CATL explained

Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited
Native Name:Chinese: 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司
Founder:Robin Zeng
Hq Location City:Ningde, Fujian
Hq Location Country:China
Industry:Electric batteries
Num Employees:116,055 (2023)[1]

Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL) is a Chinese battery manufacturer and technology company founded in 2011 that specializes in the manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and energy storage systems, as well as battery management systems (BMS).[2] The company is the biggest EV battery manufacturer, with a global market share of around 37% in 2023.[3] [4] The company is headquartered in the city of Ningde in China's Fujian province.

History

CATL was founded in Ningde, which is reflected in its Chinese name ('Ningde era'). The company started as a spin-off of Amperex Technology Limited (ATL), a previous business founded by Robin Zeng in 1999. ATL initially manufactured lithium-polymer batteries based on licensed technology but later developed more reliable battery designs themselves. In 2005, ATL was acquired by Japan's TDK company, but Zeng continued as a manager for ATL. In 2011,[5] Zeng and vice-chairman Huang Shilin spun off the EV battery operations of ATL into the new company CATL. Until 2015, former parent TDK held a 15% stake in CATL.[6] Zeng has applied management styles of TDK and Huawei to his company.

Growth and Technology

Due to the rise of electric vehicles, CATL gradually became one of the leading battery providers in the world due to its early investments in EV battery technologies. In 2012, CATL has established cooperation with BMW Brilliance.[7] [8] China's dominant position in the battery manufacturing supply chain, including the control over rare-earth materials, provided an ideal foundation for Chinese companies like CATL to decouple from the monopoly of Western technology. It started to provide components to the supply chains of European and American vehicle manufacturers amidst competition from Panasonic and L.G. Chemical.[9]

In 2016, CATL was the world's third largest provider of EV, HEV and PHEV batteries, behind Panasonic (Sanyo) and BYD.[10] In 2017, CATL's sales of power battery system reached 11.84GWh, taking the lead worldwide for the first time.[11]

In January 2017, CATL announced a strategic partnership with Valmet Automotive, focusing on project management, engineering and battery pack supply. CATL acquired a 22% stake in Valmet Automotive.

BMW announced in 2018 that it would buy €4 billion worth of batteries from CATL for use in the electric Mini and iNext vehicles.

In 2018, CATL announced that it would establish a new battery factory in Arnstadt, Thuringia, Germany.[12]

In June 2020, Zeng Yuqun announced that the company had achieved a battery for electric vehicles (EVs) rated as good for 1 million miles (or 1.6 million kilometers).[13]

In 2021 the company unveiled a sodium-ion battery for the automotive market.[14] A battery recycling facility is planned to recover some of the materials.[15]

2022–present

In the first half, CATL ranked first in the world with a market share of 34 percent, according to SNE research.[16] CATL announced plans to establish a battery factory in Debrecen, Hungary.[17] Their Yibin manufacturing plant was certified as the world's first zero-carbon battery factory.[18]

In July Ford announced buying batteries from CATL for use in the Ford Mustang Mach-E and Ford F-150 Lightning models, which subsequently raised concerns with the United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party. In October, CATL expanded its deal with VinFast to provide a skateboard chassis and "enhance global footprint".

On August 12, 2022, CATL announced its second European battery plant in Hungary.[19] [20]

In 2023, CATL received the equivalent of US$790 million in state subsidies.[21] The same year, CATL introduced its M3P battery, offering a 15% increase in energy density, reaching 210 Wh/kg. The battery replaces the iron in the lithium iron phosphate battery with a combination of magnesium, zinc, and aluminum.[22]

Later that year, the company announced its Shenxing LFP battery.[23] The cathode of Shenxing LFP is fully nano-crystallized, which accelerates ion movement and the response to charging signals. The anode's second-generation fast ion ring technology increases intercalation channels and shortens intercalation distance. Its superconducting electrolyte formula reduces viscosity and improves conductivity. A new separator film reduces resistance. At room temperature, Shenxing can charge from 0 to 80% in 10 minutes and in just 30 minutes at -10 °C, maintains 0-100 kph performance at low temperatures. Safety is enhanced by using a safe coating for the electrolyte and the separator. A real-time fault testing system allows safe and fast refueling. Ford announced a 2,500 worker battery plant in Marshall, Michigan using CATL technology. The facility would be a Ford subsidiary. Making the batteries domestically would enable Ford customers to access federal subsidies. The project was paused after lawmakers questioned the tax subsidies.[24] [25]

In November 2023, CATL and Stellantis announced that they are considering the possibility of a joint investment in the form of a joint venture with equivalent contributions.[26] [27] On December 7, 2023, CATL and Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks Corporation (HKSTP) signed a memorandum of understanding to establish a CATL research center at the HKSTP with investment of over HKD 1.2 billion.

