C. B. J. Snyder Explained

Charles B.J. Snyder
Birth Date:	4 November 1860
Birth Place:	Stillwater, New York
Death Place:	Babylon, New York
Burial Place:	Woodlawn Cemetery Bronx, New York
Alma Mater:	Cooper Union
Occupation:	Architect
Employer:	New York City Board of Education
Organization:	American Institute of Architects
Known For:	Design and construction of New York City public schools
Credits:	, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by
Works:	, which produces label "Works"; or by
Label Name:	, which produces label "Label(s)" -->
Superintendent of School Buildings
Term:	1891–1923
Predecessor:	George W. Debevoise
Successor:	William H. Gompert
Spouse:	Harriet Katharine de Vries
Children:	2

Charles B. J. Snyder (November 4, 1860 – November 14, 1945) was an American architect, architectural engineer, and mechanical engineer in the field of urban school building design and construction. He is widely recognized^[1] for his leadership, innovation, and transformation of school building construction process, design, and quality during his tenure as Superintendent of School Buildings for the New York City Board of Education between 1891 and 1923.

Family and personal life

Birth

Snyder was born November 4, 1860, in Stillwater, New York. He was the middle of three children born to George I. Snyder (1834-?), a harness maker, and Charity Ann Snyder (1834–1919).^[2] His two siblings, both sisters, were Ella G. Snyder (1857–1876) and Katy Snyder (b. approx 1865).

Snyder was a member of the Kane Lodge No. 454, Free and Accepted Masons (New York City); the Jerusalem Chapter, No. 8, Royal Arch Masons (New York City); Order of Harugari, Martha Lodge No. 1,830 of Union Hill, New Jersey;^[3] and the Royal Arcanum Huguenot Council, No. 397 (New Rochelle).^[4]

Education

He completed public schooling in Stillwater, New York. In 1879, he arrived in New York City, and worked four years with builders in preparation for his profession. In 1883, he began the practice of architecture.^[5]

Snyder earned two credentials from Cooper Union technical schools: Cooper Union Free Night School of Science, Class C - Third-Year: May 28, 1881 - Certificate, Practical Geometry (name of record: "Charles Snyder");^[6] and Cooper Union School of Art, May 28, 1884 - Certificate, Elementary Architectural Drawing (name of record: "Chas. B.J. Snyder").^[7]

Marriage and children

Snyder married Harriet Katharine (or Katherine) de Vries on September 11, 1889, at the home of the bride's parents in Jersey City Heights.^{[8] [9]} (b. Nov. 30, 1862 - d. May 25, 1927, Brooklyn). They had two sons, Howard Halsey Snyder (b. Oct. 15, 1890, New Rochelle - d. Mar. 1970, Babylon, NY) and Robert Maclay Snyder (b. September 6, 1894, New Rochelle - d. 1945).

Career

From the mid to late 1880s, Snyder worked with William E. Bishop, a New York City master carpenter. Little is known about Bishop except that he was a lifelong volunteer fireman, holding leadership positions in various fire companies.^[10]

Superintendent of School Buildings

At its last meeting of the school year on July 8, 1891, the New York City Board of Education elected Snyder as Superintendent of Buildings to succeed George W. Debevoise after his resignation. Of the thirteen votes cast, Snyder received twelve.^[11]

While Snyder initially oversaw Manhattan and The Bronx, the 1898 consolidation of Greater New York^[12] elevated him to the ultimate role of Superintendent of School Buildings for the entire city.

School design innovations

As Superintendent, Snyder thought of school buildings as civic monuments for a better society.^{[13] [14]}

• The H-plan design was first implemented by Snyder on a school (PS 165) in 1898 and was inspired by the Hotel de Cluny in Paris, which Snyder had seen in 1896.^{[15] [16] [17]}

In 1896 Snyder began designing his first "H-plan," which provided two side courts. Snyder's H-plan improved the overall environmental quality by, among other things, allowing generous light and fresh air into classrooms. The plan also allowed for grand courtyard entrances.^[18] It also provided areas between the wings that were safe for recreation.

