C. N. R. Rao Explained

C. N. R. Rao
Honorific Suffix:FNA, FASc, FRS, FTWAS, HonFRSC, MAE, HonFInstP
Birth Name:Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao
Birth Date:30 June 1934
Birth Place:Bangalore, Kingdom of Mysore, British India
Field:Solid-state chemistry
Alma Mater:Mysore University (BS)
Banaras Hindu University (MS)
Purdue University (PhD)
Work Institution:Indian Space Research Organisation
IIT Kanpur
Indian Institute of Science
University of Oxford
University of Cambridge
University of California, Santa Barbara
Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
Prizes:Bharat Ratna (2014)
Padma Vibhushan (1985)
Padma Shri (1974)
Marlow Medal (1967)
Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology (1969)
Hughes Medal (2000)
India Science Award (2004)
Dan David Prize (2005)
Legion of Honor (2005)
Abdus Salam Medal (2008)
Royal Medal (2009)
Karnataka Ratna (2001)
Order of Friendship (2009)
National Order of Scientific Merit (2012)
Order of the Rising Sun (2015)
Von Hippel Award (2017)
ENI award (2020)

Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao, [1] [2] (born 30 June 1934), is an Indian chemist who has worked mainly in solid-state and structural chemistry. He has honorary doctorates from 86 universities from around the world and has authored around 1,800 research publications and 56 books.[3] He is described as a scientist who had won all possible awards in his field except the Nobel Prize.[4] [5]

A precocious child, Rao completed BSc from Mysore University at age seventeen, and MSc from Banaras Hindu University at age nineteen. He earned a PhD from Purdue University at the age of twenty-four. He was the youngest lecturer when he joined the Indian Institute of Science in 1959. After a transfer to Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, he returned to IISc, eventually becoming its director from 1984 to 1994. He was chair of the Scientific Advisory Council to the Prime Minister of India from 1985 to 1989 and from 2005 to 2014. He founded and works in Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research and International Centre for Materials Science.

Rao received most important scientific awards and honours including the Marlow Medal, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, Hughes Medal, India Science Award, Dan David Prize, Royal Medal, Von Hippel Award, and ENI award. He also received Padma Shri and Padma Vibhushan from the Government of India. On 16 November 2013, the Government of India selected him for Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award in India, making him the third scientist after C.V. Raman and A. P. J. Abdul Kalam[6] to receive the award.[7] [8] [9] He received the award on 4 February 2014 from President Pranab Mukherjee at the Rashtrapati Bhavan.[10] [11]

Early life and education

C.N.R. Rao was born in a Kannada Deshastha Brahmin family in Bangalore to Hanumantha Nagesa Rao and Nagamma Nagesa Rao.[12] [13] [14] [15] His father was an Inspector of Schools.[16] He was an only child, and his learned parents made an academic environment. He was well versed in Hindu literature from his mother and in English from his father at an early age. He did not attend elementary school but was home-tutored by his mother, who was particularly skilled in arithmetic and Hindu literature. He entered middle school in 1940, at age six. Although he was the youngest in his class, he used to tutor his classmates in mathematics and English. He passed the lower secondary examination (class VII) in the first class in 1944. He was ten years old, and his father rewarded him with four annas (twenty-five paisa). He attended Acharya Patashala high school in Basavanagudi, which made a lasting influence on his interest in chemistry. His father enrolled him to a Kannada-medium course to encourage his mother tongue, but at home used English for all conversation. He completed secondary school leaving certificate in first class in 1947. He studied BSc at Central College, Bangalore where he developed communication skills in English and also learned Sanskrit.

He obtained his bachelor's degree from Mysore University in 1951, in first class, and only at the age of seventeen. He initially thought of joining Indian Institute of Science (IISc) for a diploma or a postgraduate degree in chemical engineering, but a teacher persuaded him to attend Banaras Hindu University. He obtained a master's in chemistry from BHU two years later.

In 1953, he was granted a scholarship for PhD in Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. But four foreign universities, MIT, Penn State, Columbia and Purdue also offered him financial support. He chose Purdue. His first research paper was published in the Agra University Journal of Research in 1954. He completed PhD in 1958, only after two years and nine months.

