a76-03dc-47cc-9077-caefe106d5e5. live.
  21. Web site: Staff. Lackawanna, Luzerne, Pike, Wayne Counties added to 'stay at home' order. WNEP-TV. Scranton, PA. March 27, 2020. September 2, 2020. April 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200427012959/https://www.wnep.com/article/news/local/lackawanna-county/stay-at-home-luzerne-pike-wayne/523-f3e220f7-16f4-4116-bab9-0239ac271362. live.
  22. Web site: Pa. Gov. Tom Wolf Again Expands Order for Residents to Stay Home. WCAU-TV. Philadelphia, PA. March 28, 2020. September 2, 2020. May 26, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200526092100/https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/gov-wolf-again-expanding-order-for-residents-to-stay-home/2344143/. live.
  23. Web site: Miller. Hannah. 2020-04-01. Georgia to issue shelter-in-place order amid coronavirus outbreak. 2020-06-24. CNBC. https://web.archive.org/web/20200603064723/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/01/florida-gov-ron-desantis-issues-stay-at-home-order-amid-coronavirus-outbreak.html. June 3, 2020. live.
  24. Web site: 2020-04-01. Gov. Wolf, Sec. of Health: Pennsylvania on Statewide Stay-at-Home Order Beginning at 8 PM Tonight, "Most Prudent Option to Stop the Spread". 2020-06-24. Governor Tom Wolf. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622061847/https://www.governor.pa.gov/newsroom/gov-wolf-sec-of-health-pennsylvania-on-statewide-stay-at-home-order-beginning-at-8-pm-tonight-most-prudent-option-to-stop-the-spread/. June 22, 2020. live.
  25. News: Coronavirus update: Gov. Tom Wolf asks Pennsylvanians to wear masks outdoors. April 4, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200414121618/https://whyy.org/articles/coronavirus-update-15000-chromebooks-donated-to-phillys-charter-catholic-schools/. April 14, 2020. live.
  26. Web site: Schools ordered to remain closed until end of academic year. Times Leader. April 9, 2020. July 31, 2020. September 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200927155453/https://www.timesleader.com/news/779460/wolf-schools-ordered-to-remain-closed-until-end-of-academic-year. live.
  27. Web site: Process to Reopen Pennsylvania . governor.pa.gov . pa.gov . 27 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200513175929/https://www.governor.pa.gov/process-to-reopen-pennsylvania/ . May 13, 2020 . live .
  28. Web site: Plan for Pennsylvainia . governor.pa.gov . pa.gov . 27 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200507191411/https://www.governor.pa.gov/plan-for-pennsylvania/ . May 7, 2020 . live .
  29. News: Employees, customers to be required to wear masks inside essential Pennsylvania businesses, Wolf administration orders. WPVI-TV. Philadelphia, PA. April 16, 2020. December 1, 2020. January 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210110020614/https://6abc.com/pennsylvania-schools-closed-major-disaster-fema-covid-19-pa/6105247/. live.
  30. Web site: Hundreds of protesters line Harrisburg streets in rowdy protest against stay-at-home order. Olson. Tyler. April 20, 2020. Fox News. April 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200420184458/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/hundreds-of-protesters-line-harrisburg-streets-in-protest-against-stay-at-home-order. April 20, 2020. live.
  31. Web site: Thousands of protesters expected at a 'reopen rally'. April 20, 2020. ABC27. April 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200422075607/https://www.abc27.com/news/local/harrisburg/thousands-of-protesters-expected-at-a-reopen-rally/. April 22, 2020. live.
  32. Web site: UPDATE Hundreds gather at Capitol in Harrisburg for anti-shutdown rally calling to 'reopen' Pennsylvania. Fernandez. Cynthia. The Daily Item. April 20, 2020. April 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200421020225/https://www.dailyitem.com/news/update-hundreds-gather-at-capitol-in-harrisburg-for-anti-shutdown-rally-calling-to-reopen-pennsylvania/article_7d4f6946-831e-11ea-b61e-3f87f608ab01.html. April 21, 2020. live.
  33. Web site: Pickel. Greg. Yes, all construction can start in Pa. on May 1, but strict guidelines will need to be followed. PennLive. April 23, 2020. September 8, 2020. July 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200725165125/https://www.pennlive.com/news/2020/04/yes-all-construction-can-start-in-pa-on-may-1-but-strict-guidelines-will-need-to-be-followed.html. live.