• The use of steel skeleton framing for buildings over four stories allowed for cheaper and faster construction, as well as an increased span of window openings.
• Because of the need to produce many buildings in a short time, Snyder's office improved the design and planning ideas of earlier schools and sometimes used the same basic design for several schools.^[19]
• Snyder reorganized the Deputy Superintendents so that each was responsible for a single part of the building - such as (i) design and planning, (ii) heating and ventilating, (iii) electricity, (iv) plumbing and drainage, (v) furniture, and (vi) inspection and records - and each reported directly to him.

Notable architecture

Note: Schools are listed by their original designation.

As Superintendent, Snyder is credited with the design of over 400 structural projects - including more than 140 elementary schools.^[20] Snyder worked in several styles, including Beaux Arts, English Collegiate Gothic, Jacobean, and Dutch Colonial. He preferred mid-block locations away from busy and polluted avenues. One of his signature motifs was to design spaces for learning that would offer a respite from noisy streets and poverty.^[21]

Elementary schools

The Bronx

• Public School 17; now City Island Museum (190 Fordham St., E. of City Island Ave.)^[22]
• PS 27 (519 St. Ann's Ave., btwn. 147th & 148th Sts.) NYC Landmark^[23]
• PS 28 (1861 Anthony Avenue, btwn Mt Hope Place and East Tremont Avenue) - a.k.a. The Mount Hope School, a plaque at the entrance verifies that Snyder was the architect, designing it in 1896–7, but the numeric designation on the plaque is altered
• PS 32 in Little Italy area, 183rd and Beaumont- a beautiful red-brick, terra-cotta & gargoyle redstone Gothic structure
• PS 50 172nd and Vyse Ave

Brooklyn

• PS 95, 345 Van Sicklen Street
• PS 157, 850 Kent Avenue
• PS 133, 375 Butler Street
• PS 130, 70 Ocean Parkway
• PS 132, 320 Manhattan Avenue
• PS 154, 1625 11th Avenue

Manhattan

• PS 1, Alfred E. Smith School (8 Henry Street); this building featured what some believe was the world's first rooftop playground^[24]
• PS 3 (490 Hudson St.); built in 1905-1906 after a previous school at that site had burned down.^[25] Now the Charrette School.
• Public School 9 (historic building) (466 West End Avenue at 82nd St.); PS 9 moved to a new building nearby in 1965, and the old building is now the Mickey Mantle School (PS 811M).^[26]
• PS 11, (320 W 21st St, Chelsea) one of few New York City public schools to have a swimming pool
• PS 12, (371 Madison St, Lower East Side) which also contains a swimming pool and two water-fountain adorned courtyards.
• PS 17, now PS 212 Midtown West (328 West 48th Street)
• PS 20, now the Rivington House (45 Rivington Street)
• PS 23 (70 Mulberry St., Chinatown), now a community center that houses, among other things, the Chen Dance Center.
• PS 40 (320 E 20th St. 10003)
• PS 42 (71 Hester St., Chinatown)
• PS 61 (610 E 12th St. 10009)
• PS 64 (605 E 9th St., Alphabet City) NYC Landmark^[27]
• PS 67 (120 W 46th St., btwn 6th & 7th Aves.), later HS of Performing Arts; later Liberty HS, currently Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School NYC Landmark^[28]
• PS 90 (228 W 148th St. and 225 W 147th St., Central Harlem), built in 1905, the building had been abandoned for several decades, but artistic graffiti transformed the fence and walls into a shrine honoring several deceased renowned African Americans. On April 4, 2008, the City deeded the property to "West 147th Associates LLC," a condominium entity created in 2004 by the developer. With little fanfare, the developer, L+M Development Partners Inc., commenced construction of mixed-income condominiums; the aim is to refurbish the original facade and keep the "H pattern" design intact. The building is now addressed 217 W 147th St.
• PS 95 (Clarkson St., South Village), now HS 560 City As School
• PS 109 (215 East 99th St, East Harlem), now El Barrio's ArtSpace PS 109, an affordable housing project for artists; National Register^{[29] [30]}
• PS 110 (285 Delancey St., Lower East Side)
• PS 150; later Hunter College Model School; later MachinrefMetal Trades HS; currently Life Sciences Secondary School (E 96th St.)
• PS 160 (107 Suffolk St., SWC or Rivington St.), now home to Clemente Soto Vélez Cultural and Educational Center
• PS 157 (327 St. Nicholas Ave.), apartments since 1990, about to convert into a co-op National Register^[31]
• PS 165 (234 West 109th St.), now housing selective middle school Mott Hall II (serving 6th-8th grades)^[32] in addition to the Robert E. Simon School (also called P.S. 165), which is a pre-K through 8 school.^[33]
• PS 166 (132 W 89th St.) NYC Landmark^[34]
• PS 168 (317 E 104th St.), now a community health facility
• PS 171 (19 E 103rd St.), now PS/IS 171, the Patrick Henry School. Built 1899.^[35]
• PS 186 (521 W 145th St., Hamilton Heights, Harlem, 1/2 block E of Sugar Hill), in 1975 this structure was so run down that parents held protests and the city opened a new school across the street. The Convent Avenue Baptist Church bought it January 1986 with the intention of creating a new space for its M.L. Wilson Boys' Club (current name: Boys & Girls Club of Harlem, Inc.).^[36] The mortgage was satisfied February 2006.^[37] But, as of 2008, no improvement have been made and the building is still vacant.^[38] The contract between the New York County Local Development Corporation and the M.L. Wilson Boys Club required that significant development be completed on the property within three years of the contract date.^[39]