In 2024 CATL announced Tener, a large scale stationary energy storage system. It is claimed to feature all-round safety, zero degradation over five-years and 6.25 MWh capacity per unit. It incorporates biomimetic SEI (solid electrolyte interphase) and self-assembled electrolyte technologies.[28]

Facilities

CATL operates thirteen battery manufacturing plants worldwide, namely in:[29]

Partnerships

Due to its main competitor BYD Company prioritizing battery supply to its own vehicles, CATL was able to capture partnerships with foreign automakers. CATL's battery technology is currently used by electric vehicle manufacturers in the international market, and CATL collaborates with companies including BMW,[30] Daimler AG, Hyundai,[31] Honda,[32] Li Auto, NIO, PSA,[33] Tesla, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo and XPeng.[34]

In China, its clients include BAIC Motor, Geely, GAC Group, Yutong Bus, Zhongtong Bus, Xiamen King Long, SAIC Motor and Foton Motor.[35] [36] CATL also partners with Valmet Automotive,[37] [38] BMW, Ford,[39] [40] VinFast,[41] and Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks Corporation.[42]

Assessment

According to former Tesla battery supply chain manager Vivas Kumar, CATL "are seen as the leaders of lithium iron phosphate battery (LFP battery) technology". The company employs the cell-to-pack method to reduce the inactive weight of its batteries. It increases volume utilization rate by 15% to 20%, doubles the production efficiency and reduces the number of parts for a battery pack by 40%, while the energy density of a battery pack jumps from 140 to 150 Wh/Kg to 200 Wh/Kg.[43]

According to Kumar, unlike competitors such as LG Chem or SK Innovation, CATL is more willing to adapt outside technology, as opposed to applying a full in-house design.

In 2024 Tu Le, of consultancy Sino Auto Insights, claimed that the US was "years behind" China in batteries, and that "if the US is going to be competitive on the global stage with EVs, through 2030 they’re going to have to use Chinese batteries".[44]

Security concerns

In December 2023, Duke Energy disconnected CATL batteries from Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune due to security concerns.[45] [46] CATL called accusations about its batteries posing espionage threats "false and misleading."[47] [48] The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024 prohibited US defense funding for CATL products.[49] [50]