  34. Web site: Staff. Pa. to Reopen Golf Courses, Marinas, Fishing Trips and Private Campgrounds. WCAU-TV. Philadelphia, PA. April 27, 2020. September 8, 2020. May 31, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200531021805/https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/coronavirus/pa-to-reopen-golf-courses-marinas-fishing-trips-and-private-campgrounds/2377282/. live.
  35. Web site: Governor Extends Stay-at-Home Order to June 4 - Delaware County, Pennsylvania. 2020-06-24. delcopa.gov. https://web.archive.org/web/20200611191239/https://www.delcopa.gov/publicrelations/releases/2020/stayathome_june4.html. June 11, 2020. live.
  36. Web site: Wolf extends stay-at-home order for Pa. counties still in red phase until June 4. 2020-06-24. WFMZ.com. May 7, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200601032450/https://www.wfmz.com/health/coronavirus/wolf-extends-stay-at-home-order-for-pa-counties-still-in-red-phase-until-june/article_b4748bd4-90c2-11ea-919f-ebfeac553d3e.html. June 1, 2020. live.
  37. Web site: 2020-05-07. Gov. Tom Wolf extends stay-at-home order for red phase counties until June 4. 2020-06-24. FOX 29 Philadelphia. https://web.archive.org/web/20200513011418/https://www.fox29.com/news/gov-tom-wolf-extends-stay-at-home-order-for-red-phase-counties-until-june-4. May 13, 2020. live.
  38. Web site: 2020-05-08. Stay-at-home order extended to June 4 for 'red phase' counties, but Wolf's office says some could turn yellow sooner. 2020-06-24. WTAE. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623055020/https://www.wtae.com/article/pennsylvania-governor-extends-stay-at-home-order-until-june-4-in-red-counties/32409507. June 23, 2020. live.
  39. Web site: 2020-05-08. Stay-at-home order extended to June 4th for red phase counties. 2020-06-24. PAhomepage.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20200517225910/https://www.pahomepage.com/top-news/stay-at-home-order-extended-to-june-4th-for-red-phase-counties/. May 17, 2020. live.
  40. Web site: Gov. Wolf extends stay-at-home order to June 4 for all counties in red phase. 2020-06-24. fox43.com. May 8, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200514141451/https://www.fox43.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/governor-tom-wolf-extends-stay-at-home-order-june-4/521-88ce98ad-c051-4378-9cde-0b6e8ad98033. May 14, 2020. live.
  41. Web site: 2020-05-07. Wolf extends 'red phase' stay-at-home order to June 4; counties can still move to 'yellow'. 2020-06-24. WJAC.
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  52. Web site: Gov. Wolf: More counties will be moved into yellow phase Friday, and some may even go into green. 2020-06-24. Press & Journal. https://web.archive.org/web/20200624154256/https://www.pressandjournal.com/stories/gov-wolf-more-counties-will-be-moved-into-yellow-phase-friday-and-some-may-even-go-into-green,93366. June 24, 2020. live.
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  67. Web site: Carter. Walker. Lancaster County will move to 'green' phase June 26. 2020-09-27. LancasterOnline. June 20, 2020 . August 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200828214206/https://lancasteronline.com/news/local/lancaster-county-will-move-to-green-phase-june-26/article_23af6b3e-b235-11ea-b36d-276cc87417e6.html. live.
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  69. Web site: McCarthy. Erin. Philly suburbs to move to green next Friday; city to enter a modified green phase. 2020-09-27. inquirer.com. June 19, 2020 . September 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200902123904/https://www.inquirer.com/health/coronavirus/philadelphia-green-phase-date-suburbs-modified-city-guidelines-20200619.html. live.
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  71. Web site: Susquehanna County to Go 'Green' on June 26. 2020-09-27. rocket-courier.com. September 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200927155538/https://www.rocket-courier.com/articles/susquehanna-county-to-go-green-on-june-26/. live.
  72. Web site: Gov. Wolf: Eight more counties going green on June 19. 2020-09-27. buckscountyherald.com. June 12, 2020 . September 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200927155543/https://buckscountyherald.com/gov-wolf-eight-more-counties-going-green-on-june-p4941-199.htm. live.
  73. Web site: Guidance for Delco in Green Phase City of Chester. 2020-09-27. chestercity.com. September 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200927155546/https://www.chestercity.com/guidance-for-delco-in-green-phase/. live.