Queens

• Public School 66 (85-11 102nd St., Richmond Hill) National Register^[40]

Staten Island

• PS 28; Richmondtown Historical Society (276 Center St., Richmondtown) NYC Landmark^[41]

High schools

The Bronx

• Morris High School (1110 Boston Rd.) NYC Landmark^[42]

Brooklyn

• Erasmus Hall High School (899-925 Flatbush Ave.) NYC Landmark^[43]

Manhattan

• Manhattan Trade School for Girls (now School of the Future) (127 E 22nd St)^[44]
• Stuyvesant High School, the second home (1907 to 1992) (345 E 15th St.) NYC Landmark
• Washington Irving High School (40 Irving Pl.).^[45]
• DeWitt Clinton High School (10th Ave & 58th St.), now Haaren Hall on the campus of John Jay College of Criminal Justice.^[46] It was the largest high school building in the United States when it opened in 1903. The interior has since been gutted.^[47]
• Wadleigh High School for Girls

later Wadleigh JHS 88 (215 W 114th St.) NYC Landmark^[48]

Queens

• Newtown High School NYC Landmark^[49]
• Flushing High School (35-01 Union Street) NYC Landmark,^[50] National Register^[51]

Staten Island

• Curtis High School NYC Landmark^[52]

Structural additions

Brooklyn

• 1912 Addition to Girls' High School (Macon Street)

Manhattan

• PS 72, later PS 107, now Burgos Cultural Center (1674 Lexington Ave.), (Stagg, Architect 1879-82; annex, Snyder, 1911–13). NYC Landmark^[53]

Staten Island

• PS 4 (4210 Arthur Kill Road, Tottenville)
• Curtis High School completed 1904, still standing.

Demolished structures

The Bronx

• 24th Ward School; later Evander Childs High School Annex; later Resthaven Nursing Home (225 E. 234th St., bet. Kepler and Katonah Aves.)
• PS 31 (425 Grand Concourse at Walton Ave.) former NYC Landmark^{[54] [55]}

Manhattan

• PS 6 (Madison Avenue, Upper East Side)

Professional affiliations

Snyder joined the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers in 1895, served on its Board of Governors from 1900 to 1904, and was elected President in 1907. He joined the American Institute of Architects in 1901 and was elevated to Fellow in 1905.^[56]

Retirement

In 1922, Snyder began openly exploring retirement. He said that he hadn't had a vacation in 18 years and was tired and completely worn-out and that it was time to go fishing.^[57] On July 1, 1923, Snyder officially retired. He was succeeded by another noted school architect Snyder helped train: William H. Gompert.