Career

After completion of his graduate studies, Rao returned to Bangalore in 1959 to take up a lecturing position, joining IISc and embarking on an independent research program. The facility at the time was so meagre that he described it, saying, "You would get string and sealing wax and that's about it." In 1963 he accepted a permanent position in the Department of Chemistry at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. He was elected Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1964. He returned to IISc in 1976 to establish a solid state and structural chemistry unit. and became director of the IISc from 1984 to 1994. At various points in his career Rao has taken appointments as a visiting professor at Purdue University, the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge and University of California, Santa Barbara. He was the Jawaharlal Nehru Professor at the University of Cambridge and Professorial Fellow at the King's College, Cambridge during 1983–1984.[17]

Rao has been working as the National Research Professor holding the positions Linus Pauling Research Professor and Honorary President of Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, which he founded in 1989.[18] He had served as chair of the Scientific Advisory Council to the Indian Prime Minister for two terms, from 1985 to 1989 and from 2005 to 2014. He is also the director of the International Centre for Materials Science (ICMS), which he founded in 2010, and serves on the board of the Science Initiative Group.[19]

Scientific contribution

Rao is one of the world's foremost solid state and materials chemists. He has contributed to the development of the field over five decades.[20] His work on transition metal oxides has led to basic understanding of novel phenomena and the relationship between materials properties and the structural chemistry of these materials.[21]

Rao was one of the earliest to synthesise two-dimensional oxide materials such as La2CuO4. He was one of the first to synthesise 123 cuprates, the first liquid nitrogen-temperature superconductor in 1987. He was also the first to synthesis Y junction carbon nanotubes in the mid-1990s. His work has led to a systematic study of compositionally controlled metal-insulator transitions. Such studies have had a profound impact in application fields such as colossal magneto resistance and high temperature superconductivity. Oxide semiconductors have unusual promise. He has made immense contributions to nanomaterials over the last two decades, besides his work on hybrid materials.[22] [23]

He shares co-authorship of more than 1750 research papers and has co-authored or edited more than 54 books.[24]

Awards and recognition

Fellowships and memberships of academic societies

Honorary doctorates

He has received honorary degrees from universities around the world.[31] Visveswaraya Technological University and The Assam Royal Global University, Guwahati 2022.[32] [20] [17]

Major scientific awards

Scientific awards

Indian governmental honours

Foreign honours

Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (2002)

Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (2005)

Gold and Silver Star of the Order of the Rising Sun (2015)

Order of Friendship (2009)[57]

Legacy

Personal life

Rao is married to Indumati Rao in 1960. They have two children, Sanjay and Suchitra. Sanjay works as a science populariser in schools around Bangalore.[63] Suchitra is married to Krishna N. Ganesh, the director of the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) at Pune, Maharashtra.[64] Rao is technophobic and he never checks his email by himself. He also said that he uses the mobile phone only to talk to his wife.[65]

Controversies

In 1987, Rao and his team published a series of four papers, of which three were in the Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Chemical Science), Pramana, and Current Science, all published by the Indian Academy of Sciences.[66] A report was submitted to the Society for Scientific Values that the three papers had no mention of the dates of receipt, which were normally explicitly mentioned in those journals.[67] Upon inquiry, it was found that the paper manuscripts were actually received after the date of publication, indicating that they were backdated. The society declared the case as "Use of Wrong Means to Claim Priority."

Rao has been subject of allegations on plagiarism.[68] [69] [70] Rao and Saluru Baba Krupanidhi at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, with their students Basant Chitara and L. S. Panchakarla, published a paper "Infrared photodetectors based on reduced graphene oxide and graphene nanoribbons" in the journal Advanced Materials in 2011.[71] [72] After publication the journal editors found sentences copied verbatim in the introduction and methodology from a paper published in Applied Physics Letters in 2010.[73] According to Nature report, it was Basant Chitara, a PhD student at IISc, who wrote the text.[74] An apology was issued by the authors later in the same journal.[75] Rao said that he did read the manuscript and that it was an oversight on his part as he focused mainly on the results and discussion.

Scientists such as Rahul Siddharthan (Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai), Y.B. Srinivas (Institute of Wood Science and Technology), and D.P. Sengupta (former professor at IISC), agreed that the plagiarised portion has no bearing on the findings,[76] yet Siddharthan opined that the reactions made by Rao and Krupanidhi were overboard. Rao and Krupanidhi publicly blamed Chitara, and denied the publication as not plagiarism.[77] Rao had commented, "This should not be really considered as plagiarism, but an instance of copying of a few sentences in the text." He even extended the blame to Krupanidhi asserting that he had no role in it as it was written by Krupanidhi without his knowledge.[78] His claims were not justified by the fact that he was the senior scientist and corresponding author in that publication.

