C. K. Nayudu Explained

C. K. Nayudu
Fullname:Cottari Kanakaiya Nayudu
Birth Date:1895 10, df=yes
Birth Place:Nagpur, Central Provinces, British India[1]
Death Place:Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
Height:6 ft 2 in[2]
Batting:Right-handed
Bowling:Right-arm slow-medium
Columns:2
Column1:Test
Matches1:7
Runs1:350
Bat Avg1:25.00
100S/50S1:0/2
Top Score1:81
Deliveries1:858
Wickets1:9
Bowl Avg1:42.88
Fivefor1:0
Tenfor1:0
Best Bowling1:3/40
Catches/Stumpings1:4/–
Column2:First-class
Matches2:207
Runs2:11,825
Bat Avg2:35.94
100S/50S2:26/58
Top Score2:200
Deliveries2:25,798
Wickets2:411
Bowl Avg2:29.28
Fivefor2:12
Tenfor2:2
Best Bowling2:7/44
Catches/Stumpings2:170/1
Country:India
International:true
Internationalspan:1932–1936
Testcap:7
Testdebutagainst:England
Testdebutdate:25 June
Testdebutyear:1932
Lasttestdate:15 August
Lasttestagainst:England
Lasttestyear:1936
Club1:Hindus
Club2:Madras
Year2:1926/27
Club3:Hyderabad
Year3:1931/32
Club4:Central Provinces-Berar
Year4:1932/33–1938/39
Club5:Central India
Year5:1934/35–1937/38
Club6:Holkar
Year6:1941/42–1952/53
Club7:Andhra
Year7:1953/54
Club8:Uttar Pradesh
Year8:1956/57
Source:http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/31811.html ESPNcricinfo
Date:10 May
Year:2020

Colonel Cottari Kanakaiya Nayudu (31 October 1895 – 14 November 1967) was an Indian cricketer and cricket administrator who served as the first-ever captain of the Indian national cricket team. He is widely regarded as one of India's greatest cricketers. His first-class cricket career spanned over 47 years from 1916 to 1963, a world record. He was a right-handed batsman, an accurate medium pace bowler, and a fine fielder. His ability to hit long sixes sent crowds into frenzy and became a part of Indian cricket folklore. He was chosen as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1933. The Government of India awarded him the Padma Bhushan in 1956 the first cricketer to be conferred the honour.

Born into an illustrious family of lawyers, Nayudu excelled at various sports from an young age. Encouraged by his father, he adopted an aggressive batting style. His first scoring shot in first-class cricket was a six. His prime days were with the Hindus team in the Bombay Quadrangular tournament in the 1920s and 1930s, where he was the highest run-scorer in the history of the tournament. In 1926–27, his innings of 153 runs, in 116 minutes with 11 sixes, for the Hindus against the visiting Marylebone Cricket Club paved way for India's elevation to Test status.[3] [4]

Nayudu led India in their first-ever Test match in the 1932 England tour. He was the leading run-getter for India in the tour and also picked up 65 wickets as a bowler. He also led the Indian team in three more Tests when the England team visited India for their first official tour in 1933–34. Post-retirement from Test Cricket, he led the Holkar team to eight Ranji Trophy finals in nine years, out of which they won four. His career-best innings was 200 in the Ranji trophy, made at the age of 51. He was one of the few players in first-class cricket to have scored a double century after the age of 50. Later, he became the vice-president of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) and the chairman of the national selection committee. He was also instrumental in the formation of Andhra Cricket Association and was its founder president.[5]

In 1923, the ruler of Holkar State invited Nayudu to stay in Indore and honoured him first with the rank of a captain and later a colonel in his state's army. Nayudu is generally considered as 'India's first cricket superstar'. Historian Ramachandra Guha noted of him, "C. K. Nayudu was the first Indian cricketer to be a popular hero, whose appeal transcended the barriers of caste, class, gender and religion. Each of his sixes was interpreted as a nationalist answer to the British Raj." In 1994, the BCCI instituted the C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award, the highest honour it bestows on a former player. C. K. Nayudu Trophy, India's under-25 domestic tournament is also named after him.

Background

Family history

C. K. Nayudu's ancestors belonged to Kapu community[6] [7] of Machilipatnam in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh.[8] [9] Nayudu's great-grandfather moved from Machilipatnam to Hyderabad, where he worked as an interpreter to the Nizam of Hyderabad. Nayudu's grandfather, Cottari Narayanaswamy Nayudu settled in Nagpur. Narayanaswamy studied law there and became a well-known lawyer in the city. He was also a landlord and an early member of Indian National Congress.

Narayanaswamy was affluent enough to send both his sons to England for further studies.[10] The younger son, Surya Prakash Rao Nayudu, C. K. Nayudu's father, studied law at Cambridge University, where he was a contemporary of Ranjitsinhji.[11] [12] Later, he came back to Nagpur and practiced there as a lawyer. After his return from England, he also brought the sport of cricket to the city. The Nayudus are considered as the pioneers of cricket in Nagpur.[13] He was a Justice in High Court of Holkar State for some years.[14] He had four sons and two daughters.

Early life

Cottari Kanakaiya Nayudu was born on 31 October 1895 in Nagpur, Central Provinces to the Telugu-speaking Kapu family of Cottari Surya Prakash Rao Nayudu and Mahalaxmi.[15] [16] In 1896, at a cricket match played between soldiers and the Nayudu Club XI, Narayanaswamy distributed copper coins to mark the birth of his grandson. C. K. Nayudu was the eldest of four brothers.[17] He was drafted into the school team at the age of seven, and showed promise for a bright future. He studied at St. Francis De'Sales High School and later joined Hislop College.[18]

Nayudu captained his school and college at cricket. He also excelled in hockey and football. He reportedly ran 100yd in 11 seconds in his youth.[19] While still in high school, he became the captain of Modi Cricket Club. In his early playing days, he received coaching from R. Rajanna. Initially, Nayudu had been a defensive batsman. But, his father, Surya Prakash Rao, changed his outlook and encouraged him to attack more.