Death

Snyder died November 14, 1945, with his son, Robert, when they were overcome with natural gas poisoning, or carbon monoxide, or both, in their cottage in Babylon, New York. Apparently, upon retiring for the evening, the Snyders had lit the burners on the range oven to heat the rooms; but during the night the flame had been extinguished, possibly by a draft.^[58] The elder Snyder was 85, the son was 51. They both are buried in a family plot in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.

Publications and presentations

• Book: Alfred Dwight Foster Hamlin . Modern School Houses; a series of authoritative articles on planning, sanitation, heating and ventilation . Alfred Dwight Foster Hamlin . Charles B.J. Snyder . . 1910 .
• Book: Proceedings of the Municipal Engineers of The City of New York, 1904 . 60 . The Society . 1905 . Municipal Engineers of the City of New York.

See also

• New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission

References

Notes

Further reading

• Book: Riis , Jacob A. . Jacob Riis . The Battle With the Slum . . 1902 . New York.

External links

• National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities
• A Tale of Four Schools, a panel discussion moderated with stakeholders of four Snyder projects.^[59]

Notes and References

1. Web site: Designation List 280, (Former) Stuyvesant High School . . May 20, 1997 . April 20, 2008 . January 27, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170127122559/http://home2.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/stuyvesanths.pdf . dead .
2. 1870 US Federal Census, Saratoga Springs, New York
3. "Order of Harugari", The Evening Journal November 20, 1897; p. 9, col. 3
4. Web site: Royal Arcanum. August 5, 2008. January 15, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130115222222/http://www.royalarcanum.com/. live.
5. Book: Van Pelt , Daniel . Leslie's History of the Greater New York . III . Arkell Publishing Company . c. 1898 . 543.
6. Book: The Twenty-Second Annual Report of the Trustees of the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art . May 28, 1881 . M. Lowry & Co. Stationers and Printers . New York .
7. Book: The Twenty-Fifth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art . May 28, 1884 . Trow's Printing and Bookbinding Co. . New York .
8. News: September 12, 1889. Snyder – De Vries. The New York Times.
9. Marriage Return, State of New Jersey, Hudson County
10. Book: Kernan , J. Frank "Florry" . Reminiscences of the Old Fire Laddies and Volunteer Fire Departments of New York and Brooklyn . Michael Crane . 1885.
11. News: C.B.J. Snyder Chosen Superintendent of School Buildings. The New York Times. July 9, 1891.
12. Web site: The 100 Year Anniversary of the Consolidation of the 5 Boroughs into New York City . . June 29, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071011221627/http://nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/classroom/hist_info/100aniv.html . October 11, 2007 . dead .
13. Book: Snyder , C.B.J. . Proceedings of the Municipal Engineers of the City of New York, 1904 . W.H. Roberts . 1905 . Municipal Engineers of the City of New York . December 7, 2020 . March 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230304194815/https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZUKAAAAYAAJ&q=%22c.+b.+j.+snyder%22+%22Engineers%22&pg=PA46 . live .
14. Web site: Designation List 377, PS 64 . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . June 20, 2006 . April 20, 2008 . December 3, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081203235611/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/ps64.pdf . live .
15. Traveling with his wife, Snyder returned, departing from Southampton, England, arriving in New York November 28, 1896, aboard the St. Paul, New York Passenger Lists, 1820-1957.
16. The BOE granted Snyder a six-week vacation with full pay. Journal of the Board of Education, 1069 (1899).
17. News: Christopher . Gray . Streetscapes/Charles B. J. Snyder; Architect Who Taught a Lesson in School Design . The New York Times . November 21, 1999.
18. Web site: Streetscapes/Charles B. J. Snyder; Architect Who Taught a Lesson in School Design . The New York Times . Christopher . Gray . November 21, 1999 . March 17, 2008 . July 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180728004919/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/21/realestate/streetscapes-charles-b-j-snyder-architect-who-taught-a-lesson-in-school-design.html?pagewanted=all . live .
19. Web site: Designation List 348, Erasmus Hall High School (pg 5) . . June 24, 2003 . April 20, 2008 . June 7, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100607165018/http://home2.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/ehall.pdf . live .
