Bell CH-146 Griffon explained

The Bell CH-146 Griffon is a multi-role utility helicopter designed by Bell Helicopter Textron as a variant of the Bell 412EP for the Canadian Armed Forces. It is used in a wide variety of roles, including aerial firepower, reconnaissance, search and rescue and aero-mobility tasks.[1] The CH-146 has a crew of three, can carry up to ten troops and has a cruising speed of .

The CH-146 is a continuation of decades long use of the Huey family by Canadian military, starting with the UH-1H model in 1968, and expanded by use of the UH-1N Twin Huey; known as the CH-118 and CH-135 respectively. Both were retired in the 1990s and replaced by the CH-146; it also replaced early model CH-147 Chinook and CH-136 Kiowa helicopters, although in the 2010s additional Chinooks were acquired of the latest type. The CH-146 has served in missions internationally and domestically. They were built in Canada. The fleet is currently being modernized for service into the 2030s.

Design and development

The CH-146 is the Canadian military designation for the Bell 412CF, a modified Bell 412, ordered by Canada in 1992.[2] The CH-146 was built at Mirabel, Quebec, at the Bell Canadian plant. It was delivered between 1995 and 1997 in one of two configurations, the Combat Support Squadron (CSS) version for search and rescue missions, and the Utility Tactical Transport Helicopter (UTTH), which carries a crew of three and an eight-man section.[1]

The Bell 412 family is popular with military operators globally, and was also produced under license in Italy by Augusta;the 412 and its variants was further modernization of the Bell 212.[3]

The Griffon can be equipped with various specialized bolt-on mission kits which can enhance its performance, from increasing range to improving protection against enemy fire, etc.[1]

While the CH-146 can be equipped with a total of 13 seats in the cargo area in addition to the two in front for the aircrew, weight restrictions usually result in a normal combat load of eight equipped troops or fewer depending on armament and fuel carried. The aircraft can also be configured for up to six stretchers.[1] [4]

Minor disassembly permits transport of the Griffon by CC-130 Hercules or CC-177 Globemaster III aircraft for long-distance deployment.[1]

Maintenance and upgrades

The CH-146 was forecast to be retired as early as 2021, but with an option to extend. Bell Helicopter Textron Canada Inc. was awarded a C$640 million contract to overhaul and repair the CH-146 fleet until retirement in 2021. The contract includes options to extend the contract up to 2025 if necessary.[5] [6]

In January 2019, Canada announced plans to modernize and extend the life of the existing 85 CH-146s to 2031.[7] In May 2022, the contract was signed.[8] The contract with Bell Canada will allow the type to be in service until the 2030s.[9] The maintenance work is done in Canada and sustains over 1100 jobs there.[10]

In April 2024, the Government of Canada announced plans to spend C$18.4 billion over 20 years to acquire additional helicopters that are more "modern, mobile, and effective" to increase the speed and airlift capacity in responding to natural disasters, emergencies, and assertions of sovereignty. It is not clear if implication is to supplement or replace the CH-146 fleet.[11] The CH-146 is one of several assets in Canada's vertical lift portfolio which, by the 2020s, includes the CH-149 Cormorant (Medium-lift Search and Rescue (EH101)), CH-147 Chinook (twin-rotor heavy-lift), CH-148 Cyclone (maritime medium lift transport and ASW (S-92)), among others.

In 2024, the Canadian Government announced a service contract to sustain the CH-146 Griffon fleet.[12]

Operational history

The Canadian Forces purchased 100 aircraft[2] and received them in 1995–1997. In 2005, nine CH-146s were sold to the Allied Wings consortium to be used as trainers at 3 Canadian Forces Flying Training School.[13] By the 2020s, over 80 were still in service in 11 squadrons, and Canada planned to operate them into the 2030s.[14]

Some of the task the helicopters are used for are training, utility, tactical transport, search and rescue, armed escort for Chinooks.[15]

Canada

The CH-146 Griffon have been deployed in various operations in Canada since their introduction in 1995. They have been deployed during the Operation Saguenay in 1996 and Operation Assistance in 1997. The CH-146 have also played a major role during the great ice storm of 1998.[16] They were deployed during the 28th G8 summit and 36th G8 summit. They were also deployed to secure the 2010 Winter Olympics during the Operation Podium.[17] In May 2016, four Griffons were deployed as part of Operation LENTUS 16-01, to provide emergency services for victims of the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfire.[18]

Haiti and Balkans

CH-146s have been deployed in Haiti. They were deployed during Operation Standard and Operation Constable between 1996 and 1997.[19] [20] They were deployed more recently during Operation Halo in 2004 and Operation Hestia in 2010.