Career

Early career

Nayudu made his first-class debut in 1916 in the Bombay Quadrangular.[20] Playing for the Hindus against the Europeans, he came in to bat at No. 9 with his team tottering at 79 for 7. His first scoring shot was a six.[21] [22] But, he only managed 37 runs in the two innings – 27 in the first and 10 in the second. As a bowler, he picked up four wickets for 97 runs.

In 1917, he hit an unbeaten 80 in the final of the Bombay Quadrangular against the Parsis. In 1918, he scored his first hundred playing for an Indian XI against Lord Willingdon's England side at Bombay. He scored 122 as the hosts won by an innings. He represented the Central Provinces in 1919 and Madras in 1920.

Over the next few years, his consistent big hitting became a part of the Indian cricket folklore. In December 1920, he scored 120 runs against the Europeans in Madras. One of the sixes cleared the boundary wall of the Chepauk compound and landed 50yd beyond the ground. The six was estimated to be about 150yd.

Knock against the MCC

Nayudu burst onto the cricketing scene with his knock of 153 in 116 minutes at the Bombay Gymkhana, playing for Hindus against the visiting Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) led by Arthur Gilligan in 1926–27. MCC's bowling attack included the likes of Maurice Tate, George Geary, and Bob Wyatt.[23] His century came in just 65 minutes. The knock included 11 sixes which was a new world record in first-class cricket.[24] As per the statistician Anandji Dossa, "Nayudu took 16 scoring strokes to get to fifty, 17 more to reach his century and another 16 to get to his final score." MCC presented a silver bat to Nayudu for his spectacular innings.

Simon Barnes writing for Wisden India Almanack 2016 remarked on Nayudu's innings as follows:

"Here was an innings that changed sporting history and perhaps affected real history as well. Certainly it subverted the archetype of the Indian cricketer, at least as viewed by the English, as someone under-sized, meek, and rather devious. Here was an innings that stood for extravagance, high spirits and flamboyance."
Gilligan was an influential person in English cricket and he lobbied for India's entry into Test cricket. His efforts bore fruit and led to the formation of the Indian cricket board in 1928 and India was granted Test status.[25] Nayudu's innings paved way for India's elevation to Test status.[26]

Test career

Captaining the first Indian Test Team

India gained Test status in 1931 and a national team representing India was set to tour England in 1932 as part of their first Test series. In the immediate months before the England tour, the Viceroy of India, Lord Willingdon believed that the team ought to be captained by an English player. It was suggested that an Englishman playing in India, like Alec Hosie, C. P. Johnstone or Reginald Lagden, should captain the team, to placate the factions within the tour party. BCCI resolved that the captain would be an Indian.[27]

Indian cricket at the time was financially patronised by princes and various people of royal background were lobbying for the captaincy.[28] By this time, Nayudu was already considered a legend in Indian cricket. Despite Nayudu's overwhelming credentials to captain the side, the Maharaja of Patiala and the Prince of Limbdi were appointed as captain and deputy captain respectively. Maharajkumar of Vizianagaram "Vizzy" was made the deputy vice-captain.[29] Two weeks before the tour, Maharaja of Patiala withdrew, being busy with his state affairs, and the Maharaja of Porbander was appointed as the captain. Vizzy withdrew from the tour apparently on reasons of health and form.[30]

Maharaja of Porbander relinquished captaincy on the English tour and it was passed on to Prince of Limbdi, who was injured on the eve of the first Test. The captaincy was finally passed down to Nayudu. However, some of the Indian players protested the decision. In the middle of the night, they had woken up the tour captain, the Maharajah of Porbandar, and told him they only wanted to be led by royalty and not by a 'commoner' like Nayudu.[31] [32] Cables were exchanged with officials in India and the Maharaja of Patiala ordered the players to accept Nayudu's captaincy.[33] Thus, Nayudu became the first ever captain of the Indian national team in Test cricket. He was 36 by the time of his test debut. Despite a painful hand injury while fielding, he top scored with 40 in the first innings.[34] He also took the key wickets of Douglas Jardine and Eddie Paynter.[35] The Cricketer wrote of Nayudu's bowling as, "Nayudu is a clever bowler. Medium pace he flights the ball, can spin it from the off and sends down a faster delivery."

Earlier in the tour, Nayudu recorded a century scoring 118 not out on his first appearance at Lord's, against the MCC.[36] He had a great run throughout the tour. He was the leading run-getter for India in the tour aggregating 1,618 runs, with five centuries, at an average of over 40. As a bowler, he took 65 wickets at an average of 25 runs per wicket and his best performance came when he took five wickets for 21 runs against Leicestershire. Only strike bowlers Mohammad Nissar and Amar Singh took more wickets on the tour. One of Nayudu's sixes at Edgbaston, was said to have cleared the county, crossing the River Rea, which then formed the boundary between Warwickshire and Worcestershire.[37] Overall, 26 matches were played in the tour with India winning 9 matches, losing 9, and 8 matches ending up as a draw. His leadership skills and all-round performances on the tour led Wisden to name him as one of their five 'Cricketers of the Year' for 1933. This made him the first cricketer who played for India to be honoured by Wisden.

