Chimerin 2 Explained

Chimerin 2 (beta-chimaerin) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHN2 gene.^{[1] [2]}

This gene is a member of the chimerin family and encodes a protein with a phorbol-ester/diacylglycerol-type zinc finger, a Rho-GAP domain and an SH2 domain. This protein has GTPase-activating protein activity that is regulated by phospholipid binding and binding of diacylglycerol (DAG) induces translocation of the protein from the cytosol to the Golgi apparatus membrane. The protein plays a role in the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells. Decreased expression of this gene is associated with high-grade gliomas and breast tumors, and increased expression of this gene is associated with lymphomas. Mutations in this gene have been associated with schizophrenia in men. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.

Further reading

• Yuan S, Miller DW, Barnett GH . Identification and characterization of human beta 2-chimaerin: association with malignant transformation in astrocytoma . Cancer Res. . 55 . 15 . 3456–61 . 1995 . 7614486 . etal.
• Caloca MJ, Fernandez N, Lewin NE . Beta2-chimaerin is a high affinity receptor for the phorbol ester tumor promoters . J. Biol. Chem. . 272 . 42 . 26488–96 . 1997 . 9334226 . 10.1074/jbc.272.42.26488 . etal. free .
• Caloca MJ, Garcia-Bermejo ML, Blumberg PM . beta2-chimaerin is a novel target for diacylglycerol: binding properties and changes in subcellular localization mediated by ligand binding to its C1 domain . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 96 . 21 . 11854–9 . 1999 . 10518540 . 10.1073/pnas.96.21.11854 . 18376 . 1999PNAS...9611854J . etal. free .
• Caloca MJ, Wang H, Delemos A . Phorbol esters and related analogs regulate the subcellular localization of beta 2-chimaerin, a non-protein kinase C phorbol ester receptor . J. Biol. Chem. . 276 . 21 . 18303–12 . 2001 . 11278894 . 10.1074/jbc.M011368200 . etal. free .
• Wang H, Kazanietz MG . Chimaerins, novel non-protein kinase C phorbol ester receptors, associate with Tmp21-I (p23): evidence for a novel anchoring mechanism involving the chimaerin C1 domain . J. Biol. Chem. . 277 . 6 . 4541–50 . 2002 . 11689559 . 10.1074/jbc.M107150200 . free .
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . 2002PNAS...9916899M . etal. free .
• Scherer SW, Cheung J, MacDonald JR . Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology . Science . 300 . 5620 . 767–72 . 2003 . 12690205 . 10.1126/science.1083423 . 2882961 . 2003Sci...300..767S . etal.
• Nishiu M, Yanagawa R, Nakatsuka S . Microarray analysis of gene-expression profiles in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: identification of genes related to disease progression . Jpn. J. Cancer Res. . 93 . 8 . 894–901 . 2003 . 12716467 . 5927108 . 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2002.tb01335.x. etal.
• Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA . The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7 . Nature . 424 . 6945 . 157–64 . 2003 . 12853948 . 10.1038/nature01782 . 2003Natur.424..157H . etal. free .
• Caloca MJ, Wang H, Kazanietz MG . Characterization of the Rac-GAP (Rac-GTPase-activating protein) activity of beta2-chimaerin, a 'non-protein kinase C' phorbol ester receptor . Biochem. J. . 375 . Pt 2 . 313–21 . 2004 . 12877655 . 10.1042/BJ20030727 . 1223697 .
• Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T . Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs . Nat. Genet. . 36 . 1 . 40–5 . 2004 . 14702039 . 10.1038/ng1285 . etal. free .
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA . The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) . Genome Res. . 14 . 10B . 2121–7 . 2004 . 15489334 . 10.1101/gr.2596504 . 528928 . etal.
• Canagarajah B, Leskow FC, Ho JY . Structural mechanism for lipid activation of the Rac-specific GAP, beta2-chimaerin . Cell . 119 . 3 . 407–18 . 2004 . 15507211 . 10.1016/j.cell.2004.10.012 . 10076951 . etal. free .
• Hashimoto R, Yoshida M, Kunugi H . A missense polymorphism (H204R) of a Rho GTPase-activating protein, the chimerin 2 gene, is associated with schizophrenia in men . . 73 . 2–3 . 383–5 . 2005 . 15653288 . 10.1016/j.schres.2004.01.017 . 36432346 . etal.
• Barrios-Rodiles M, Brown KR, Ozdamar B . High-throughput mapping of a dynamic signaling network in mammalian cells . Science . 307 . 5715 . 1621–5 . 2005 . 15761153 . 10.1126/science.1105776 . 2005Sci...307.1621B . 39457788 . etal.
• Yang C, Liu Y, Leskow FC . Rac-GAP-dependent inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation by 2-chimerin. . J. Biol. Chem. . 280 . 26 . 24363–70 . 2005 . 15863513 . 10.1074/jbc.M411629200 . etal. free .
• Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y . Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes . Genome Res. . 16 . 1 . 55–65 . 2006 . 16344560 . 10.1101/gr.4039406 . 1356129 . etal.
• Siliceo M, García-Bernal D, Carrasco S . Beta2-chimaerin provides a diacylglycerol-dependent mechanism for regulation of adhesion and chemotaxis of T cells . J. Cell Sci. . 119 . Pt 1 . 141–52 . 2006 . 16352660 . 10.1242/jcs.02722 . 10261/72248 . 19107302 . etal. free .
• Yang C, Liu Y, Lemmon MA, Kazanietz MG . Essential role for Rac in heregulin beta1 mitogenic signaling: a mechanism that involves epidermal growth factor receptor and is independent of ErbB4 . Mol. Cell. Biol. . 26 . 3 . 831–42 . 2006 . 16428439 . 10.1128/MCB.26.3.831-842.2006 . 1347034 .

Notes and References

1. Leung T, How BE, Manser E, Lim L . Cerebellar beta 2-chimaerin, a GTPase-activating protein for p21 ras-related rac is specifically expressed in granule cells and has a unique N-terminal SH2 domain . J Biol Chem . 269 . 17 . 12888–92 . Jun 1994 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)99959-X . 8175705 . free .
2. Web site: Entrez Gene: CHN2 chimerin (chimaerin) 2.