More allegations of instances of plagiarism in articles co-authored Rao have been reported.[79] Written with S. Venkataprasad Bhat and Krupanidhi, Rao's paper in 2010 about the effect of nanoparticles on solar cells in Applied Physics Express[80] contains texts that are very similar to those of a paper by Matheu et al. from Applied Physics Letters in 2008,[81] which it did not even cite. Rao had stated, referring to the 2011 incident, that "[If] I have ever stolen an idea or a result (in) my entire life, (then) hang me."[82] But Rao's article contains similar study to and duplicated figures with that of Matheu et al. An article in the Journal of Luminescence in 2011, written with Chitara, Nidhi Lal and Krupanidhi,[83] contains 20 unattributed lines which appear to be copied from articles by Itskos et al. in Nanotechnology (June 2009 issue) and Heliotis et al. in Advanced Materials (January 2006 issue). Another article in Nanotechnology, written also with Chitara and Krupanidhi,[84] uses six lines from the 1995 article by Huang et al. in Applied Physics Letters.

Rao was given a Bharat Ratna by the Government of India in spite of the controversy and was active as a professor at Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR).[85] In December 2013, brother and sister Tanaya Thakur, a law student, and Aditya Thakur, a class XII student, filed a public interest litigation in Allahabad High Court, Lucknow Bench, to challenge Rao's Bharat Ratna. They asserted that "a scientist with proven cases of plagiarism shall not be presented the highest civilian award."[86] But the court ruled them out as "filing pleas for publicity."[87] There was another plea to revoke the award in 2015, but the Central Information Commission dismissed the petition.[88]

On 17 November 2013, at a press conference following the announcement of his Bharat Ratna, he called the Indian politicians "idiots" which caused a national outrage. He said, "Why the hell have these idiots [politicians] given so little to us despite what we have done? For the money that the government has given us we [scientists] have done much more."[89] In his defence Rao insisted that he merely talked about the "idiotic" way the politicians ignore investments for research funding in science.[90]