Final Tests

Nayudu also led the Indian team in three more Tests when the England team captained by Douglas Jardine visited India for their first official tour in 1933–34.[38] In the first Test at Bombay, Lala Amarnath and Nayudu put up a partnership of 186 for the third wicket.[39] Nayudu scored 67, while Amarnath became the first Indian batsman to score a Test century with a knock of 118 runs.[40] Nayudu was the captain of India in their first four Test matches, losing three and drawing one at Eden Gardens in 1934.[41]

Nayudu was also a part of the Indian team that toured England in 1936. However, the captaincy had passed to Maharajkumar of Vizianagaram who got the role through lobbying and manipulation.[42] [43] Nayudu played his last Test match in the tour. In that match, despite a painful blow from Gubby Allen, he scored 81 runshis highest score in Test cricket.[44] He scored 1,102 runs at an average of over 26, and captured 51 wickets at an average of 31.78 runs per wicket in the tour. Wisden noted about his performance as, "So brilliant a success on his previous visit to England, C. K. Nayudu disappointed both himself and his friends." But, Nayudu bowled well, and took the largest number of wickets next only to Nissar.[45]

Later years

Nayudu led Holkar to eight Ranji Trophy finals in nine years, out of which they won four. In 1944–45 season, the cricket board celebrated his 50th birth anniversary by organising a match between the Cricket Club of India and CK Nayudu's XI. Gul Mohammad and Denis Compton played for Nayudu's team in the match. In the next season, Nayudu scored 101 against Mysore and 200 against Baroda in back to back matches. He led Holkar to a win in the 1952–53 Ranji finals against Bengal and retired from first-class cricket. He also resigned from his post as a Colonel of Holkar state.

However, in 1956–57, Nayudu was asked to come out of retirement to assist Uttar Pradesh in their Ranji Trophy campaign. Early in the season he had made 84 against Rajasthan, striking Vinoo Mankad for two sixes. He made his last appearance in Ranji Trophy in the same season, aged 62, scoring 52 in his last innings against Bombay.[46] His final outing was in a charity match in 1963–64. Aged 68, he played for the Maharashtra Governor's XI against the Maharashtra Chief Minister's XI.[47]

He played for various domestic teams in his career including Hindus, Madras, Hyderabad, Central India, Holkar, Andhra, Uttar Pradesh. He made over 12,000 runs in first class cricket. He holds the world record for the longest first-class career lasting over 47 years.[48] His career-best innings was 200 in the Ranji Trophy, made at the age of 51. He was one of the few batsmen in first-class cricket to have scored a double century after the age of 50.[49] He made 2,567 runs with five centuries in the Ranji Trophy at an average of 36.67. He was also the highest run-scorer in the history of the Bombay Quadrangular tournament with 2,156 runs at an average of 45.87.

Cricket Administrator

Post-retirement, Nayudu served as the chairman of the national selection committee, vice-president of the BCCI, and as a radio commentator.[50] As the chairman of the selection committee, he personally conducted selection trials for promising first-class cricketers. Though in his late 50s, he would face the young bowlers without leg guards, abdomen and thigh guards, and would ask them to bowl at full pace.[51]

He was instrumental in the formation of Andhra Cricket Association and was its founder president.[52] [53] He and his brother, C. S. Nayudu, played in Guntur and mentored the local Andhra cricketers.[54] Aged 58, C. K. Nayudu led the Andhra team in its first Ranji Trophy match against Mysore in the 1953–54 season.[52] He also scored the team's first-ever fifty in that match.[55]

Style and technique

Nayudu played in an era when hitting lofted shots was considered risky and transgressive. But, he was always ready to go for his shots. He was particularly known for hitting long sixes. His ability to hit sixes nonchalantly sent crowds into a frenzy. His very-first scoring shot in first-class cricket was a six. According to him, batting should involve the use of entire body and it's not just about 'elbow up' and 'left leg forward' alone as mentioned in cricket manuals. Bob Wyatt, who played against Nayudu, noted that he was not a mere slogger, for 'his perfect poise, high backlift in a long pendulum swing brought beauty to his strokes'.[56]

Nayudu taught himself to bear physical pain. In one Ranji Trophy match, he was struck on the mouth by a ball which broke two front teeth. He refused medical assistance, brushed the teeth off the wicket with his bat. He requested his rival captain, Mumbai's Madhav Mantri to instruct the bowler Dattu Phadkar to continue bowling fast. In the Oval Test of 1936, despite receiving a painful blow from Gubby Allen, he made a successful attempt to continue batting and hooked the next ball to the boundary. He scored 81 runshis highest score in Test cricket and denied England an innings victory. He was tough and expected others to have the same kind of toughness.

Personal life

Nayudu moved with his family from Nagpur to Indore after he was commissioned by the ruler of Holkar State, Tukojirao Holkar III, with the rank of a captain in his state's army.[57] His home had a Telugu milieu even though they were based outside Andhra. He was a strict disciplinarian both on the field and with his family too.[58] On off days between matches, he would regularly host his teammates at his house and would regale them with stories from his cricketing career. He was a chain smoker. He was also eccentric on particular issues. He routinely asked players to not consume water in the drinks break as he thought it wasn't good for their fitness.

His first wife, Chandramma died only a few years after their wedding. He later married Gunawati. He had nine children from his two marriagesseven daughters and two sons. His son, Prakash Nayudu was a sportsperson who represented Madhya Pradesh cricket team and was a National Junior Table Tennis champion. Prakash was also an Indian Police Service officer. His other son, C. N. Nayudu also played first-class cricket for Madhya Pradesh.[59] His daughter, Chandra Nayudu was India's first female cricket commentator.[60] His grandson, Vijay Nayudu represented Madhya Pradesh in the Ranji Trophy.[61] His granddaughter Manjula Rao is an advocate and served as a special public prosecutor in the Best Bakery case.[62] [63] His younger brother, C. S. Nayudu also played Test cricket for India.[64] His other younger brothers C. L. Nayudu and C. R. Nayudu were first-class cricketers.[65]

A few months before his 72nd birthday, Nayudu suffered a stroke. It left him unconscious and he was confined to a bed from then on till his death half-a-year later. He lost his speech during his last days and visitors were not allowed to meet him. He died on 14 November 1967 in Indore at the age of 72.[66] [67] D. B. Deodhar attributed Nayudu's death to his habit of chain-smoking.