  74. Web site: 2020-06-19. Montgomery County officially to go green on June 26. 2020-09-27. MoreThanTheCurve. August 13, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200813014309/https://morethanthecurve.com/montgomery-county-officially-to-go-green-on-june-26/. live.
  75. Web site: Erie County To Enter Green Phase June 26. 2020-09-27. eriereader.com. July 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200707064554/https://www.eriereader.com/article/erie-county-to-enter-green-phase-june-26. live.
  76. Web site: 2020-06-19. Going green: Bucks County moves to final reopening stage June 26. 2020-09-27. Lower Bucks Times. July 4, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200704112716/https://lowerbuckstimes.com/2020/06/19/going-green-bucks-county-moves-to-final-reopening-stage-june-26/. live.
  77. Web site: Carl Jr.. Hessler. Montgomery, Chester, Berks counties ready to move to green phase. 2020-09-27. The Pottstown Mercury. July 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200717233507/https://www.pottsmerc.com/news/montgomery-chester-berks-counties-ready-to-move-to-green-phase/article_ab89c57a-b269-11ea-9904-4f8b2664120a.html. live.
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  89. News: Kanik. Hannah. West Chester University classes to be online fall 2020. PennLive. July 10, 2020. January 26, 2021.
  90. News: Southwick. Ron. East Stroudsburg University moves to remote learning for fall semester. PennLive. July 14, 2020. January 26, 2021.
  91. News: Governor Wolf imposes new restrictions in Pennsylvania as COVID-19 cases surge. WPVI-TV. Philadelphia, PA. July 15, 2020. July 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200716015105/https://6abc.com/health/new-restrictions-on-bars-restaurants-as-covid-19-cases-surge-in-pa/6318785/. July 16, 2020. live.
  92. Web site: Infant who tested positive for coronavirus dies, Berks County coroner says. July 24, 2020. Keith. Mayer. Reading Eagle. July 24, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200724221710/https://www.readingeagle.com/coronavirus/infant-who-tested-positive-for-coronavirus-dies-berks-county-coroner-says/article_b994d9c0-ccd1-11ea-9a27-47672d1afa39.html. July 24, 2020. live.
  93. Web site: Hundreds gather at 2 block parties, Philadelphia police called to disperse crowds. July 26, 2020. Steve. Marroni. The Patriot-News. July 26, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200726175406/https://www.pennlive.com/news/2020/07/hundreds-gather-at-2-block-parties-philadelphia-police-called-to-disperse-crowds.html. July 26, 2020. live.
  94. Web site: Gorsegner. Michael. Gov. Wolf recommends no sports in Pennsylvania until January 2021. WHP-TV. Harrisburg, PA. August 6, 2020. September 2, 2020. August 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806151641/https://local21news.com/news/local/gov-wolf-dr-levine-to-discuss-expanded-covid-19-test-availability-in-pennsylvania. live.
  95. Web site: Penn Tells Students to Stay Home Amid Coronavirus, Offers Tuition Cuts. 2020-09-03. NBC10 Philadelphia. August 11, 2020 . August 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200817071946/https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/coronavirus/covid-on-campus/penn-tells-students-to-stay-home-amid-coronavirus-offers-tuition-cuts/2498291/. live.
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  97. Web site: Ahn. Ashley. Penn undergraduate students will no longer be able to return to campus housing this fall. 2020-09-27. thedp.com. September 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200925085426/https://www.thedp.com/article/2020/08/penn-fall-2020-move-online-remote. live.
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  100. News: Penn State students party in massive crowd, ignore social distancing. WHTM-TV. Harrisburg, PA. August 20, 2020. September 2, 2020. September 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200927155546/https://www.abc27.com/news/top-stories/penn-state-students-party-in-massive-crowd-ignore-social-distancing/. live.
  101. News: Anastasia. Phil. PIAA gives the green light to fall high school sports in Pennsylvania. The Philadelphia Inquirer. August 21, 2020. September 2, 2020. September 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200902005025/https://www.inquirer.com/high-school-sports/pennsylvania/piaa-fall-sports-high-school-football-coronavirus-20200821.html. live.
  102. Web site: Anderson. Greta. 2020-09-01. COVID-19 'Outbreak' Declared at Temple University. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200903011126/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/09/02/live-updates-latest-news-coronavirus-and-higher-education. September 3, 2020. 2020-09-03. Live Updates: Latest News on Coronavirus and Higher Education, Inside Higher Ed.
