Bouyei people explained
The Bouyei (also spelled Puyi, Buyei and Buyi; self called: Buxqyaix, pronounced as /puʔjai/ or "Puzhong", "Burao", "Puman"; ; Vietnamese: người Bố Y), otherwise known as the Zhongjia, are an ethnic group living in Southern Mainland China. Numbering 2.5 million, they are the 11th largest of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China.
The Bouyei mostly live in Qianxinan and Qiannan prefectures of Southern Guizhou Province, as well as in Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces.
Some 3,000 Bouyei also live in Northern Vietnam, where they are one of that nation's 54 officially recognized ethnic groups. In Vietnam, they are located in Mường Khương District of Lào Cai and Quản Bạ District of Hà Giang Province.
Names
The Bouyei consist of various subgroups. Below are their autonyms written in the International Phonetic Alphabet with numerical Chao tones.[3]
- pronounced as /pu˦˨ ʔjɐi˦˨/, Chinese: 濮越
- pronounced as /pu˦˨ ʔji˨/, Chinese: 濮夷
- pronounced as /pu˦˨ noŋ˧˩/, Chinese: 布侬
- pronounced as /pu˦˨ loŋ˧˩/, Chinese: 补笼
- pronounced as /pu˦˨ na˧˩/, Chinese: 布那
- pronounced as /pu˦˨ tu˦˨/, Chinese: 布土、布都
- pronounced as /pu˦˨ ʔjaŋ˧/, Chinese: 布央
- pronounced as /pu˦˨ zoŋ˧˩xa˧˥/, Chinese: 布笼哈
Some clans within the Bouyei groups include:
- pronounced as /pu˦˨ wu˦˨/, Chinese: 布武
- pronounced as /pu˦˨ wei˧˩/, Chinese: 布韦
- pronounced as /pu˦˨ lo˨˦/, Chinese: 布鲁
In Congjiang County, Guizhou, there is a group that refer to themselves as "Buyeyi, 布也益", but are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Zhuang.[4]
Distribution
In China by county
- County-level distribution of the Bouyei, from the 2000 Chinese census
(Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >0.1% of China's Bouyei population.)
| Province | Prefecture | County | Bouyei Population | % of China's Bouyei Population |
|---|
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Dushan (Chinese: 独山县) | 194,468 | 6.54% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Duyun (Chinese: 都匀市) | 190,347 | 6.41% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao | Wangmo (Chinese: 望谟县) | 174,806 | 5.88% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Luodian (Chinese: 罗甸县) | 158,494 | 5.33% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao | Ceheng (Chinese: 册亨县) | 158,019 | 5.32% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao | Anlong (Chinese: 安龙县) | 139,930 | 4.71% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Huishui (Chinese: 惠水县) | 135,943 | 4.58% |
| Guizhou | Anshun | Zhenning Buyei and Miao (Chinese: 镇宁布依族苗族自治县) | 131,962 | 4.44% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao | Zhenfeng (Chinese: 贞丰县) | 125,058 | 4.21% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao | Xingyi (Chinese: 兴义市) | 124,901 | 4.2% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Pingtang (Chinese: 平塘县) | 107,473 | 3.62% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Libo (Chinese: 荔波县) | 93,681 | 3.15% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Guiding (Chinese: 贵定县) | 92,607 | 3.12% |
| Guizhou | Anshun | Ziyun Miao and Buyei (Chinese: 紫云苗族布依族自治县) | 86,513 | 2.91% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Changshun (Chinese: 长顺县) | 81,022 | 2.73% |
| Guizhou | Anshun | Guanling Buyei and Miao (Chinese: 关岭布依族苗族自治县) | 68,967 | 2.32% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao | Qinglong (Chinese: 晴隆县) | 64,001 | 2.15% |
| Guizhou | Anshun | Xixiu (Chinese: 西秀区) | 62,497 | 2.1% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao | Xingren (Chinese: 兴仁县) | 50,210 | 1.69% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Sandu Shui (Chinese: 三都水族自治县) | 49,877 | 1.68% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang | Huaxi (Chinese: 花溪区) | 41,446 | 1.4% |
| Guizhou | Liupanshui | Shuicheng (Chinese: 水城县) | 41,255 | 1.39% |