Reputation and legacy

Nayudu is widely regarded as one of India's greatest cricketers. He was the first Indian cricketer to endorse a brand in 1941.[68] [69] His name was even used to promote movies. V. Shantaram's Duniya Na Mane (1937) featured Nayudu's name in hoardings to advertise the film.[70]

The Government of India awarded Nayudu Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian honour, in 1956.[71] He was the first ever cricketer to be conferred the award. In 2006, the BCCI instituted an award named the Col C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award, given to individuals for their unparalleled lifetime contribution to Indian cricket.[72] From the 1973–74 season, India's under-25 domestic tournament has been known as C. K. Nayudu Trophy. One of the banquet halls in Cricket Club of India, the C. K. Nayudu Hall is named after him.[73] [74] He was inducted into the Wisden India Hall of Fame in 2014.[75]

In Nayudu's birthplace Nagpur, a street has been named after him and a bronze bust with his likeness stands in the premises of the Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground.[76] [77] Nehru Stadium in Indore sports a statue of Nayudu, outside its main entrance.[78] One of its stands and a pavilion block in the same stadium were also named after him.[79] Another statue was installed at the Holkar Stadium, Indore in 2023.

A road was named after him in his ancestral hometown Machilipatnam by the then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Kasu Brahmananda Reddy.[80] In 2018, a statue of Nayudu was inaugurated in Machilipatnam by the former Indian team captain Anil Kumble.[81] On 4 April 2005, a bronze statue of Nayudu titled 'The Colossus of Cricket' was unveiled near the entrance of the ACA-VDCA Stadium in Visakhapatnam.[82] [83]

Cricket historian Ramachandra Guha called Nayudu 'the first great Indian cricketer'.[84] In 2001, Guha included him in his All-Star Eleven team of great Indian cricketers with a countrywide popularity whose stardom persisted beyond retirement. Nayudu was also chosen as the captain of the team.[85]

Various other commentators have remarked on him as 'India's first cricket superstar',[86] [87] and as 'the first world-class cricketer from India'. Dicky Rutnagur, the sports journalist, once wrote that schoolboys left their classes and businessmen stopped trading to be at Bombay Gymkhana when they heard that C. K. Nayudu had arrived at the crease. Syed Mushtaq Ali rated him as the best captain he had played under.[88] Commentator Ravi Chaturvedi wrote of him, "It was his lyrical style that made him one of the greatest players that the country has ever produced. He gave the game the grace of a ballet that was applauded by its spectators, who otherwise used to witness it as a combat." Vasant Raiji called Nayudu 'the Shahenshah of Indian Cricket' .[89]