  103. Web site: Bloomsburg University going online due to spike in COVID-19 cases. WPVI-TV. Philadelphia, PA. August 27, 2020. September 3, 2020. August 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200828185333/https://6abc.com/bloomsburg-remote-learning-university-online-virtual-coronavirus-colleges/6392211/. live.
  104. Web site: 2020-09-01. Philadelphia health commissioner to Temple students: "Assume everyone around you is infected". 2020-09-03. 6abc Philadelphia. September 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200902023216/https://6abc.com/6399124/. live.
  105. Web site: Lederman. Doug. 2020-09-02. All-Student Quarantine at Gettysburg. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200903011126/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/09/02/live-updates-latest-news-coronavirus-and-higher-education. September 3, 2020. 2020-09-03. Live Updates: Latest News on Coronavirus and Higher Education. Inside Higher Ed.
  106. Web site: Solis. George. Temple University to go virtual for rest of fall semester after COVID-19 outbreak. WPVI-TV. Philadelphia, PA. September 3, 2020. September 3, 2020. September 4, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200904024638/https://6abc.com/education/temple-university-to-go-virtual-for-rest-of-fall-semester/6404642/. live.
  107. News: Kutztown will fine violators of COVID-19 regulations up to $600. WPVI-TV. Philadelphia, PA. September 12, 2020. February 7, 2021.
  108. Web site: department-of-health-to-no-longer-give-covid-19-update-on-sundays. September 12, 2020. September 14, 2020. September 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200912190623/https://www.mytwintiers.com/news-cat/department-of-health-to-no-longer-give-covid-19-update-on-sundays/. live.
  109. Web site: McCormick. Annie. Ileto. Christine. Judge rules Gov. Tom Wolf's pandemic restrictions are unconstitutional. WPVI-TV. Philadelphia, PA. September 15, 2020. September 17, 2020. September 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917163522/https://6abc.com/coronavirus-in-pennsylvania-covid-19-unconstitutional-gov-wolf/6422411/. live.
  110. News: Harris. Jon. Wolf signs order cutting off alcohol sales at Pennsylvania's restaurants at 11 p.m., starting Monday. The Morning Call. Allentown, PA. September 17, 2020. March 15, 2021. January 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210124001137/https://www.mcall.com/business/mc-biz-wolf-levine-restaurant-occupancy-order-alcohol-curfew-20200917-ybeltf5krfghtgolx7pcsxru6i-story.html. live.
  111. Web site: Indoor dining at Pa. restaurants can expand to 50% capacity starting Sept. 21. WPVI-TV. Philadelphia, PA. September 8, 2020. September 8, 2020. September 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200911220458/https://6abc.com/business/pa-indoor-dining-can-expand-to-50%25-starting-sept-21/6413874/. live.
  112. Web site: Staff. McCormick. Annie. Brooks. Bob. Pennsylvania launches new coronavirus exposure notification app. WPVI-TV. Philadelphia, PA. September 22, 2020. December 9, 2020.
  113. Web site: Gov. Wolf increases crowd limits for most of Pennsylvania, but guidelines under review in Philadelphia. WPVI-TV. Philadelphia, PA. October 6, 2020. October 8, 2020.
  114. Web site: Staff. Pennsylvania reports 5,551 daily cases as Montgomery County orders schools to go all-virtual for 2 weeks. WPVI-TV. Philadelphia, PA. November 14, 2020. November 14, 2020.
  115. News: Staff. Philadelphia announces sweeping new restrictions amid surge in COVID-19 cases. WPVI-TV. Philadelphia, PA. November 16, 2020. November 16, 2020. November 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116201134/https://6abc.com/health/philly-announces-sweeping-new-restrictions-amid-covid-19-surge/8005756/. live.
  116. News: Staff. Pennsylvania tightens restrictions on travel, mask-wearing. WPVI-TV. Philadelphia, PA. November 17, 2020. November 17, 2020.
  117. News: Staff. Pennsylvania lays out 3-phase COVID-19 vaccine distribution plan, reports over 7K new cases. WPVI-TV. Philadelphia, PA. November 19, 2020. November 19, 2020.
  118. News: Staff. Hall. Gray. Pennsylvania bans alcohol sales at bars, restaurants on Thanksgiving Eve as COVID cases climb. WPVI-TV. Philadelphia, PA. November 23, 2020. November 23, 2020. February 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216151440/https://6abc.com/health/pa-bans-alcohol-sales-at-bars-restaurants-on-thanksgiving-eve-/8198172/. live.
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