Carbonic anhydrase III, muscle specific explained

Carbonic anhydrase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CA3 gene.^[1]

Carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII) is a member of a multigene family (at least six separate genes are known) that encode carbonic anhydrase isozymes. These carbonic anhydrases are a class of metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide and are differentially expressed in a number of cell types. The expression of the CA3 gene is strictly tissue-specific and present at high levels in skeletal muscle and much lower levels in cardiac and smooth muscle. CA3 is insufficient in muscles of Myasthenia Gravis patients.^[2] A proportion of carriers of Duchenne muscle dystrophy have a higher CA3 level than normal. Autoantibodies to CA3 have been found to be significantly higher in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and type 1 diabetes.^[3] The gene spans 10.3 kb and contains seven exons and six introns.^[4]

Further reading

• Sly WS, Hu PY . Human carbonic anhydrases and carbonic anhydrase deficiencies. . Annu. Rev. Biochem. . 64 . 375–401 . 1995 . 7574487 . 10.1146/annurev.bi.64.070195.002111 .
• Carter N, Jeffery S, Shiels A . Characterization of human carbonic anhydrase III from skeletal muscle . Biochemical Genetics. 17 . 9–10 . 837–54 . 1980 . 120192 . 10.1007/BF00504307 . 8616344 . etal.
• Oikarinen A, Vuori J, Autio P . Comparison of muscle-derived serum carbonic anhydrase III and myoglobin in dermatological patients: effects of isotretinoin treatment . Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 72 . 5 . 352–4 . 1993 . 1361281 . etal.
• Oguni M, Setogawa T, Tanaka O . Immunohistochemical study of carbonic anhydrase III in the extraocular muscles of human embryos . Acta Anatomica. 144 . 4 . 316–9 . 1992 . 1414196 . 10.1159/000147322 . etal.
• Vuori J, Rasi S, Takala T, Väänänen K . Dual-label time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for simultaneous detection of myoglobin and carbonic anhydrase III in serum . Clinical Chemistry. 37 . 12 . 2087–92 . 1992 . 1764784 . 10.1093/clinchem/37.12.2087.
• ((Shamsutdinov NSh)), Islamov RI, Valuillin VV . [Carbonic anhydrase III--a marker of the myoepithelial cells of human salivary glands] . Biulleten' eksperimental'noĭ biologii i meditsiny . 111 . 3 . 320–1 . 1991 . 1905166 .
• Nork TM, Wallow IH, Sramek SJ . Immunocytochemical study of an eye with proliferative vitreoretinopathy and retinal tacks . Retina. 10 . 1 . 78–85 . 1990 . 1971453 . 10.1097/00006982-199001010-00015. 7418386 . etal.
• Lloyd J, Brownson C, Tweedie S . Human muscle carbonic anhydrase: gene structure and DNA methylation patterns in fetal and adult tissues . Genes & Development. 1 . 6 . 594–602 . 1987 . 2824285 . 10.1101/gad.1.6.594 . etal. free .
• Lloyd JC, Isenberg H, Hopkinson DA, Edwards YH . Isolation of a cDNA clone for the human muscle specific carbonic anhydrase, CAIII . Annals of Human Genetics. 49 . Pt 3 . 241–51 . 1986 . 3000276 . 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1985.tb01698.x . 30747496 .
• Lloyd J, McMillan S, Hopkinson D, Edwards YH . Nucleotide sequence and derived amino acid sequence of a cDNA encoding human muscle carbonic anhydrase . Gene . 41 . 2–3 . 233–9 . 1986 . 3086182 . 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90103-4 .
• Wade R, Gunning P, Eddy R . Nucleotide sequence, tissue-specific expression, and chromosome location of human carbonic anhydrase III: the human CAIII gene is located on the same chromosome as the closely linked CAI and CAII genes . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 83 . 24 . 9571–5 . 1987 . 3099285 . 10.1073/pnas.83.24.9571 . 387182 . etal. free .
• Väänänen HK, Autio-Harmainen H . Carbonic anhydrase III: a new histochemical marker for myoepithelial cells . Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry. 35 . 6 . 683–6 . 1987 . 3106467 . 10.1177/35.6.3106467. free .
• Nakagawa Y, Perentes E, Rubinstein LJ . Non-specificity of anti-carbonic anhydrase C antibody as a marker in human neurooncology . Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 46 . 4 . 451–60 . 1987 . 3110380 . 10.1097/00005072-198707000-00004 . 101554 .
• Edwards YH, Lloyd J, Parkar M, Povey S . The gene for human muscle specific carbonic anhydrase (CAIII) is assigned to chromosome 8 . Annals of Human Genetics. 50 . Pt 1 . 41–7 . 1988 . 3122635 . 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1986.tb01937.x . 22462255 .
• Väänänen HK, Paloniemi M, Vuori J . Purification and localization of human carbonic anhydrase. III. Typing of skeletal muscle fibers in paraffin embedded sections . Histochemistry . 83 . 3 . 231–5 . 1985 . 3930440 . 10.1007/bf00953989. 20902453 .
• Carter ND, Heath R, Jeffery S, Rodeck C . Fetal plasma carbonic anhydrase III in Duchenne dystrophy . Lancet . 1 . 8262 . 39–40 . 1982 . 6119426 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92574-0 . 32433390 .
• Heath R, Schwartz MS, Brown IR, Carter ND . Carbonic anhydrase III in neuromuscular disorders . Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 59 . 3 . 383–8 . 1983 . 6410007 . 10.1016/0022-510X(83)90023-0 . 8548497 .
• Wåhlstrand T, Wistrand PJ . Carbonic anhydrase C in the human renal medulla . Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences. 85 . 1 . 7–17 . 1980 . 6770531 . 10.3109/03009738009179167 . free .
• Jeffery S, Edwards Y, Carter N . Distribution of CAIII in fetal and adult human tissue . Biochemical Genetics. 18 . 9–10 . 843–9 . 1981 . 6784712 . 10.1007/BF00500117 . 13229349 .

Notes and References

1. Shima K, Tashiro K, Hibi N, Tsukada Y, Hirai H . Carbonic anhydrase-III immunohistochemical localization in human skeletal muscle . Acta Neuropathologica. 59 . 3 . 237–9 . Jun 1983 . 6221502 . 10.1007/BF00703210 . 523577 .
2. Du AL, Ren HM, Lu CZ, Tu JL, Xu CF, Sun YA . Carbonic anhydrase III is insufficient in muscles of myasthenia gravis patients . Autoimmunity. 42 . 3 . 209–15 . Mar 2009 . 19301202 . 10.1080/08916930802668610 . 3135174 .
3. Liu C, Wei Y, Wang J, Pi L, Huang J, Wang P . Carbonic anhydrases III and IV autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, hypertensive renal disease, and heart failure . Clinical and Developmental Immunology. 2012. 354594. Sep 2012 . 23049597 . 3461255. 10.1155/2012/354594 . free .
4. Web site: Entrez Gene: CA3 carbonic anhydrase III, muscle specific.