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Fellowship: Prof. Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao . Indian Academy of Sciences. 12 February 2022.
  2. Web site: The Royal Society: Chintamani Rao . The Royal Society. 12 February 2022.
  3. Web site: Indian Research Information Network System.
  4. Sathyamurthy. N.. Rao. C. N. R.. 2019. Face to Face with Professor C N R Rao. Resonance. en. 24. 7. 775–791. 10.1007/s12045-019-0840-2. 201041154.
  5. News: Pulakkat. Hari. Bharat Ratna nominee CNR Rao won all possible awards but the Nobel prize. 2013-11-18. The Economic Times. 2020-03-03.
  6. News: C.N.R. Rao, Sachin conferred Bharat Ratna . The Hindu . 4 February 2014 . 12 February 2014. Dhar . Aarti .
  7. Web site: Sachin, eminent scientist CNR Rao get Bharat Ratna . The Times of India . 16 November 2013 . 16 November 2013.
  8. Web site: Sachin first sportsperson to win country's highest civilian honour Bharat Ratna . . New Delhi . 16 November 2013 . 16 November 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140117200437/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sachinretirement/sachin-first-sportsperson-to-win-country-s-highest-civilian-honour-bharat-ratna/article1-1151983.aspx . 17 January 2014 . dmy-all .
  9. Web site: Bharat Ratna for Prof CNR Rao and Sachin Tendulkar . . 16 November 2013 . 16 November 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131119004210/http://pmindia.nic.in/press-details.php?nodeid=1748 . 19 November 2013 . dmy .
  10. News: Sachin Tendulkar and CNR Rao conferred Bharat Ratna. The Times of India. 4 February 2014. 4 February 2014.
  11. News: CNR Rao, Sachin receive Bharat Ratna. 4 February 2014. The Hindu. 4 February 2014.
  12. News: Second Bharat Ratna for Chikkaballapur. Times of India. 17 November 2013.
  13. News: Chemistry By Othello. Outlook India. 9 December 2013.
  14. Web site: Bangalorean CNR Rao to get Bharat Ratna . The Times of India . 16 November 2013 . 16 November 2013.
  15. Web site: Scientist wonders why nobody asks him about Dan David prize. Deccan Herald . 18 November 2013 . 18 November 2013.
  16. Ganguli. A.K.. Ramakrishnan. T.V.. 2016. Living Legends in Indian Science: C.N.R. Rao. Current Science. 111. 5. 926–931.
  17. Web site: INSA. Indian Fellow. Indian National Science Academy. 3 June 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160813001310/http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N74-0635. 13 August 2016. dmy-all.
  18. Web site: Professor C N R Rao to be awarded with Bharat Ratna. Biharprabha News. 17 November 2013.
  19. Web site: Madur. The Key Figure in Structural Chemistry – CNR Rao. karnataka.com. 30 July 2014. 4 February 2014.
  20. Web site: Author Profile: C. N. R. Rao. Johnson R. 20 July 2012. Journal of Materials Chemistry Blog. 3 June 2013.
  21. Rao. C N R. 1989. Transition Metal Oxides. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry. en. 40. 1. 291–326. 10.1146/annurev.pc.40.100189.001451. 1989ARPC...40..291R.
  22. Rao. C. N. R.. Cheetham. A. K.. 2001-11-23. Science and technology of nanomaterials: current status and future prospects. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 11. 12. 2887–2894. 10.1039/b105058n.
  23. Rao. C N R. Cheetham. A K. Thirumurugan. A. 2008-02-27. Hybrid inorganic-organic materials: a new family in condensed matter physics. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 20. 8. 083202. 10.1088/0953-8984/20/8/083202. 227150809 .
  24. Web site: ABC. CNR Rao is the winner of the 2011 Ernesto Illy Trieste Science Prize. 24 November 2011. abc.org.br. The Brazilian Academy of Sciences. 3 June 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20140222061431/http://www.abc.org.br/article.php3?id_article=1707. 22 February 2014. dead.
  25. Web site: Indian Fellow: Professor Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao . Indian National Science Academy. 12 February 2022.
  26. Web site: Founding Fellow: Rao, Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra . The World Academy of Sciences. 12 February 2022.
  27. Web site: Royal Society of Chemistry: Our Honorary Fellows . Royal Society of Chemistry. 12 February 2022.
  28. Web site: Member: C. N. R. Rao . Academia Europaea. 13 February 2022.
  29. Web site: Honorary Fellows: Professor C N R Rao . Institute of Physics. 12 February 2022.
  30. Web site: APS Member History. 2021-12-16. search.amphilsoc.org.
  31. News: Satyarthi's '3D' model: Dream, discover, do. Times of India. 21 February 2015 . 3 October 2015.