In June 2024, a group of U.S. lawmakers asked the United States Department of Homeland Security to add CATL to an import ban list under the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act.[51] [52] CATL said in a statement that the allegations against it were "groundless and completely false" and that it was in compliance with applicable laws and regulations.[53] [54]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: CATL 2023 Annual Report . 15 July 2024 . 15 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240715012009/http://www.cninfo.com.cn/new/disclosure/detail?orgId=GD165627&announcementId=1219313047&announcementTime=2024-03-16 . live .
  2. Web site: CATL Company Profile . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170225132732/http://www.catlbattery.com/index.php/about_page-id-57.html . 25 February 2017 . 29 March 2017 . catlbattery.com.
  3. Web site: Kang . Lei . 7 February 2024 . Global EV battery market share in 2023: CATL 36.8%, BYD 15.8% . CnEVPost . 3 March 2024 . 3 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240303063350/https://cnevpost.com/2024/02/07/global-ev-battery-market-share-in-2023/ . live .
  4. Web site: 8 February 2023 . Global EV battery market share in 2022: CATL 37%, BYD 13.6% . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230628204642/https://cnevpost.com/2023/02/08/global-ev-battery-market-share-2022-catl-37-byd-13-6/ . 28 June 2023 . 3 May 2023.
  5. Web site: 2019-04-03 . The inside story of how CATL became the world's largest electric-vehicle battery company . 2024-07-15 . Quartz . en . 26 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240626134949/https://qz.com/1585662/how-catl-became-the-worlds-biggest-electric-car-battery-company . live .
  6. CATL: China's Battery King . Tyler-Dudley . Davis . Ferguson . John . 6 May 2021 . . Liu . Sherry . Valdez . Kristopher . https://web.archive.org/web/20230716184805/https://www.johnandrewferguson.com/documents/batteryking.pdf . 16 July 2023 . dead.
  7. Web site: Pandaily . 2022-05-31 . CATL to Supply Cylindrical Cells for BMW's New Electric Vehicles . 2024-07-15 . Pandaily . en-US . 22 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230922051232/https://pandaily.com/catl-to-supply-cylindrical-cells-for-bmws-new-electric-vehicles/ . live .
  8. Web site: BMW Gains Option to Buy Stake in Battery Maker CATL - Caixin Global . 2024-07-15 . www.caixinglobal.com . en . 25 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221225235027/https://www.caixinglobal.com/2018-07-18/bmw-gains-option-to-buy-stake-in-battery-maker-catl-101305833.html . live .
  9. Web site: US-China Trade War Recap - 中美貿易戰回顧 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220412180627/https://keithevengroup.com/insights/five-years-of-trade-war . 12 April 2022 . 12 April 2022 . THE KEITH & EVEN GROUP.
  10. Web site: 3 October 2017 . World's 3rd largest battery firm may ally with VW for electric cars in China . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210516104813/https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1113014_worlds-3rd-largest-battery-firm-may-ally-with-vw-for-electric-cars-in-china . 16 May 2021 . 16 May 2021 . Green Car Reports.
  11. Web site: CATL reports YoY net profit growth of 31.4% in 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230327201232/https://autonews.gasgoo.com/Detail2020.aspx?ClassId=7&ArticleId=70014353 . 27 March 2023 . 27 March 2023 . Gasgoo.
  12. Web site: Geuss . Megan . 9 July 2018 . Chinese firm will build battery factory in Germany to supply BMW, Volkswagen . https://web.archive.org/web/20180709191255/https://arstechnica.com/cars/2018/07/chinese-firm-will-build-battery-factory-in-germany-to-supply-bmw-volkswagen/ . 9 July 2018 . Ars Technica.
  13. Web site: 7 June 2020 . A Million-Mile Battery From China Could Power Your Electric Car . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200608030727/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-07/a-million-mile-battery-from-china-could-power-your-electric-car . 8 June 2020 . Bloomberg.com.
  14. Web site: 29 July 2021 . China's CATL unveils sodium-ion battery – a first for a major car battery maker . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211107115826/https://www.reuters.com/technology/chinas-top-ev-battery-maker-catl-touts-new-sodium-ion-batteries-2021-07-29/ . 7 November 2021 . 29 July 2021 . Reuters.
  15. Web site: Doll . Scooter . 12 October 2021 . Tesla supplier CATL announces $5 billion battery recycling facility . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230330060556/https://electrek.co/2021/10/12/tesla-supplier-catl-announces-5-billion-battery-recycling-facility/ . 30 March 2023 . 13 October 2021 . Electrek.
  16. Web site: 2022 1H Global[1] EV & Battery Performance Review ]. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230527233511/https://www.sneresearch.com/en/insight/release_view/34/page/0 . 27 May 2023 . 1 October 2022 . SNE research.
  17. Web site: 12 August 2022 . EUR 7.4 BN Battery Plant to be Built in Debrecen . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220812142144/https://hungarytoday.hu/eur-7-4-bn-battery-plant-to-be-built-in-debrecen/ . 12 August 2022 . 12 August 2022 . hungarytoday.hu.
  18. Web site: Yibin factory becomes the first zero-carbon factory of "Ningwang". The competition of power battery has been upgraded from production capacity to "green" supply chain._SMM Shanghai Non ferrous Metals . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727024335/https://news.metal.com/newscontent/101788873/Yibin-factory-becomes-the-first-zero-carbon-factory-of-%22Ningwang%22-The-competition-of-power-battery-has-been-upgraded-from-production-capacity-to-%22green%22-supply-chain/ . 27 July 2023 . 2023-07-27 . news.metal.com.