Griffons have been deployed in Bosnia and Kosovo during Operation Kinetic between 1999 and 2000 and Operation Paladium between 1998 and 2004.[21]

Afghanistan

In 2007, the Canadian American Strategic Review suggested that the Canadian Forces consider deploying Griffons to Afghanistan, because they were comparable to the UH-1 Hueys deployed by the United States Marine Corps.[22] The USMC used both the Bell UH-1N Twin Huey (also used by Canada) and the newer Bell UH-1Y Venom.

On 26 November 2008, the Canadian Forces announced in a statement that eight Griffons would be modified to act as armed escorts for CH-147 Chinook helicopters in Afghanistan.[23] [24] [25] Equipped with a M134D Minigun, the helicopters were employed in a defensive and support role, including the evacuation of battlefield casualties.[26] The eight CH-146s arrived at Kandahar International Airport on 20 December 2008.[27]

Suitability for role

The CH-146 was purchased by the CF to replace four existing helicopters, the CH-136 Kiowa in the observation role, the CH-135 Twin Huey in the army tactical role, the CH-118 Iroquois in the base rescue role and the heavy lift CH-147 Chinook. From the time of its purchase defence analysts have been critical of the aircraft pointing to its procurement as politically motivated and that the aircraft cannot adequately fill any of its intended roles. It has been termed "a civilian designed and built aircraft, with only a coat of green paint."[28] [29]

Writing in 2006 defence analyst Sharon Hobson said:

The CH-146 was ruled out for the Afghan mission by General Rick Hillier when he was Chief of Defence Staff in 2008 due to being underpowered. It has also been criticised for being underpowered by Martin Shadwick, a defence analyst and professor at York University. Shadwick stated in July 2009:[30]

At the inquest into the death of Capt Ben Babington-Browne (killed on 6 July 2009 in the crash of aircraft #146434), Lt Cdr William Robley of the UK Defence Helicopter Flying School confirmed that operating the aircraft at that altitude, temperature and weight meant that it was not the correct helicopter for that mission. When asked by the coroner: "Had you been there, would it have been obvious to you of the risks attached to using the Griffon helicopter in these conditions?" Lt Cdr Robley replied: "Yes." When asked: "Would you expect a competent pilot to have understood that this was not the correct helicopter for the mission?", Lt Cdr Robley replied: "It depended on the pilot's training; unless they have been trained, they are on a voyage of discovery."[31]

Retired Lieutenant General Lou Cuppens defended the aircraft's performance:

Defence Minister Peter MacKay also defended the aircraft:

Latvia

Starting in 2025, Canada is planning to send 4 Griffon's to Latvia, as part of a NATO mission there, specifically Operation REASSURANCE.[32] [33]

Operators

See Bell 412 military operators for other users, the CH-146 is the Canadian version of this aircraft.