  32. News: Assam Royal Global University confers 1723 degrees in 1st convocation . Eastmojo . 30 March 2022 . Eastmojo . Team .
  33. Web site: Chintamani N.R. Rao. The Pontifical Academy of Sciences. 2020-03-03.
  34. Ramasami T. India Science Award and Dan David Prize for C. N. R. Rao. Current Science. 88. 5. 687. 2005. 3 June 2013. 3 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005643/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar102005/687.pdf. dead.
  35. . Hinduonnet.com (4 March 2005). Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  36. Web site: Dan David Prize . 6 May 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080511221915/http://www.dandavidprize.com/index.html . 11 May 2008 . dead .
  37. Web site: Abdus Salam Medal. The World Academy of Sciences. 30 July 2014.
  38. 10.1038/nindia.2009.365. Need young scientists to lead: C N R Rao. 2010. Jayaraman. K. S.. Nature India.
  39. Web site: Awards Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205432/https://www.jncasr.ac.in/faculty/cnrrao/awards . 24 June 2021 .
  40. Web site: Bharat Ratna Professor Rao receives the Eni International Award for Research in Energy Frontiers | Department Of Science & Technology . Dst.gov.in . 2021-05-27 . 2022-08-11.
  41. Web site: RAO, Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra. Indian Academy of Sciences. 30 July 2014.
  42. Web site: Professor C.N.R. Rao FRS Biography. Bangladesh Academy of Sciences. 30 July 2014. 8 August 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045338/http://www.bas.org.bd/fellowship/list-of-fellows-/userprofile/cnrao.html. dead.
  43. Book: C.N.R. Rao – Elsevier . Elsevier . 2015 . December 5, 2015.
  44. Web site: About Us . . November 8, 2016.
  45. http://www.caluniv.ac.in/About%20the%20university/university_frame.htm Honoris Causa
  46. News: Somiya Award for C.N.R. Rao . 29 April 2024 . The Hindu . 11 March 2004 . https://web.archive.org/web/20050221035732/http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/11/stories/2004031105700500.htm . 21 February 2005.
  47. Web site: CNR Rao Awarded Nikkei Asia Prize. 25 February 2008. Convergence. 23 November 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001336/http://convergence.ucsb.edu/news/cnr-rao-awarded-nikkei-asia-prize. 3 December 2013. dmy-all.
  48. Web site: Khwarizmi International Award 21st Session −2008 – Khwarizmi International Award (KIA). 123.54. 2016-09-20. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160913141230/http://213.176.123.54/kia/content/khwarizmi-international-award-21st-session-2008. 13 September 2016. dmy-all.
  49. http://newsonair.nic.in/news.asp?cat=National&id=NN8997&bigger=bigger China's top science award for Dr.C.N. R. Rao
  50. Web site: CNR Rao is 1st Indian elected for Chinese Academy of Science . 22 November 2013. Deccan Herald . 22 November 2013.
  51. Web site: Welcome to IITP.
  52. Web site: Indian Association of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IANN). www.iannindia.org. 2018-08-11.
  53. Web site: IANN Platinum Medal: First Awardee Prof C N R Rao – Indian Association of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IANN). sites.google.com. 2018-08-11. 24 November 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211124164201/https://sites.google.com/site/indiannano/events/news/iannplatinummedalfirstawardeeprofcnrrao. dead.
  54. Web site: First UAE research prize for scientist CNR Rao. 18 January 2019. Outlook. 2020-03-03.
  55. Web site: Karnataka Government. karnataka.gov.in. 2020-03-03.
  56. Web site: CNR Rao thrilled over award – Times of India. 28 March 2001. The Times of India. 2020-03-03.
  57. Web site: R. A. Mashelkar . Tribute to a master alchemist . 17 November 2013 . Business Line . 23 November 2013.
  58. Web site: How I made it: CNR Rao, Scientist. David. Stephen. 3 June 2010. India Today. en. 2020-03-03.
  59. Web site: Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research. www.jncasr.ac.in. 2020-03-03.
  60. Web site: Materials Research Society of India. www.mrsi.org.in. 2020-03-03.
  61. Web site: TWAS-C.N.R. Rao Award for Scientific Research. TWAS. en. 2020-03-03.
  62. News: SASTRA-CNR Rao Award to be presented on February 28. 2014-01-04. The Hindu. 2020-03-03. en-IN.
  63. Web site: Know Bharat Ratna C.N.R Rao, scientist par excellence. Anon.. 2013-11-16. www.indiatvnews.com. en. 2020-03-03.
  64. News: C.N.R Rao, scientist par excellence (Profile). Business Standard News. 18 November 2013. 16 November 2013.