  19. Web site: China's CATL to build $7.6 bln Hungary battery plant to supply Mercedes, BMW . . 15 July 2024 . 4 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231204091106/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/chinas-catl-build-new-756-bln-battery-plant-hungary-2022-08-12/ . live .
  20. News: 2022-08-12 . Mercedes, CATL Partner on $7.6 Billion Hungary Battery Plant . 2024-07-15 . . en . 17 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231117030419/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-12/china-s-catl-to-invest-7-6-billion-in-hungary-battery-project . live .
  21. News: Douglas . Jason . Leong . Clarence . August 3, 2024 . The U.S. Has Been Spending Billions to Revive Manufacturing. But China Is in Another League. . subscription . August 5, 2024 . The Wall Street Journal.
  22. Web site: Bleakley . Daniel . 2023-03-27 . Tesla supplier CATL to produce M3P batteries that will deliver big boost in range for EVs . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230327201958/https://thedriven.io/2023/03/27/tesla-supplier-catl-to-produce-m3p-batteries-that-will-deliver-big-boost-in-range-for-evs/ . 27 March 2023 . 2023-03-27 . The Driven . en-US . The world’s largest battery manufacturer CATL is to begin production of its M3P batteries, which are 15 per cent more energy dense than LFP (Lithium iron phosphate) batteries, and will perform better and cost less than nickel and cobalt-based batteries...The increased energy density now at (210 kWh/kg) will enable EVs like the Tesla Model 3 to get a range of around 700 km with a similar sized battery pack to the existing LFP batteries CATL currently supplies Tesla..
  23. Web site: Shahan . Zachary . 2023-08-16 . Transformational Fast-Charging LFP Batteries — Coming Soon . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230817190345/https://cleantechnica.com/2023/08/16/transformational-fast-charging-lfp-batteries-coming-soon/ . 17 August 2023 . 2023-08-17 . CleanTechnica . en-US.
  24. News: Wayland . Michael . 9 May 2023 . Ford to move forward with $3.5 billion EV battery plant with Chinese company . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230826135539/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/13/ford-ev-battery-plant-china-catl.html . 26 August 2023 . 3 August 2023 . CNBC.
  25. News: 19 October 2023 . Chinese EV battery giant CATL reports sharp slowdown in profit growth . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231023170116/https://www.reuters.com/technology/ev-battery-firm-catls-sept-china-market-share-slumps-bodes-ill-q3-results-2023-10-19/ . 23 October 2023 . 24 October 2023 . . Li Q, Yan Z, Goh B . Kim M, Fahmy M, Fenton S.
  26. News: 2023-11-21 . Stellantis, China's CATL in EV Battery Supply Pact for Europe . 2024-07-15 . . en . 21 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231121190954/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-11-21/stellantis-china-s-catl-in-ev-battery-supply-pact-for-europe . live .
  27. Web site: Stellantis, CATL plan factory in Europe to make cheaper EV batteries . . 15 July 2024 . 15 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231215191810/http://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/stellantis-catl-sign-preliminary-deal-lfp-battery-supply-europe-consider-jv-2023-11-21/ . live .
  28. Web site: Lambert . Fred . 2024-04-12 . CATL unveils Tesla Megapack competitor, claims zero degradation and more capacity . 2024-04-12 . Electrek . en-US . 13 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240413090337/https://electrek.co/2024/04/12/catl-unveils-tesla-megapack-competitor-claims-zero-degradation-tener/ . live .
  29. Web site: Company Profile . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201111103856/https://www.catl.com/en/about/profile/ . 11 November 2020 . 2023-07-27 . www.catl.com.
  30. News: 5 March 2017 . Electric cars: China's battle for the battery market . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170330173301/https://www.ft.com/content/8c94a2f6-fdcd-11e6-8d8e-a5e3738f9ae4 . 30 March 2017 . 29 March 2017 . Financial Times . en-GB.
  31. News: Hyundai chooses Chinese battery supplier . dead . http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170502000000/http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Hyundai-chooses-Chinese-battery-supplier . 2 May 2017 . 2 May 2017 . Nikkei.
  32. Web site: China's CATL to supply Honda with EV batteries through 2027 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190228225544/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-deals/China-s-CATL-to-supply-Honda-with-EV-batteries-through-2027 . 28 February 2019 . 1 March 2019 . Nikkei Asian Review . en-GB.
  33. News: PSA chooses LG and China's CATL for batteries in future hybrid car . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170307105245/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-autoshow-geneva-psa-lg-chem-idUKKBN16E0YU . 7 March 2017 . 29 March 2017 . en-GB . Reuters Editorial.
  34. Web site: 8 June 2020 . Tesla battery supplier Catl says new design has one million-mile lifespan . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200609044823/https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/technology-52966178 . 9 June 2020 . BBC.
  35. News: 1 September 2016 . Battery Maker Helping Power China Electric Car Boom Plans IPO . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170205201925/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-01/battery-maker-helping-power-china-electric-car-boom-plans-ipo . 5 February 2017 . 29 March 2017 . Bloomberg.com.
  36. News: Global Li-ion Power Battery Industry Report, 2017–2020 with Focus on the Chinese Market – Research and Markets . 29 March 2017 . en.