References

CitationsBibliography

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: CK Nayudu . CricketArchive . subscription . 2019-10-06 . 14 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170914124757/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/597/597.html . live .
  2. News: Borde . Chandu . Chandu Borde . 2014-01-12 . C.K. Nayudu — Indian cricket's original colossus . en-IN . The Hindu . 2023-04-18 . 0971-751X . 12 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230412175438/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/ck-nayudu-indian-crickets-original-colossus/article5571881.ece . live .
  3. Web site: Varma . Amit . 20 March 2010 . India's entry into Test cricket . 2023-04-11 . ESPNcricinfo . en . 11 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230411191409/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cricket-s-turning-points-india-s-entry-into-test-cricket-452545 . live .
  4. Web site: Gupta . Rajneesh . 1 July 2014 . Relive India's first ever Test match... against England in 1932! . 2023-04-25 . . en . Nayudu's majestic personality and his dashing century against Arthur Gilligan’s MCC side paved the way for India’s baptism in international cricket. ..... But his hard-hitting for The Hindus at the Bombay Gymkhana impressed Gilligan, who carried the message to the authorities in England that India was ready to play Test cricket. . 25 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230425093419/https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/slide-show-1-relive-indias-first-ever-test-match-against-england-in-1932-rajneesh-gupta/20140701.htm . live .
  5. Book: Guha, Ramachandra . Wickets in the East: An Anecdotal History . 1992 . . 978-0-19-562809-8 . 155 . en . 12 May 2023 . 31 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531204906/https://books.google.com/books?id=WCocAAAAIAAJ&q=ck+Andhra . live .
  6. M. L. Kantha Rao (July 1999), A Study of the Socio-Political Mobility of the Kapu Caste in Modern Andhra . University of Hyderabad. Chapter 6. p. 301–303. hdl:10603/25437
  7. Book: A. Vijaya Kumari . Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh . Sepuri Bhaskar . 1998 . M.D. Publications . 978-81-7533-072-6 . 14 . en . 16 April 2023 . 10 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230510103917/https://books.google.com/books?id=r-ffeWmj2JUC&q=kapu&pg=PA89 . live .
  8. Book: Nayudu, Chandra . C.K. Nayudu, a Daughter Remembers . 1995 . Rupa . 978-81-7167-283-7 . 3 . en . Chandra Nayudu . 16 April 2023 . 10 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230510103913/https://books.google.com/books?id=0PeBAAAAMAAJ&q=Andhra . live .
  9. News: Naidu . T. Appala . 2018-06-29 . Row over C.K. Nayudu's statue . en-IN . The Hindu . 2023-04-11 . 0971-751X . 11 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230411092250/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/row-over-ck-nayudus-statue/article24286482.ece . live .
  10. Book: Nayudu . Prakash . CK. Nayudu Cricketer-Skipper-Patriarch . Print Vision . Indore . 4.
  11. Book: Guha, Ramachandra . A Corner of a Foreign Field: The Indian History of a British Sport . 2016-11-24 . Random House India . 978-93-5118-693-9 . en . 12 May 2023 . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801133849/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTq7DQAAQBAJ&dq=nayudu+moderately+well+to+do+family+uncle+ranji&pg=PT146 . live .
  12. Web site: 15 April 1933 . CK Nayudu: India's First Test Captain. Wisden Almanack . 2023-04-15 . Wisden . en-GB . 15 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415192301/https://wisden.com/almanack/ck-nayudu-indias-first-test-captain-who-made-a-big-impression-in-england-almanack . live .
  13. Book: Majumdar, Boria . The Illustrated History of Indian Cricket . 2006 . Lustre Press, Roli Books . 978-81-7436-449-4 . 39 . en . Boria Majumdar . 12 May 2023 . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801133849/https://books.google.com/books?id=jA1xAAAAMAAJ&q=C.K.+Nayudu+grandfather+distributed+copper+coins+to+mark+his+grandson%E2%80%99s+birth. . live .
  14. Web site: 2021-11-13 . 50 ఏళ్ళ వయసులో డబుల్ సెంచరీ.. 62 ఏళ్లప్పుడు చివరి మ్యాచ్, క్రికెట్ చరిత్రలో సీకే నాయుడు . 2023-04-20 . . te . 20 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230420130855/https://telugu.abplive.com/sports/cottari-kanakaiya-nayudu-indian-cricket-team-in-test-matches-first-captain-ck-nayudu-life-story-9780 . live .
  15. Book: Mukherji, Raju . Cricket in India: Origin and Heroes . 2005 . UBS Publishers' Distributors . 978-81-7476-508-6 . 13 . en . 16 April 2023 . 18 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230418095439/https://books.google.com/books?id=-fpQAQAAIAAJ&q=Telugu . live .
  16. Book: Nayudu, Chandra . C.K. Nayudu, a Daughter Remembers . 1995 . . 978-81-7167-283-7 . 3 . en . Chandra Nayudu . 16 April 2023 . 18 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230418095442/https://books.google.com/books?id=0PeBAAAAMAAJ&q=narayanswamy . live .
  17. Web site: Unwalla . Shiamak . 31 October 2016 . CK Nayudu: 15 interesting things to know about Indian cricket's first legend . 2023-04-22 . . en . 22 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230422212719/https://www.cricketcountry.com/criclife/ck-nayudu-15-interesting-things-to-know-about-indian-crickets-first-legend-509709 . live .
  18. Book: Nayudu, Chandra . C.K. Nayudu, a Daughter Remembers . 1995 . Rupa . 978-81-7167-283-7 . 16, 60 . en . 16 April 2023 . 18 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112305/https://books.google.com/books?id=0PeBAAAAMAAJ&q=hislop . live .
  19. Web site: Sengupta . Arunabha . 28 September 2015 . CK Nayudu: India's first world class cricketer . 2023-04-12 . . en . 12 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230412203911/https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/ck-nayudu-india-rsquo-s-first-world-class-cricketer-32945 . live .
  20. Web site: C. K. Nayudu Profile . 2023-04-12 . . en . 12 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230412203909/https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/5508/cknayudu . live .
  21. Web site: 3 February 2022 . The Indian Cricketer Of The Century . 20 April 2023 . . CK Nayudu was India's first homegrown cricketing hero. His first scoring shot in first-class cricket was a six. . 20 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230420130856/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-indian-cricketer-of-the-century/216564 . live .
  22. Web site: Bhushan . Aditya . 31 October 2018 . Tribute to Indian cricket's first superstar - Col. CK Nayudu . 2023-04-19 . . en-in . 19 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230419203058/https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/tribute-to-indian-cricket-s-first-superstar-col-ck-nayudu . live .