| Guizhou | Liupanshui | Liuzhi (Chinese: 六枝特区) | 35,772 | 1.2% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Longli (Chinese: 龙里县) | 34,259 | 1.15% |
| Guizhou | Qiandongnan Miao and Dong | Majiang (Chinese: 麻江县) | 33,958 | 1.14% |
| Guizhou | Anshun | Pingba (Chinese: 平坝县) | 29,452 | 0.99% |
| Yunnan | Qujing | Luoping (Chinese: 罗平县) | 25,152 | 0.85% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang | Qingzhen (Chinese: 清镇市) | 25,017 | 0.84% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao | Pu'an (Chinese: 普安县) | 23,639 | 0.8% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang | Wudang (Chinese: 乌当区) | 23,597 | 0.79% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang | Kaiyang (Chinese: 开阳县) | 22,611 | 0.76% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang | Nanming (Chinese: 南明区) | 20,608 | 0.69% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Fuquan (Chinese: 福泉市) | 19,520 | 0.66% |
| Guizhou | Bijie | Qianxi (Chinese: 黔西县) | 17,447 | 0.59% |
| Guizhou | Liupanshui | Pan (Chinese: 盘县) | 16,072 | 0.54% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang | Baiyun (Chinese: 白云区) | 15,116 | 0.51% |
| Guizhou | Anshun | Puding (Chinese: 普定县) | 15,083 | 0.51% |
| Guizhou | Bijie | Zhijin (Chinese: 织金县) | 14,512 | 0.49% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang | Yunyan (Chinese: 云岩区) | 14,293 | 0.48% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang | Xiaohe (Chinese: 小河区) | 12,138 | 0.41% |
| Guizhou | Bijie | Weining Yi, Hui, and Miao (Chinese: 威宁彝族回族苗族自治县) | 7,484 | 0.25% |
| Guizhou | Bijie | Nayong (Chinese: 纳雍县) | 7,222 | 0.24% |
| Guangxi | Hechi | Nandan (Chinese: 南丹县) | 6,822 | 0.23% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang | Xiuwen (Chinese: 修文县) | 6,397 | 0.22% |
| Yunnan | Wenshan Zhuang and Miao | Maguan (Chinese: 马关县) | 6,085 | 0.21% |
| Guangdong | Dongguan | none | 5,584 | 0.19% |
| Guizhou | Bijie | Dafang (Chinese: 大方县) | 5,294 | 0.18% |
| Guizhou | Liupanshui | Zhongshan (Chinese: 钟山区) | 4,075 | 0.14% |
| Guizhou | Bijie | Jinsha (Chinese: 金沙县) | 3,804 | 0.13% |
| Yunnan | Kunming | Guandu (Chinese: 官渡区) | 3,582 | 0.12% |
| Yunnan | Zhaotong | Qiaojia (Chinese: 巧家县) | 3,063 | 0.1% | |
In Vietnam
In Vietnam, the Bố Y are recognized as one in 54 official ethnic groups. They mainly live in two localities: Mường Khương district of Lào Cai province (Tu Dí subgroup) and Quản Bạ district of Hà Giang province.
- Province-level distribution of the Bố Y, from the 2009 Census
| Province | Bố Y Population | % of Vietnam's Bố Y Population |
|---|
| Lào Cai | 1,398 | 61.5% |
| Hà Giang | 808 | 35.5% |
| Other | 67 | 2.9% | |
Language
See main article: Bouyei language. The Bouyei speak the Bouyei language, which is very close to Standard Zhuang language. There is a dialect continuum between these two. The Bouyei language has its own written form which was created by linguists in the 1950s based on the Latin alphabet and with spelling conventions similar for the Pinyin system that had been devised to romanise Mandarin Chinese.
History
The Bouyei are the native Tai peoples of the plains of Guizhou. They are one of the oldest peoples of China, living in the area for more than 2,000 years. Prior to the establishment of the Tang dynasty, the Bouyei and Zhuang were linked together; the differences between both ethnic groups grew greater and from year 900 already they were two different groups. The Qing dynasty abolished the system of local heads and commanded in its place to officials of the army which caused a change in the local economy; from then on, the land was in the hands of a few landowners, which caused the population to revolt. During the Nanlong Rebellion(南笼起义) of 1797 led by Wang Nangxian, the Bouyei underwent a strong repression that caused many of them to emigrate to faraway Vietnam.