20. Web site: Designation List 377, (Former) Public School 64, pg.5 . . April 20, 2008 . June 7, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100607151536/http://home2.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/ps64.pdf . live .
21. News: These Grand Old Schools Nurtured a City; Some Say It Is Time To Tear Them Down . Kit R. . Roane . The New York Times . September 14, 1999 . July 27, 2018 . July 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180728003042/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/14/nyregion/these-grand-old-schools-nurtured-a-city-some-say-it-is-time-to-tear-them-down.html . live .
22. Web site: National Register of Historic Places - NEW YORK (NY), Bronx County . January 26, 2006 . April 20, 2008 . August 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200820045858/http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/ny/bronx/state.html . live .
23. Web site: Designation List 266, Public School 27 . . January 19, 1995 . March 11, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100311043702/http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/1995PublicSchool27.pdf . live .
24. Playground on a Roof, The Repository, Sept 15, 1896, pg. 12, Canton, Ohio
25. Book: Snyder . C.B.J. . Modern School Houses . 1910 . Swetland Publishing Co. . New York, NY . 50 . 10 December 2021.
26. Web site: Designation Report LP-2318: GRAMMAR SCHOOL NO. 9 (LATER PUBLIC SCHOOL 9/ JOHN JASPER SCHOOL, NOW MICKEY MANTLE SCHOOL/PUBLIC SCHOOL 811M). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. 15 January 2018. December 26, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161226212307/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2318.pdf. live.
27. Web site: Designation List 377, (Former) Public School 64 . . April 20, 2008 . June 7, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100607151536/http://home2.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/ps64.pdf . live .
28. Web site: Designation List 162, High School of the Performing Arts . . December 21, 1982 . April 20, 2008 . March 11, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100311044120/http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/1982HighSchoolPerformingArts.pdf . live .
29. Web site: National Register of Historic Places - NEW YORK (NY), New York County . January 26, 2006 . April 20, 2008 . July 6, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080706062114/http://nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/NY/New+York/state7.html . live .
30. Web site: "El Barrio's Artspace PS109: An Artspace Project for East Harlem" . May 28, 2015 . May 28, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150528070448/http://www.artspace.org/our-places/el-barrio-s-artspace-ps109 . live .
31. Web site: National Register of Historic Places - NEW YORK (NY), New York County . April 20, 2008 . January 26, 2006 . October 29, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101029215905/http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/Ny/New+York/vacant.html . live .
32. http://mott.echalk.com/ Mott Hall II - Homepage
33. Web site: HOME. 2020-08-21. PS165. en. August 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200815082439/https://www.ps165nyc.org/. live.
34. Web site: Designation List 316, (Former) Public School 166 . . June 27, 2000 . April 22, 2008 . March 11, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100311041221/http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/2000PublicSchool166.pdf . live .
35. Web site: Public School 171 Manhattan. Nelligan White Architects. 20 January 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150120063303/http://www.nelliganwhite.com/project/view/preservation/Public+School+171+Manhattan. 20 January 2015. dead.
36. Web site: Recommendations . Community Board 9 Manhattan 197-a Plan . September 24, 2007 . September 2, 2008 . January 5, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090105221600/http://www.prattcenter.net/pubs/CB9/05-Recommendations_24-Sep-07-Final.pdf . live .
37. New York County Deed Records viewable online via ACRIS
38. News: Beth . Fertig . Teens Want to Give Harlem School a New Life . WNYC.com . June 17, 2005 . September 2, 2008 . July 19, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080719232011/http://www.wnyc.org/news/articles/48501 . live .
39. News: Mariko . Foster . Public School 186: Conflicting Visions . https://web.archive.org/web/20171127164358/http://columbiaspectator.com/node/44279/ . dead . November 27, 2017 . . April 27, 2004 . New York . September 2, 2008 .
40. Web site: National Register of Historic Places - NEW YORK (NY), Queens County . January 26, 2006 . April 20, 2008 . May 7, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080507171343/http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/Ny/Queens/state2.html . live .