  23. Web site: 2012-11-16 . The Nayudu effect . 2023-04-18 . . en . 18 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230418113753/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/the-nayudu-effect/article29711020.ece . live .
  24. Web site: First-Class Most Sixes by a Batsman in an Innings . 2023-04-22 . . en-GB . 22 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230422212728/https://stats.acscricket.com/Records/First_Class/Overall/Batting/Most_Innings_Sixes.html . live .
  25. Book: Chakraborty . Subhas Ranjan . The Politics of Sport in South Asia . Chakrabarti . Shantanu . Chatterjee . Kingshuk . 2013-09-13 . . 978-1-317-99836-5 . en . 12 May 2023 . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801133849/https://books.google.com/books?id=zdfdAAAAQBAJ&dq=c.+k.+nayudu&pg=PT139 . live .
  26. Web site: Bhushan . Aditya . 2 December 2018 . Col. CK Nayudu's 153: An innings which laid the foundation stone for India's Test Status . 2023-04-18 . . en-in . 18 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230418093705/https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/col-ck-nayudu-s-153-an-innings-which-laid-the-foundation-stone-for-india-s-test-status . live .
  27. Web site: Gupta . Rajneesh . 1 July 2014 . Relive India's first ever Test match... against England in 1932! . 2023-04-25 . . en . 25 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230425093419/https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/slide-show-1-relive-indias-first-ever-test-match-against-england-in-1932-rajneesh-gupta/20140701.htm . live .
  28. Book: Ramaswami, N. S. . Indian Cricket: A Complete History . 1976 . Abhinav Publications . 15 . en . N. S. Ramaswami . 12 May 2023 . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801133849/https://books.google.com/books?id=RwxvY6D8TssC&dq=nayudu&pg=PA17 . live .
  29. Web site: 19 May 2018 . Royalty on the cricket field . 2023-04-13 . . en . 4 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404042858/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/691775 . live .
  30. Book: Majumdar, Boria . Twenty-two Yards to Freedom: A Social History of Indian Cricket . 2004 . Viking . 978-0-670-05794-8 . 43 . en . Boria Majumdar . 16 April 2023 . 18 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112307/https://books.google.com/books?id=0mkeAAAACAAJ . live .
  31. Web site: Mukherjee . Abhishek . 2022-06-22 . Challenging the British at Cricket: Parsees to Vijay Merchant, Part 1: 1721–1947 . 2023-04-18 . . en . 18 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230418074541/https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/indian-society-and-cricketing-ties-with-england-part-one . live .
  32. Web site: Howat . Gerald . Gerald Howat . July 2002 . Captains galore . 2023-04-18 . ESPNcricinfo . en . 23 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230423071454/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketer/content/story/143983.html . live .
  33. Book: Peel, Mark . Never Surrender . 2021-08-16 . Pitch Publishing . 978-1-78531-999-0 . en . 12 May 2023 . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801133850/https://books.google.com/books?id=VsxHEAAAQBAJ&dq=six+hitting+ck+nayudu&pg=PT92 . live .
  34. Web site: 31 October 2018 . CK Nayudu, India's first Test captain, was born today in 1895 . 2023-04-15 . India Today . en . 15 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415193903/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ck-nayudu-birth-anniversary-1379200-2018-10-31 . live .
  35. Web site: Scorecard - 1932 England v India - 25th June, 1932 . 2023-04-18 . HowSTAT . 18 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230418130246/http://www.howstat.com/cricket/statistics/matches/MatchScorecard.asp?MatchCode=0219 . live .
  36. Web site: 2007-06-22 . Memorable debut . 2023-04-15 . . en . 15 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415184411/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/memorable-debut/article29702607.ece . live .
  37. Web site: Davis . Charles . July 2016 . The longest shot . 2023-04-19 . The Cricket Monthly . ESPNcricinfo . en . In Edgbaston in 1932, India's captain CK Nayudu hit a ball "into the next county", clearing the River Rea which runs by the ground. The landing point is not described, but 110 to 115 metres would be sufficient to clear the river. . 19 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230419130055/https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1026113/the-longest-shot . live .
  38. Web site: Chowdhury . Sabyasachi . 7 November 2016 . Recalling all England tours to India . 2023-04-18 . . en-in . 18 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123011/https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/recalling-all-our-england-tours-to-india . live .
  39. Web site: Scorecard - 1933-1934 India v England - 15/12/1933 . 2023-04-24 . HowSTAT . 24 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230424133734/http://www.howstat.com/cricket/statistics/matches/MatchScorecard.asp?MatchCode=0230 . live .
  40. Web site: 17 December 2021 . On This Day: December 17, 1933 - Lala Amarnath Scores India's First Ever Test Century . 2023-04-21 . . en . 21 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230421185721/https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/on-this-day-december-17-1933-lala-amarnath-scores-indias-first-ever-test-century-4563827.html . live .
  41. Web site: India Test matches individual list captains . 2023-05-31 . ESPNcricinfo . en . 31 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531203445/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/individual-list-captains/india-6/test-matches-1 . live .
  42. Web site: Veera . Sriram . 2016-11-20 . Maharajakumar of Vizianagaram — Portrait of a Gamekeeper . 2023-04-21 . The Indian Express . en . 21 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230421185721/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-england-test-visakhapatnam-vizag-maharajakumar-of-vizianagaram-portrait-of-a-gamekeeper-4384962/ . live .
  43. Book: Majumdar, Boria . Once Upon a Furore: Lost Pages of Indian Cricket . 2004 . Yoda Press . 978-81-902272-0-9 . 32 . en . 12 May 2023 . 4 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230604140450/https://books.google.com/books?id=UGFFG_deJy4C&dq=Nayudu+universally+one+greatest+cricketers+ever+lived&pg=PA50 . live .
  44. Book: The Shorter Wisden India Almanack 2014 . 2014-10-23 . . 978-1-4729-1718-8 . en . 12 May 2023 . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134342/https://books.google.com/books?id=X02nBAAAQBAJ&dq=Dicky+Rutnagur+ck+nayudu&pg=PP64 . live .