Tactical Helicopter role
Search and Rescue role
Combat Support Squadrons

Accidents and incidents

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The Canadian Army – Equipment – Griffon Helicopter (CH-146) . https://archive.today/20110610185622/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/equipment-equipement/item-eng.asp?product=139 . dead . 2011-06-10 . Department of National Defence . October 2006 . 2008-02-24 .
  2. Eden, Paul, ed. "Bell 212/412". Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London: Amber Books, 2004. .
  3. Web site: Bell Model 412 Twin-Engine Utility / Transport Helicopter . 2024-04-24 . www.militaryfactory.com.
  4. Web site: Canada's Air Force – Aircraft – CH-146 Griffon – Technical Specifications . Department of National Defence . March 2007 . 2008-02-24 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101205105506/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/v2/equip/ch146/index-eng.asp . 2010-12-05 .
  5. Web site: AIAC congratulates Bell Helicopter Textron on Government of Canada contract that supports Canadian forces and maintains jobs . Aerospace Industries Association of Canada . 14 January 2011 . 30 June 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150404013324/http://www.aiac.ca/uploadedFiles/News_and_Events/AIAC_News/AIAC%20PM%20Bell%20Helicopter_Jan%2014%202011.pdf . 4 April 2015 .
  6. Web site: Canada Awards Maintenance Contract for Bell 412EP Helis . Defense Industry Daily . 17 January 2011 . 30 June 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120914161016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Canada-Awards-Maintenance-Contract-for-Bell-412EP-Helis-06735/ . 14 September 2012 . live .
  7. Reim, Garrett. "Canada to extend life of Bell CH-146 Griffon helicopters to 2031" . Flight Global, 28 January 2019.
  8. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-services-procurement/news/2022/05/government-of-canada-announces-contract-to-extend-life-of-royal-canadian-air-force-fleet-of-85ch146-griffon-helicopters.html Government of Canada announces contract to extend life of Royal Canadian Air Force fleet of 85 CH‑146 Griffon helicopters
  9. Web site: Bell Textron Canada to extend lifespan of Canadian CH-146 Griffon helicopters .
  10. Web site: Bell awarded $2.28B contract to sustain RCAF CH-146 Griffon fleet . 2024-04-24 . Vertical Mag . en-US.
  11. Web site: Government of Canada . 2024-04-08 . Our North, Strong and Free: A Renewed Vision for Canada's Defence .
  12. Web site: McNeil . Harry . 2024-01-18 . Canada invests $1.7bn to prolong lifespan of CH-146 Griffon helicopters . 2024-04-29 . Airforce Technology . en-US.
  13. Web site: 17 WING – WINNIPEG : SQUADRONS . Air Force Public Affairs / Department of National Defence . December 2007 . 2008-08-20 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070203002804/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/17wing/squadron/3cffts_e.asp . 2007-02-03 .
  14. Web site: Bell awarded $2.28B contract to sustain RCAF CH-146 Griffon fleet . 2024-04-24 . Vertical Mag . en-US.
  15. Web site: Bell awarded $2.28B contract to sustain RCAF CH-146 Griffon fleet . 2024-04-29 . Vertical Mag . en-US.
  16. News: CH-146 Griffon . . 2010 . 1 July 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101205105506/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/v2/equip/ch146/index-eng.asp . 5 December 2010 .
  17. News: Operation Podium Air Component delivers . https://archive.today/20120719022119/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/v2/cb-ca/nr-sp/index-eng.asp?id=10784 . dead . 19 July 2012 . . 2010 . 1 July 2010 .
  18. News: Operation LENTUS . 2016-05-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170508050343/http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/operations-canada-north-america/op-lentus.page . 2017-05-08 . live .
  19. News: Operation STANDARD . . 2010 . 2008-11-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110323174000/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/od-bdo/di-ri-eng.asp?IntlOpId=305&CdnOpId=374 . 2011-03-23 . live .
  20. News: Operation CONSTABLE . . 2010 . 2008-11-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101022085549/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/od-bdo/di-ri-eng.asp?IntlOpId=309&CdnOpId=379 . 2010-10-22 . live .
  21. News: Operation KINETIC . . 2010 . 2010-04-27 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181958/http://www.cefcom.forces.gc.ca/pa-ap/ops/kinetic-eng.asp . 2011-07-06 .
  22. News: Senator urges deployment of small choppers to Afghanistan . . 2007-08-30 . 2013-09-17 . 2013-09-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130918022627/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=a23f15a4-b849-4ad0-8b09-fd4f2f273d28 . dead . The Canadian American Strategic Review, a defence-oriented Internet site operated out of Simon Fraser University, pointed out that until July 2006 the U.S. Marines flew convoy escort duties from Kandahar airfield in Huey helicopters. Those helicopters are similar to the Griffons but less powerful, the site adds. It also questioned why the marines can operate such helicopters when the Canadian Forces consider the local conditions in Kandahar too extreme for the Griffons..
  23. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/11/26/griffon-chinook-afghanistan.html "Canada to send Griffon attack helicopters to Afghanistan"
  24. News: INGRESS — Interoperable Griffon Reconnaissance Escort Surveillance System: Two Contract Award Press Releases. Canadian American Strategic Review. July 2008. 2013-09-17. 2008-09-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20080906105902/http://www.casr.ca/doc-news-griffon-ingress.htm. dead. MND Peter MacKay announced that eight INGRESS Griffons will go to Kandahar in early 2009..
  25. News: CH-146 Griffons Heading to Kandahar – DND/CF News Release . . 2008-12-26 . 2013-09-17 . 2008-12-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081225065958/http://www.casr.ca/doc-dnd-griffon-kandahar.htm . live . The Department of National Defence has issued a brief statement announcing that the first two (at least) CF CH-146 Griffon utility helicopters meant for Afghanistan will soon be on the way to Kandahar..