41. Web site: Designation List 297, Public School 28 . . September 15, 1998 . April 20, 2008 . March 11, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100311041352/http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/1998PublicSchool28.pdf . live .
42. Web site: Designation List 162, Morris High School . . December 21, 1982 . April 20, 2008 . March 11, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100311043908/http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/82-MORRISHSINT.pdf . live .
43. Web site: Designation List 348, Erasmus Hall High School . . June 24, 2003 . April 20, 2008 . June 7, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100607165018/http://home2.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/ehall.pdf . live .
44. Web site: Proposed Historic District Extension study . Gramercy Neighborhood Associates, Inc. . August 31, 1998 . March 1, 2010 . February 20, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100220031552/http://www.preserve2.org/gramercy/proposes/ext/ension/127e22.htm . live .
45. Web site: Washington Irving High School . July 21, 2009 . August 29, 2007 . Nina . Liu . Gramercy Neighborhood Associates . Gramercy Area Historic Preservation Study . March 6, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100306002929/http://www.preserve2.org/gramercy/proposes/new/district/40irv.htm . live .
46. News: F.Y.I . Eric P. . Nash . The New York Times . December 16, 2001 . September 2, 2008 . July 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180728003309/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/16/nyregion/fyi-670650.html?sq=College+of+Police+Science+DeWitt+Clinton+High+School&scp=12&st=cse . live .
47. News: To Open De Witt Clinton High School Bids . The New York Times . May 10, 1903 . September 2, 2008 . June 28, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220628201349/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/05/10/105052963.pdf . live .
48. Web site: Designation List 260, Wadleigh High School for Girls/ (now) Wadleigh School . . July 26, 1994 . April 20, 2008 . March 11, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100311030043/http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/Wadleigh-High-School-For-Girls.pdf . live .
49. Web site: Designation List 348, Newtown High School . . June 24, 2003 . April 20, 2008 . June 7, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100607143653/http://home2.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/newtownhs.pdf . live .
50. Web site: Designation List 231, Flushing High School . . January 8, 1991 . April 20, 2008 . March 11, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100311043847/http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/91-FLUSHING-HIGH-SCHOOL.pdf . live .
51. Web site: National Register of Historic Places - NEW YORK (NY), Queens County . January 26, 2006 . April 20, 2008 . June 4, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110604225749/http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/NY/Queens/state.html . live .
52. Web site: Designation List 160, Curtis High School . . October 12, 1982 . April 20, 2008 . March 11, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100311032944/http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/82-CURTIS-H.S.pdf . live .
53. Web site: Designation List 273, Public School 72 . . June 25, 1996 . April 20, 2008 . June 7, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100607150031/http://home2.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/ps72.pdf . live .
54. Web site: Designation List 185, Public School 31. July 15, 1986. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. March 11, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100311051511/http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/1986PublicSchool31.pdf. live.
55. Web site: The End of PS31, A Municipal Disgrace. 2015. June 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180622015334/http://www.nylandmarks.org/advocacy/preservation_issues/the_end_of_ps31_a_municipal_disgrace/. live.
56. [American Institute of Architects]
57. News: May 4, 1922. Supt. Snyder Asks to Quit School Job. The New York Times.
58. Past President C. B. J. Snyder Dies in Babylon, L.I . Heating, Piping & Air Conditioning . December 1945.
59. Web site: A Tale of Four Schools, a panel discussion moderated with stakeholders of four Snyder projects hosted by Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation.. YouTube. March 4, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230304194856/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIR--eWl3Co. live.