  45. Web site: Brookes . Wilfrid . The Indian team in England 1936 - Wisden Almanack archive . 2023-04-21 . ESPNcricinfo . 24 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230424234631/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155214.html . live .
  46. Book: Raman, Yashaswee . https://books.google.com/books?id=dy5lEAAAQBAJ&dq=ck+nayudu++Colonel+in+Army&pg=PT30 . Test of Times: Reliving Indian Cricket History . 2022-02-28 . Notion Press . 979-8-88555-991-1 . en . Chapter 3: Colonel CK Nayudu . 16 April 2023 . 10 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230510103919/https://books.google.com/books?id=dy5lEAAAQBAJ&dq=ck%20nayudu%20%20Colonel%20in%20Army&pg=PT30 . live .
  47. Web site: Williamson . Martin . 2 August 2007 . Ripe old age . ESPNcricinfo . CK Nayudu (last match: 1963-64): One of India's greatest cricketers and one of a handful to have played in six decades. . 24 May 2011 . 13 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121113005723/http://www.espncricinfo.com/columns/content/story/304620.html . live .
  48. Web site: First-Class Longest Career . 2023-04-19 . . en-GB . 19 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230419203109/https://stats.acscricket.com/Records/First_Class/Overall/Players/Longest_Career.html . live .
  49. Web site: First-Class Oldest Batsman to Score a Double Hundred . 2023-04-14 . . en-GB . 19 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230419203109/https://stats.acscricket.com/Records/First_Class/Overall/Batting/Oldest_Batsman_to_Score_Double_Hundred.html . live .
  50. Book: Nayudu, Chandra . C.K. Nayudu, a Daughter Remembers . 1995 . Rupa . 978-81-7167-283-7 . 66 . en . 16 April 2023 . 18 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230418095447/https://books.google.com/books?id=0PeBAAAAMAAJ&q=bcci+vice+president++ck+nayudu . live .
  51. News: 2013-10-05 . Borde recalls Col. C.K. Nayudu . en-IN . The Hindu . 2023-04-18 . 0971-751X . 18 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230418205945/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/borde-recalls-col-ck-nayudu/article5204517.ece . live .
  52. News: 2016-11-16 . The land of Vizzy & C K Nayudu finally to host a test match . The Times of India . 2023-04-24 . 0971-8257 . “It was February 1953 when Col CK Nayudu, the first captain of the Indian team, became the founder president of ACA,” local cricketologist Prof Prasanna Kumar told TOI. “He was 58-years-old when he led Andhra in their first Ranji match against Mysuru and coming to bat in the middle, smote a huge six off pacer Kasturirangan,” Prof Kumar reminisced.“Col Nayudu and his brother CS Nayudu played in Guntur and taught the boys discipline, from how to don the flannels to doing their laces; they instilled the quintessence of cricket in Andhra boys,” he added. . 24 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230424174514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/the-land-of-vizzy-c-k-nayudu-finally-to-host-a-test-match/articleshow/55444069.cms . live .
  53. Web site: History of ACA . 2023-04-24 . . en . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134401/https://andhracricket.org/history-ACA.php . live .
  54. Web site: A. Prasanna Kumar . October 2010 . International Cricket at Vizag . 25 April 2023 . 9, 16 . 24 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230424190611/http://aprasannakumar.org/pdf%20files/Cricket_at%20Vizag.pdf . live .
  55. Web site: Mysore v Andhra 1953-54 . 28 February 2021 . ESPNcricinfo . 11 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220911023637/http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1950S/1953-54/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/MYSORE_AP_RJI_28-30NOV1953.html . live .
  56. Book: Guha, Ramachandra . An Anthropologist Among the Marxists and Other Essays . 2001 . Orient Blackswan . 978-81-7824-001-5 . 224 . en . 12 May 2023 . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134344/https://books.google.com/books?id=hslnO7LGdRMC&dq=c.+k.+nayudu&pg=PA227 . live .
  57. Web site: Tarun Shridhar . 8 April 2023 . Remembering The Trailblazers, The Playing Eleven Of India's First Test Match . 20 April 2023 . . Nayudu, in fact, had the title given to him by the King of Holkar. The king, a fan of his, invited him to stay in Indore and honoured him first with the rank of a Captain and later a Colonel in his state’s army. Nayudu is also credited with being the first cricketer to endorse a consumer product — Bathgate Liver Tonic. . 19 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230419232531/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/remembering-the-trailblazers-the-playing-eleven-of-india-first-test-match-weekender_story-276767 . live .
  58. Web site: Nayudu . Chandra . Chandra Nayudu . 2007-06-25 . 1932, an Indian summer . 2023-04-20 . . en . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134354/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/1932-an-indian-summer/story-qWiwgQqWfUtBomrOmo02sI.html . live .
  59. Web site: CN Nayudu Profile . 2023-04-22 . ESPNcricinfo . en . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134855/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/cn-nayudu-32047 . live .
  60. Web site: PTI . 4 April 2021 . Commentator Chandra Nayudu, daughter of CK Nayudu, passes way . 2021-12-05 . Sportstar . en . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134859/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/rip-chandra-nayudu-dead-commentator-ck-nayudu-daughter-illness-age-88/article34238970.ece . live .
  61. News: 2013-10-23 . Nayudu lineage didn't hinder Vijay . The Times of India . 2023-04-14 . 0971-8257 . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/new-zealand-in-india-2016/top-stories/nayudu-lineage-didnt-hinder-vijay/articleshow/24559294.cms . live .
  62. Web site: Vyas . Hetal . 26 January 2008 . PP who nailed Zahira still waits for fees . 2023-04-18 . . en . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134858/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/pp-who-nailed-zahira-still-waits-for-fees/articleshow/15780543.cms . live .
  63. Web site: 29 February 2012 . 30 Indian women role models: From an investment banker to a singer to an infotech warrior . 2023-04-18 . . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134923/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20060424-30-indian-women-role-models-785538-2006-04-23 . live .
  64. Web site: C. S. Nayudu . 24 May 2020 . ESPNcricinfo . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134900/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/c-s-nayudu-31813 . live .
  65. Web site: CK Nayudu . 10 May 2020 . ESPNcricinfo . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135404/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/c-k-nayudu-31811 . live .