  26. News: Dillon Aero DMG134S MiniGun (Gatling Gun) and Parts Kits — MERX ACAN Notice Helicopter-Mounted Armament System . . February 2008 . 2013-09-17 . 2008-09-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080906105757/http://www.casr.ca/doc-acan-m134-gatling-gun.htm . live .
  27. News: Canadian-made Griffon helicopters arrive in Kandahar . . December 2008 . CBC News . 2008-12-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081221142517/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/canadian-made-griffon-helicopters-arrive-in-kandahar-1.742747 . 21 December 2008 . live.
  28. Web site: Plain Talk – Who Decides? . Hobson . Sharon . Summer 2006 . 2009-07-28 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110706174832/http://naval.review.cfps.dal.ca/archive/public/vol2num2art9.pdf . 2011-07-06 .
  29. Web site: Canada Under Attack . Cook . M. Paul . 2005 . 2009-07-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101106033456/http://members.shaw.ca/canadaunderattack/CanadaUnderAttack.pdf . 2010-11-06 . live .
  30. News: The CH-146 Griffon helicopter . . July 2009 . CBC News . 2009-07-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090710155546/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2009/07/07/f-griffon-helicopter-afghanistan.html . 2009-07-10 . live .
  31. News: Afghan crash helicopter 'unsuitable' inquest hears: report . 2014-08-27 . 27 August 2014 . Daily Telegraph . https://web.archive.org/web/20140827012921/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/11057018/Afghan-crash-helicopter-unsuitable-inquest-hears.html . 27 August 2014 . live .
  32. Web site: Canada sending Griffon, Chinook helicopters to Latvia . 2024-04-29 . Vertical Mag . en-US.
  33. Web site: Press . Sarah Ritchie The Canadian . 2023-12-15 . Canada will send helicopters to Latvia next year, defence minister says . 2024-04-29 . Toronto Star . en.
  34. Web site: World Air Forces 2013. Flightglobal Insight. 2013. 10 April 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20121216005935/http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/reports_pdf/emptys/101015/world-air-forces-2013.pdf. 16 December 2012. live.
  35. Web site: No. 400 Squadron . canadianwings.com . 15 April 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120806145713/http://www.canadianwings.com/Squadrons/squadronDetail.php?No.-400-Squadron-6 . 6 August 2012 .
  36. Web site: 403 Squadron (Helicopter) Operational Training Squadron (Hel OTS) . rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca . 15 April 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130420030227/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/1w-1e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=376 . 20 April 2013 .
  37. Web site: 408 Tactical Helicopter Squadron (THC) . rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca . 15 April 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130420030232/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/1w-1e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=377 . 20 April 2013 .
  38. Web site: 427 Tactical Helicopter Squadron. rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca. 1 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140911004135/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/1-wing/427-squadron.page. 2014-09-11. dead.
  39. Web site: 430 Tactical Helicopter Squadron (THS). rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca. 1 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20131111234051/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/1-wing/430-squadron.page. 2013-11-11. dead.
  40. Web site: 438 Tactical Helicopter Squadron (THS) . rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca . 1 November 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130906101956/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/1-wing/438-squadron.page . 2013-09-06 . dead .
  41. Web site: 424 (Search and Rescue / Transport) Squadron. rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca. 1 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141102045409/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/8-wing/424-squadron.page. 2014-11-02. dead.
  42. Web site: 417 Combat Support Squadron (CSS) . rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca . 1 November 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141102043516/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/4-wing/417-squadron.page . 2014-11-02 . dead .
  43. Web site: 439 Combat Support Squadron (CSS) . rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca . 1 November 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141102043557/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/3-wing/439-squadron.page . 2014-11-02 . dead .
  44. Web site: 444 Combat Support Squadron . rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca . 1 November 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141102025741/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/5-wing/444-squadron.page . 2014-11-02 . dead .
  45. https://archive.today/20120723024623/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/dfs-dsv/nr-sp/index-eng.asp?id=10024 Aircraft Occurrence Summary
  46. News: Afghan dust could have contributed to chopper crash: report . . July 2009 . CBC News . 2009-07-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090710160046/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/afghan-dust-could-have-contributed-to-chopper-crash-report-1.843091 . 2009-07-10 . live .
  47. https://archive.today/20120729132548/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/dfs-dsv/nr-sp/index-eng.asp?id=9999 Aircraft Occurrence Summary
  48. Web site: Senior military officer being investigated over 2009 helicopter crash in Afghanistan - Canada - CBC News . 2016-04-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160412235734/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/helicopter-military-crash-2009-afghanistan-soldiers-killed-1.3530568 . 2016-04-12 . live .

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