  65. Web site: Pallava Bagla . Bharat Ratna awardee CNR Rao: the scientist who finds computers 'distracting' . 16 November 2013. NDTV . 23 November 2013.
  66. Web site: Society For Scientific Values – Newsletters Online. www.scientificvalues.org. 2020-03-03.
  67. Web site: A Man Of Science, But With No Art Of Storytelling. Mahajan. Shobhit. 12 December 2016. Outlook. 2020-03-03.
  68. News: PM's science adviser apologises for plagiarism in science journal – Times of India. The Times of India. 2018-10-04.
  69. News: Plagiarism cloud over CNR Rao. 2012-02-21. dna. 2018-10-04. en-US.
  70. News: CNR Rao, 3 others in plagiarism row. 2012-02-20. Deccan Herald. 2018-10-04. en.
  71. Basant Chitara. L. S. Panchakarla. S. B. Krupanidhi. C. N. R. Rao. 2011. Infrared Photodetectors Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide and Graphene Nanoribbons. Advanced Materials. 23. 45. 5419–5424. 10.1002/adma.201101414. 21786342. 2011AdM....23.5419C . 37028643. free.
  72. Book: Pallela. Kamalakar. Talari. Sneha. 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS) . Plagiarism: A serious ethical issue for Indian students . 2016. IEEE. 1–6. 10.1109/ISTAS.2016.7764048. 978-1-5090-2498-8. 34978602.
  73. Ghosh. Surajit. Sarker. Biddut K.. Chunder. Anindarupa. Zhai. Lei. Khondaker. Saiful I.. 2010-04-19. Position dependent photodetector from large area reduced graphene oxide thin films. Applied Physics Letters. en. 96. 16. 163109. 10.1063/1.3415499. 1002.3191. 2010ApPhL..96p3109G. 119238834.
  74. Jayaraman. K. S.. 2012-02-24. Indian science adviser caught up in plagiarism row. Nature. en. nature.2012.10102. 10.1038/nature.2012.10102. 178887072.
  75. Chitara. Basant. Panchakarla. L. S.. Krupanidhi. S. B.. Rao. C. N. R.. 2011-12-01. Apology: Infrared Photodetectors Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide and Graphene Nanoribbons. Advanced Materials. en. 23. 45. 5339. 10.1002/adma.201190182. 2011AdM....23.5339C . free.
  76. Web site: Plagiarism row: Scientists swear by honesty. Subramanian. Aishhwariya. 2012-02-22. DNA India. en. 2020-03-03.
  77. News: No Science in cut and paste. The Hindu. 9 March 2012. Siddharthan. Rahul.
  78. Web site: No plagiarism, student copied a few sentences: C N R Rao. 2012-02-23. Deccan Herald. en. 2020-03-03.
  79. News: More cases of plagiarism come to light. The Hindu. 11 March 2012 . Prasad. R..
  80. Bhat. S. Venkataprasad. Krupanidhi. S. B.. Rao. C. N. R.. 2010-10-22. A Comparative Study of the Effect of Metallic Au and ReO 3 Nanoparticles on the Performance of Silicon Solar Cells. Applied Physics Express. en. 3. 11. 115001. 10.1143/APEX.3.115001. 2010APExp...3k5001B. 94903417 .
  81. Matheu. P.. Lim. S. H.. Derkacs. D.. McPheeters. C.. Yu. E. T.. 2008-09-15. Metal and dielectric nanoparticle scattering for improved optical absorption in photovoltaic devices. Applied Physics Letters. en. 93. 11. 113108. 10.1063/1.2957980. 2008ApPhL..93k3108M.
  82. News: Prashanth. G.N.. Plagiarism row: Charges shocking, unfair, says Rao. 23 February 2012. The Times of India. 3 March 2020.
  83. Chitara. Basant. Lal. Nidhi. Krupanidhi. S.B.. Rao. C.N.R.. 2011. Electroluminescence from GaN–polymer heterojunction. Journal of Luminescence. en. 131. 12. 2612–2615. 10.1016/j.jlumin.2011.04.027. 2011JLum..131.2612C.
  84. Chitara. Basant. Ivan Jebakumar. D S. Rao. C N R. Krupanidhi. S B. 2009-10-07. Negative differential resistance in GaN nanocrystals above room temperature. Nanotechnology. 20. 40. 405205. 10.1088/0957-4484/20/40/405205. 19738301. 2009Nanot..20N5205C. 206055962 .
  85. Web site: Rao C.N.R – Home. styleshout.com. Erwin Aligam -. www.jncasr.ac.in. en. 2018-10-04.
  86. Web site: PIL filed by class 12 students against Bharat Ratna to CNR Rao to be heard today. 5 December 2013. India Today. en. 2020-03-03.
  87. Web site: Meet Mr & Mrs Petition Thakur. 2018-08-20. The Indian Express. en-US. 2020-03-03.
  88. Web site: Mrsubhash Chandra Agrawal vs Ministry Of Home Affairs on 16 February, 2016. indiankanoon.org. 2020-03-03.
  89. Web site: All you need to know about Bharat Ratna awardee CNR Rao . 18 November 2013. Firstpost.India . 22 November 2013.
  90. Web site: CNR Rao does damage control after outbursts; Jaipal Reddy agrees with Rao's views on funding. 18 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131121062541/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-18/india/44201429_1_jaipal-reddy-science-and-technology-science-sector . dead . 21 November 2013 . The Times of India. 22 November 2013.

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