  66. Web site: 1 March 2023 . Colonel CK Naydu: Team India's first Test cricket captain's statue unveiled at the Holkar stadium in Indore . 3 March 2023 . The Indian Express . en . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135404/https://indianexpress.com/photos/sports-gallery/colonel-ck-naydu-team-indias-first-test-cricket-captain-8472760/ . live .
  67. Web site: 1968 . Obituaries in 1967 . 2019-10-06 . Wisden Cricketers' Almanack . ESPNcricinfo . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135405/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/228444.html . live .
  68. Web site: Das . Ranit . 31 October 2017 . When CK Nayudu, India's first captain, endorsed a brand way back in 1941 . 2023-04-11 . India Today . en . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135411/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ck-nayudu-birthday-1078975-2017-10-31 . live .
  69. Book: Guha, Ramachandra . A Corner of a Foreign Field: The Indian History of a British Sport . 2016-11-24 . Random House India . 978-93-5118-693-9 . en . 12 May 2023 . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135424/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTq7DQAAQBAJ&dq=nayudu+almost+certainly+first+Indian+cricketer+liver+tonic&pg=PT494 . live .
  70. Book: Guha, Ramachandra . An Anthropologist Among the Marxists and Other Essays . 2001 . Orient Blackswan . 978-81-7824-001-5 . 227, 230 . en . 12 May 2023 . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801132822/https://books.google.com/books?id=hslnO7LGdRMC&dq=nayudu&pg=PA227 . live .
  71. Web site: 2015 . Padma Awards . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf . 15 October 2015 . 21 July 2015 . Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India . dmy.
  72. News: 25 December 2015. Col CK Nayudu award for Kirmani. Deccan Herald. 11 December 2022. 1 August 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135417/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/519448/col-ck-nayudu-award-kirmani.html. live.
  73. Web site: Banquet details - C. K. Nayudu Hall . 2023-04-12 . . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135931/https://www.thecricketclubofindia.com/userfacilities/banquetdetails/8/ . live .
  74. Web site: 2022-12-08 . CCI's revamped library looks beyond books . 2023-04-12 . . en . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135931/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/ccis-revamped-library-looks-beyond-books-101670439611793.html . live .
  75. Book: The Shorter Wisden India Almanack 2014 . 2014-10-23 . . 978-1-4729-1718-8 . en . 12 May 2023 . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801140003/https://books.google.com/books?id=X02nBAAAQBAJ&dq=Wisden+India+Hall+of+Fame+nayudu&pg=PP13 . live .
  76. Book: Raiji, Vasant . C.K. Nayudu, the Shahenshah of Indian Cricket . 1989 . Marine Sports . 978-81-85361-00-0 . 63 . en . Vasant Raiji . 12 May 2023 . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135932/https://books.google.com/books?id=s7MyAAAAIAAJ&q=ck+Nayudu++Nagpur,+a+street+has+been+named+after+him . live .
  77. Web site: 2 November 2020 . VCA celebrates 125th Birth Anniversary of Col CK Nayudu . 2023-04-21 . . en . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135934/https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2020/11/2/VCA-celebrates-125th-Birth-Anniversary-of-Col-CK-Nayudu.html . live .
  78. Web site: Nehru Stadium . 2023-04-21 . ESPNcricinfo . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801140006/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/nehru-stadium-indore-58151 . live .
  79. News: 2012-02-12 . Their names live on at the Holkar stadium . en-IN . The Hindu . 2023-04-22 . 0971-751X . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801140512/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/their-names-live-on-at-the-holkar-stadium/article2886474.ece . live .
  80. Book: Singh, Gurdeep . Cricket in Northern India . 1966 . Cosmo Publications . 61, 62 . en . 16 April 2023 . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801140509/https://books.google.com/books?id=dmgFAAAAMAAJ&q=Masulipatam . live .
  81. News: McNally. Frank. 24 July 2018. Anil Kumble unveils CK Nayudu's statue in Machilipatnam. Indian Express. 12 December 2022. 1 August 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230801140446/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/anil-kumble-unveils-ck-nayudus-statue-in-machilipatnam-5274151/. live.
  82. Web site: The Sporting Statues Project: CK Nayudu: ACA-VDCA Stadium, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh . 2023-04-21 . . 21 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230421204935/https://offbeat.group.shef.ac.uk/statues/STCKT_Nayudu_CK_2.htm . live .
  83. Web site: Sundaresan . Bharat . 19 October 2010 . Focus shifts to picturesque Vizag . 2023-04-21 . . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801140945/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/focus-shifts-to-picturesque-vizag/699280/0 . live .
  84. Book: Guha, Ramachandra . An Anthropologist Among the Marxists and Other Essays . 2001 . . 978-81-7824-001-5 . en . Ramachandra Guha . 16 April 2023 . 18 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230418095440/https://books.google.com/books?id=hslnO7LGdRMC&q=nayudu . live .
  85. Book: Guha, Ramachandra . An Anthropologist Among the Marxists and Other Essays . 2001 . Orient Blackswan . 978-81-7824-001-5 . 234, 235 . en . 12 May 2023 . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801132822/https://books.google.com/books?id=hslnO7LGdRMC&dq=nayudu&pg=PA227 . live .
  86. Web site: Indians in Wisden - Cottari Kanakaiya Nayudu . 2023-04-11 . . 11 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230411092249/https://www.rediff.com/cricket/2002/jul/26wisden.htm . live .
  87. Naha . Souvik . 2012-03-01 . Producing the First Indian Cricketing Superhero: Nationalism, Body Culture, Consumption and the C.K. Nayudu Phenomenon . The International Journal of the History of Sport . 29 . 4 . 562–582 . 10.1080/09523367.2012.658190 . 145667240 . 0952-3367 . 11 April 2023 . 1 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801140947/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523367.2012.658190 . live .
  88. Web site: 17 December 2001 . The Rediff Interview: 'Unfortunately, they don't look for talent today' - Mushtaq Ali . 2023-04-15 . . 15 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415184408/https://www.rediff.com/cricket/2001/dec/17mush.htm . live .
  89. Web site: 2020-06-13 . Vasant Raiji, India's oldest first-class cricketer, dies at 100 . 2023-04-15 . The Indian Express . en . 15 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415184409/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/vasant-raiji-indias-oldest-first-class-cricketer-dies-at-100-6456608/ . live .

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