C1D explained

Nuclear nucleic acid-binding protein C1D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C1D gene.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]} The C1D protein is encoded by a DNA binding gene traced in the nucleus.^[7] Protein C1D has a chromosomal location of 2p14.^[8] C1D has a family of proteins consisting of C1D homologues which may include Sas10 domains.^[9] C1D is thought to bind to RNA and DNA where it may be involved in mechanisms of DNA repair. Protein C1D is ubiquitously expressed in different human tissues.

Function

Despite inducing denaturing conditions, C1D shows high-affinity binding to DNA. C1D has demonstrated capability to bind to DNA in DNA repair pathways.

The protein encoded by this gene is a DNA binding and apoptosis-inducing protein and is localized in the nucleus. It is also a Rac3-interacting protein which acts as a corepressor for the thyroid hormone receptor. This protein is thought to regulate TRAX/Translin complex formation. Protein C1D may have a protective effect against relation to the TRAX/Translin complex formation of DNA. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full length nature of some of these variants has not been determined.

Interactions

C1D has been shown to interact with TSNAX and DNA-PKcs.^[10] C1D has also shown to interact notably in mammalian cells and yeast.^[11] Interaction in mammalian cells only occur ensuing gamma-irradiation.

Protein expression

The protein C1D is thought to be expressed ubiquitously.^[12] It may be expressed in high levels in the mammary gland, thyroid gland, salivary gland, medulla oblongata, and hippocampus. It may be expressed at lower levels in the appendix, heart, lungs, skeletal muscles, and colon.

Further reading

• Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M . 6 . Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network . Nature . 437 . 7062 . 1173–1178 . October 2005 . 16189514 . 10.1038/nature04209 . 2005Natur.437.1173R . 4427026 .
• Rothbarth K, Stammer H, Werner D . Proteasome-mediated degradation antagonizes critical levels of the apoptosis-inducing C1D protein . Cancer Cell International . 2 . 1 . 12 . September 2002 . 12379155 . 140130 . 10.1186/1475-2867-2-12 . free .
• Rothbarth K, Hunziker A, Stammer H, Werner D . Promoter of the gene encoding the 16 kDa DNA-binding and apoptosis-inducing C1D protein . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression . 1518 . 3 . 271–275 . April 2001 . 11311939 . 10.1016/S0167-4781(01)00198-1 .
• Rothbarth K, Spiess E, Juodka B, Yavuzer U, Nehls P, Stammer H, Werner D . Induction of apoptosis by overexpression of the DNA-binding and DNA-PK-activating protein C1D . Journal of Cell Science . 112 (Pt 13) . 13 . 2223–2232 . July 1999 . 10362552 . 10.1242/jcs.112.13.2223 . free . 11693/25220 .
• Haataja L, Groffen J, Heisterkamp N . Identification of a novel Rac3-interacting protein C1D . International Journal of Molecular Medicine . 1 . 4 . 665–670 . April 1998 . 9852280 . 10.3892/ijmm.1.4.665 .

Notes and References

1. Nehls P, Keck T, Greferath R, Spiess E, Glaser T, Rothbarth K, Stammer H, Werner D . 6 . cDNA cloning, recombinant expression and characterization of polypetides with exceptional DNA affinity . Nucleic Acids Research . 26 . 5 . 1160–1166 . March 1998 . 9469821 . 147382 . 10.1093/nar/26.5.1160 .
2. Schilders G, Egberts WV, Raijmakers R, Pruijn GJ . C1D is a major autoantibody target in patients with the polymyositis-scleroderma overlap syndrome . Arthritis and Rheumatism . 56 . 7 . 2449–2454 . July 2007 . 17599775 . 10.1002/art.22710 . 2066/35047 . free .
3. Schilders G, van Dijk E, Pruijn GJ . C1D and hMtr4p associate with the human exosome subunit PM/Scl-100 and are involved in pre-rRNA processing . Nucleic Acids Research . 35 . 8 . 2564–2572 . May 2007 . 17412707 . 1885644 . 10.1093/nar/gkm082 .
4. Erdemir T, Bilican B, Oncel D, Goding CR, Yavuzer U . DNA damage-dependent interaction of the nuclear matrix protein C1D with Translin-associated factor X (TRAX) . Journal of Cell Science . 115 . Pt 1 . 207–216 . January 2002 . 11801738 . 10.1242/jcs.115.1.207 . free . 11693/24740 .
5. Zamir I, Dawson J, Lavinsky RM, Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG, Lazar MA . Cloning and characterization of a corepressor and potential component of the nuclear hormone receptor repression complex . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 94 . 26 . 14400–14405 . December 1997 . 9405624 . 24996 . 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14400 . 1997PNAS...9414400Z . free .
6. Web site: Entrez Gene: C1D nuclear DNA-binding protein.
7. Web site: C1D Gene - GeneCards C1D Protein C1D Antibody . 2022-04-27 . www.genecards.org.
8. Web site: Gene symbol report HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee . 2022-04-27 . www.genenames.org.
9. Jackson RA, Wu JS, Chen ES . C1D family proteins in coordinating RNA processing, chromosome condensation and DNA damage response . Cell Division . 11 . 1 . 2 . 2016-03-09 . 27030795 . 4812661 . 10.1186/s13008-016-0014-5 . free .
10. Yavuzer U, Smith GC, Bliss T, Werner D, Jackson SP . DNA end-independent activation of DNA-PK mediated via association with the DNA-binding protein C1D . Genes & Development . 12 . 14 . 2188–2199 . July 1998 . 9679063 . 317006 . 10.1101/gad.12.14.2188 .
11. Erdemir T, Bilican B, Oncel D, Goding CR, Yavuzer U . DNA damage-dependent interaction of the nuclear matrix protein C1D with Translin-associated factor X (TRAX) . Journal of Cell Science . 115 . Pt 1 . 207–216 . January 2002 . 11801738 . 10.1242/jcs.115.1.207 . 11693/24740 . free .
12. Web site: C1D - Nuclear nucleic acid-binding protein C1D - Homo sapiens (Human) - C1D gene & protein . 2022-04-27 . www.uniprot.org . en.