Culture
Many Bouyei are agricultural farmers who commonly cultivate crops for consumption or sale like rice, millet, wheat, potatoes, maize, cocoa, tea, silk and many other types of crops. The Bouyei have also played a major role as intermediate merchants in the region. Due to changing economies, the Bouyei engage in both small-scale and large-scale commercial or business operations.[5]
Traditional Bouyei handicrafts and batiks are renowned throughout the region. The Bouyei celebrate many festivals, both native and those derived from Han culture. One native festival is called the Ox King's Day(牛王节) on April 8, an annual celebration meant to honor oxen and their contribution to agricultural activities.[6] June 6 is an important traditional Buyei holiday for ancestral worship. The story behind this tradition exists. According to Bouyei mythology, after Pangu became an expert in rice farming after creating the world, he married the daughter of the Dragon King, and their union gave rise to the Buyei people.
The daughter of the Dragon King and Pangu had a son named Xinheng (Chinese: 新横). When Xinheng disrespected his mother, she returned to heaven and never came down, despite the repeated pleas of her husband and son. Pangu was forced to remarry and eventually died on the sixth day of the sixth month of the lunar calendar.
Xinheng's stepmother treated him badly and almost killed him. When Xinheng threatened to destroy her rice harvest, she realized her mistake. She made peace with him and they went on to pay their respects to Pangu annually on the sixth day of the sixth month of the lunar calendar.
There are Christian churches among the Bouyei ethnic group in China. Most of them are in Guizhou and Yunnan. There is Catholic influence.[7] [8] [9]
Notable Bouyei people
See also
References
External links
- The Bouyei ethnic minority (government homepage, in English)
- Chinese: [http://www.5481.net Buxqyaix Qyusmail – 布依在线] (Bouyei online, in Bouyei and Chinese)
- Chinese: [https://web.archive.org/web/20050103012135/http://www.gysk.com/mzms/mzst/20041029/005344.asp 僚人全民概况] (Outline of the whole Liao [Rao, Lao, Tai] people)
- Bouyei language page (from Ethnologue site)
- Chinese: [http://www.buxqyaix.com/bbs/index.php 布依族网论坛] (the forum of Bouyei, in Bouyei and Chinese, the biggest site of Bouyei in China)
- Map share of ethnic by county of China
Notes and References
- Web site: 2-1 全国各民族分年龄、性别的人口. XLS. Stats.gov.cn. 31 August 2017.
- Web site: Report on Results of the 2019 Census. General Statistics Office of Vietnam. 1 May 2020.
- Book: Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer. zh:贵州省志. 民族志. 2002. Guiyang. Chinese: 贵州民族出版社 [Guizhou Nationalities Press].
- Book: zh:贵州"六山六水"民族调查资料选编. zh:回族, 白族, 瑤族, 壮族, 畲族, 毛南族, 仫佬族, 满族, 羌族卷. 2008. 291. Chinese: 贵州民族出版社 [Guizhou Nationalities Press].
- Book: Olson, James Stuart. An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China. 1998. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-313-28853-1. 32–33. en.
- Book: Wu, Helen Xiaoyan. Encyclopedia of contemporary Chinese culture. 2009. Routledge. 978-0-415-24129-8. 46–47. Culture of [the] Bouyei (Buyi). 902156338.
- World Christian Encyclopedia, 2001 edition, Volume 1, page 197
- Nominalism: Negotiating ethnicity and Christian identity in contemporary Yunnan. Gideon. Elazar. September 19, 2019. Modern Asian Studies. 53. 5. 1415–1449. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/S0026749X17000610. 191703741 .
- Translating culture: missionaries and linguists in contemporary Yunnan Province. Gideon. Elazar. July 3, 2017. Asian Ethnicity. 18. 3. 387–405. Taylor and Francis+NEJM. 10.1080/14631369.2016.1195248. 147948986 .