  37. Web site: Valmet Automotive and CATL form a strategic partnership in electric vehicle solutions – CATL invests in Valmet Automotive to become an important owner . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170228065132/http://www.valmet-automotive.com/automotive/bulletin.nsf/pebd/ED62F2704E469B76C22580B8002F5561 . 28 February 2017 . 29 March 2017 . valmet-automotive.com . en.
  38. News: Forsell . Tuomas . 30 January 2017 . Chinese battery maker CATL buys stake in Finnish car supplier . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170915124208/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-valmet-automotive-m-a-catl-idUSKBN15E10U . 15 September 2017 . 17 June 2017 . Reuters.
  39. News: White . Joseph . Klayman . Ben . 21 July 2022 . Ford announces series of deals to accelerate EV push . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220721231303/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/ford-announces-series-deals-accelerate-ev-push-2022-07-21/ . 21 July 2022 . 22 July 2022 . . en.
  40. News: Swanson . Ana . Ewing . Jack . 2023-07-21 . Lawmakers Challenge Ford and Chinese Battery Partner Over Forced Labor . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230722003711/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/21/business/economy/ford-china-battery-catl.html . 22 July 2023 . 2023-07-22 . . en-US . 0362-4331.
  41. News: Scooter Doll . Scooter . 31 October 2022 . CATL expands deal with Vinfast to provide skateboard chassis for EVs and 'enhance global footprint' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230326124154/https://electrek.co/2022/10/31/catl-deal-vinfast-skateboard-chassis-for-evs-enhance-global-footprint/ . 26 March 2023 . 1 November 2022 . Electrek.
  42. Web site: 2023-12-08 . 宁德时代国际研发中心落户香港 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231209115712/https://www.stcn.com/article/detail/1059316.html . 9 December 2023 . 9 December 2023 . . zh-cn.
  43. Web site: 30 September 2019 . CATL, BAIC BJEV jointly unveil the world's first cell-to-pack battery pack . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221224130800/https://autonews.gasgoo.com/m/70016402.html . 24 December 2022 . 1 September 2022.
  44. News: Hawkins . Amy . 18 March 2024 . CATL, the little-known Chinese battery maker that has the US worried . The Guardian . 18 March 2024 . 7 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240607130608/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/18/catl-chinese-battery-maker-evs-electric-vehicles . live .
  45. News: Martina . Michael . 2023-12-07 . Duke Energy disconnects CATL batteries from Marine Corps base over security concerns . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180801/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/duke-energy-disconnects-catl-batteries-marine-corps-base-camp-lejeune-2023-12-06/ . 7 December 2023 . 2023-12-07 . . en.
  46. Web site: 7 December 2023 . China's CATL denies 'espionage threat' accusations . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231207181024/https://www.ft.com/content/64d67538-ef8c-4dd0-9dc8-f94065bda18f . 7 December 2023 . 2023-12-07 . Financial Times.
  47. Web site: CATL Denies That Its Batteries Pose a Security Risk After US' Duke Energy Pulls Plug . 2024-07-15 . www.yicaiglobal.com . en . 15 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240715012007/https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/catl-denies-that-its-batteries-pose-a-security-risk-after-us-duke-energy-pulls-plug . live .
  48. News: Chinese battery giant CATL hits back at Duke Energy disconnecting batteries . . 15 July 2024 . 12 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212105552/https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chinese-battery-giant-catl-hits-back-duke-energy-disconnecting-batteries-2023-12-07/ . live .
  49. News: Singh . Kanishka . 2023-12-07 . Key provisions of the US Congress' massive defense bill . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231207203215/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/key-provisions-us-congress-massive-defense-bill-2023-12-07/ . 7 December 2023 . 2023-12-07 . . en.
  50. News: January 19, 2024 . US to Ban Pentagon Battery Purchases From China's CATL, BYD . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240119173522/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-01-19/us-will-ban-pentagon-procuring-batteries-from-china-s-catl-byd . 19 January 2024 . January 20, 2024 . Bloomberg News.
  51. News: Vanderford . Richard . June 6, 2024 . Chinese Battery Suppliers Tied to Ford, VW Should Be Banned, GOP Lawmakers Say . subscription . 2024-06-07 . . en-US . 7 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240607012216/https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-battery-suppliers-tied-to-ford-vw-should-be-banned-gop-lawmakers-say-bb12d98f . live .
  52. Web site: Huang . Jiahui . June 7, 2024 . CATL Shares Drop After U.S. Lawmakers Call for Import Ban . 2024-06-07 . . en-US . 7 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240607130608/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/catl-shares-drop-after-u-s-lawmakers-call-for-import-ban-f9275368 . live .
  53. Web site: China Auto Roundup: CATL Refutes U.S. Allegations of Forced Labor, Turkey to Hike Tariffs on Chinese Vehicles . 2024-07-15 . . en . 13 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240613034400/https://www.caixinglobal.com/2024-06-11/china-auto-roundup-catl-refutes-us-allegations-of-forced-labor-turkey-to-hike-tariffs-on-chinese-vehicles-102204936.html . live .
  54. News: US lawmakers call to add China's CATL, Gotion to import ban list, WSJ reports . Reuters.

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